Fraternal and identical twins: differences. Diverse twins.

Greetings, my dear subscribers! Of all the types of twins, opposite-sex twins are always of particular interest. Where and how they appear is still a mystery. They are called royal twins. From childhood, kids are best friends, but at the same time, as they grow up, they have their own circle of friends and different interests. How are they different from other children?

Let's turn to history to see where this majestic name "royal twins" came from. Simultaneous was considered great luck. This helped to avoid a large number of government problems.

The question of the division of the royal throne was being resolved, which automatically went to the male heir. The sister also helped to secure a peace agreement by marrying a representative of a neighboring state.

How do royal twins appear?

In 99.9% of cases, royal twins are fraternal. When two different eggs are fertilized by two sperm. But there are a number of exceptions when identical twins can become of a different sex:

When one baby gets a full set of 46 chromosomes, and the other 45 and the Y chromosome is missing. This case is called Turner's syndrome. A child who does not get one chromosome will be a girl. But she will be short and will not be able to have children.

And each embryo has its own amniotic pocket. When there are two placentas and two amniotic pockets, one speaks of a bichorial and biamniotic pregnancy. They have different chromosomes. They don't look alike, but they can have the same sex as the other sex. Each embryo is in the amniotic sac and in its placenta. We are talking about bichorionic and twin pregnancy.

This is why, as midwives and mothers-to-be, we are increasingly seeing multiple pregnancies. Twins are dizygotic or "false" twins. Genetically different, may be of the same sex or the other sex. Always 2 amniotic pockets and 2 placentas, so everyone has a pocket and a placenta. It can happen that placentas "merge" and are adjacent, but every baby has it all the same.

Semi-identical or polar twins - when, before fertilization, the egg is divided into 2 parts, and then fertilized by different sperm. They share 75% of their genes and can be of different sexes. So far, the existence of this type has not been scientifically proven.

Features of education

Nature provides for both to develop at different rates. Therefore, if you have twins, a boy and a girl, know that:

A boy and a girl from twins achieve fine and gross motor skills in different time. As a rule, girls master small things earlier - these are the talents that require little muscle coordination and dexterity. For example, tying shoelaces, fastening clothes. Boys earlier master large motor skills - walking, jumping, throwing the ball. Thus, there is no need to worry that the son went before the sister. Or that the daughter mastered the art of dressing herself faster than her brother.

This applies to about 70% of monozygotic twin pregnancies. This syndrome imposes important surveillance on pregnancy as morbidity and mortality increase. The twins will have the same amniotic pouch and the same placenta. This applies to approximately 1-2% of monozygotic twin pregnancies.

Having the same amniotic cavity also increases the risk of cord entanglement, which greatly increases the risk of infant mortality, which also requires very important monitoring of pregnancy. Thereafter short description various types Pregnancies with two pregnancies will need to emphasize the original criterion, which is called the so-called chorionicity. This is what will prevail to ensure monitoring of adapted twin pregnancies.

Little girls usually do better in school. Research shows that, on average, boys fall behind in primary grades. Later, they catch up, and sometimes overtake the sisters. Therefore, if a girl is significantly superior in the cognitive process, this may negatively affect the boy's self-esteem. Therefore, psychologists advise parents to divide their children into different classes, circles, sections.

Chorionicity is a type of placentation, as we saw on the previous page and above: we have two chorionic and monochrome pregnancies. Indeed, a monochrome pregnancy will require more careful monitoring than a bicher pregnancy due to the greater risks it implies. Any of these risks will be further increased if the pregnancy is more mono-amniotic.

Therefore, it is recommended that the diagnosis of chorionic twin pregnancy be made as early as possible, as it will be the most reliable. On a first trimester ultrasound, this is what is seen to diagnose chorionicity. Biamniotic pregnancy, Monochorial: 2 gestational sacs separated by a thin septum and no lambda sign.

Sometimes girls dominate their brothers. Is your daughter developing faster than her twin brother and taking the lead in games? Often a girl becomes a second mother, which means the formation of a passive attitude in the boy. Develop his independence and autonomy.

How to get pregnant with royal twins?

Among the star mothers of the royal twins are Angelina Jolie, Jennifer Lopez, Julia Roberts, Mariah Carey. In Russian show business, Alla Pugacheva and Maxim Galkin are examples of such parents.

Not all celebrities openly say that for this they had to resort to the services of in vitro fertilization. How to conceive royal twins naturally?

After the birth of the first child, breastfeed for a long time.

Eat more dairy products, including fermented milk.

Start taking folic acid early.

For monochorionic pregnancies: risk assessment should be given in the form of a risk scale, the limits of which are the corresponding values ​​of the thickness of the occipital translucency of the two fetuses. Routinely suggesting the use of 1st trimester serum markers currently being evaluated for twins is not recommended, as routine use of second trimester serum markers is not recommended. each fruit.

A couple of extra pounds contributes to an increase in estrogen levels, and this is a scientifically proven fact. This means that the body will produce more than one egg;

Plan to conceive in the spring.

Most likely in women aged 30-40 years.

Despite the fact that all these methods do not guarantee the appearance of twins, nevertheless, they will significantly increase the chances of success.

Star royal twins

Finally, I will share with you interesting facts, which of the stars has a brother or sister from the royal twins:

Subscribe to my articles and get the latest and most reliable information.

See you soon!

Always yours, Anna Tikhomirova

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

State educational institution higher professional education

Russian State University for the Humanities

Branch in Nizhny Novgorod

Scientific and practical

Center "Heuristics"

Ermolaeva Oksana Igorevna

Control work on PSYCHOGENETICS

scientific adviser

_____________________

(academic degree, academic title)

_____________________

(name of teacher)

Moscow 200_

INTRODUCTION

1. FEATURES OF FORMING THE PERSONALITY OF TWINS

2. SECRETS OF DIFFERENT-SEX TWINS

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Introduction

At least 60 million twins live on earth, of which approximately one third are similar to each other, like two drops of water. These are the so-called monozygotic twins, in which the set of genes is exactly the same. In twins of another type - dizygotic - approximately half of the genes coincide.

Fraternal twins can be of different sexes, and often they are no more similar to each other than ordinary brothers and sisters; they are commonly referred to as "twins".

The birth of two or more babies at the same time has always aroused special interest among others, and in some ancient cultures the birth of twins was perceived as an event that had a religious, mystical meaning, sometimes - as a bad omen, threatening trouble for the whole family. It happened that the twins were even killed along with their mother.

We have already gone far from those times, but the twins are still perceived by everyday consciousness as something extraordinary, and not without reason. Science has not yet precisely established under the influence of what factors a multiple pregnancy develops, why the number of births of twins is different in different nationalities, in different countries why more or less of them are born depending on some social conditions (for example, during wars, the frequency of twin births decreases). In our country, twins are born about once in 80-100 births. All families with children face some general difficulties, although, of course, in twin families they are more pronounced, and their resolution requires much more effort from parents. Some problems are typical only for twin families, and the point here is not only that two twins are born at once, but the problems are multiplied by two. What are the origins of specifically “twin” developmental difficulties? We will consider the features of the relationship between all members of the twin family. Knowledge of these features and problems that arise in the process of raising twins is necessary not only for parents, but also for teachers and everyone who works with children.

Features of the formation of the personality of twins

Because of their special relationship with twins, they early childhood grow in a somewhat unusual atmosphere. Many people around perceive a twin pair as a single inseparable whole, ignore the differences in children, call them by their last name or one name, do not attach importance to the attitude of children to the fact that they are confused, etc. As noted in the literature (S. Scarr, 1968), the family environment, the treatment of parents are usually more similar for monozygotic (MZ) twins than for dizygotic (DZ) twins. Twins at an early age, and sometimes later, are almost never separated, often wear the same clothes, play same games, read the same books, etc. This contributes to the emergence of the so-called “reaction”, or “twin effect” - a complete identification of oneself with a twin partner, the desire to be no different from him. The severity of this reaction differs for members of monozygotic and dizygotic couples: as a rule, closer ties are established between partners of MZ pairs than between members of DZ pairs.

From birth, twins develop certain relationships that differ from the usual relationship between brothers and sisters - the “twin situation” (R. Zazzo, 1960), which leaves an indelible imprint on the development of twins and their relationship with parents and other people. R.Zazzo showed that a twin pair often forms its own special microcosm (“microcosm”), characterized by a number of features both within itself and in relationships with other people and the outside world. The special twin environment leads to closer, more intimate relationships between co-twins than between ordinary brothers and sisters. These ties are so strong that even temporary separation from a co-twin (for example, if one of the twins ends up in the hospital), they react as sharply as separation from their mother.

The value of a twin partner for a co-twin from birth is so high that the relationship in a twin pair can be described as symbiotic (D.Ortmeyer, 1970). If the main problem for a single-born child is to overcome symbiotic bonds with the mother, then the twins must solve another no less serious problem - to “delimit” themselves from their partner in a twin pair, and the greater the similarity, the more difficult it becomes. Even a tiny baby, who has not yet learned to move around, somehow surprisingly manages to turn around in the crib so as to be as close as possible to his twin, he pulls his arms towards him, listens to his breathing, can suck his fingers, etc. A characteristic phenomenon for twins sometimes use the pronoun “we” instead of “I”, they later recognize themselves in the photograph (and the MZ twins are another 3 months later than the DZ) and in the mirror, they begin to use their own name later than singleborns, respond not only to their own, but also in the name of a twin.

The “twin reaction” can lead to a slowdown in the development of the personality of children. The desire to be like each other in everything, identification with a twin partner (mutual identification) influence the formation of self-awareness and lead to the difficulty of the process of individualization in twins. In the process of becoming a child's personality, one of the central formations is the "I" system. In psychology, the term "self-consciousness" usually denotes the activity of the subject, aimed at realizing his actions, experiences, his place in life. The results of such awareness are fixed in self-esteem. In the period up to 3 years, a child's self-esteem is formed spontaneously as a result of an adult's attitude taken for granted. An important point here is awareness of oneself as a subject of individualization. The greater mutual identification of twin partners leads to the fact that this process of forming self-consciousness is significantly different in twins compared to single-borns. The development of the personality of twins, their acquisition of a sense of their own identity, characterized by separating themselves from others, mastering the body schema, largely depends on the nature of the relationship in one twin pair, on how they perceive themselves and each other.

H. von Bracken identifies three points that are important in relation to twin partners: 1) the time that twins spend together (usually MZ twins are together more often and longer than DZ), 2) the desire of same-sex DZ twins for differences and the desire of MZ twins for uniformity , 3) the distribution of social roles in a couple, which has a polarizing character on the individualization of partners.

Gemini in a certain way distribute among themselves various functions, skills. For example, one may be responsible for communicating with the outside world, taking on the full function of the couple's representative when communicating with other people. At the same time, the other twin may not develop communication skills at all, since the twins, who perceive themselves as a single and inseparable whole, believe that it is enough for at least one of them to master the relevant skills.

A stable distribution of roles in a twin pair can persist for life and lead to a violation of social adaptation in adulthood: it is not uncommon for twins to refuse to study, work or serve in the army in different places, they are not ready to create their own family, their contacts with others limited - they expect the same level of understanding from other people as from a co-twin.

Cases of complete interdependence of twins have been repeatedly described, when each of them individually feels completely helpless, since they have complementary personality traits. For example, one can count, and the other can write (such a couple underwent a psychological examination in the laboratory of age-related psychogenetics of the PI RAO).

The initial source of the distribution of roles in a couple is the differences at birth (weight, height, birth order, etc.), the different attitude of the mother towards them. Parents, without realizing it, encourage the actions expected of each child (for example, considering the first-born twin as the eldest, they form his attitude towards leadership in a pair). The child begins to behave in accordance with the role attributed to him, and this is the main reason for the primary differentiation of twins. Researchers most often identify the following roles: a representative in the outside world, a leader, the inner conscience of a couple, etc. (H.von Bracken, 1978, A.Anastasi, 1958).

To understand the developmental features of twins, it is necessary to consider the interaction between the “twin reaction” and the desire of members of the twin pair for individualization. A. Heigl-Evers (1971) identifies two opposite tendencies in the style of the relationship of MH twins - convergent (rapprochement with a partner) and divergent (separation from a partner in a pair, striving for independence, struggle for self-affirmation), which often manifest themselves simultaneously. There are 4 forms of relationships between members of twin pairs - 1) rivalry, leading to divergence of twins, 2) complementary (complimentary) subordination, leading to convergence of twins and their interdependence, 3) equality and 4) conformity, leading to complete similarity of attitudes of twin partners .

The close attachment of twins to each other, the desire to always be together sometimes lead to the fact that children interact only with each other, excluding peers from the social circle, and even all other people. Mothers of twins tend to have more worries, are more tired, so, on average, they talk less to twins than mothers of singleborns, and children are often left to their own devices. This leads to a slower development of speech skills, since by talking only to each other, they have less opportunity to learn new speech skills, and their existing speech deficiencies are exacerbated. In such a situation, the appearance in children of the so-called “autonomous” speech is possible - incomprehensible to outsiders. There is nothing wrong with this, but if you do not pay attention to it in time, the correct speech is not formed (after all, children understand each other, but they are not interested in other people), and this is no longer indifferent to the mental development of children as a whole.

To avoid all these undesirable consequences, it is better for parents from a very early age to try to behave in such a way as to encourage independence in children, awareness of their “I”, attach importance to their differences, try to call everyone by their own name, i.e. namely, to treat children as two separate and different individuals, and not as “one human being in two copies”. It is desirable that children have different toys, different clothes, different beds, etc. The easiest way to emphasize the individuality of children is to make them different hairstyles. Sometimes it’s quite difficult to get different things for children, and sometimes they don’t want it themselves, but some small differences, for example, at least a bow, different colors of clothes, can always be used.

Parents should try to recognize each twin individually, some special tricks can be used for this - for example, you can take the children to kindergarten in turn (on Monday and Wednesday - one, on Tuesday and Thursday - the second, and on Friday - both together), so that the twins have the opportunity to be alone with their parents and communicate with other children on their own. Also, a mother or father can take each one in turn with them if they go, for example, to the store. On birthdays, an individual approach is needed - the twins should have separate birthday cakes, gifts, congratulations. It's good if everyone has their own toys, which are stored in their own box.

For the normal speech development of twins, parents must talk to each separately, and stimulate other people to do so. It's good if each twin has his own time when he can talk alone with mom and dad. If autonomous speech appears, it is necessary to expand the circle of communication of children, perhaps place them in different groups kindergarten so that they need to be understood by the people around them. In this case, it is advisable to consult a psychologist, since early separation from the twin can have an adverse effect on all further development.

However, when noticing and encouraging differences in children, care should be taken, as twins can be jealous and even painful about the successes and achievements of a partner. Sometimes this gives rise to heightened competitiveness and competitiveness in their relationship, up to the development of an unrelenting conflict, this is especially characteristic of adolescence, when the twins begin to move away from each other.

There are always two twins. Never being able to fully own the attention of the mother, one of them is less willing to receive this attention if his twin is next to him. And not only because the twins provide each other with a sense of security and comfort, but also because then the child is sure that the mother does not pay more attention to his partner than to him. Of course, such a jealous feeling for the mother can also arise in a family with single-born children - brothers and sisters, but in twin families, jealousy appears earlier and is more pronounced. Gemini usually try to avoid situations that provoke jealousy. To do this, they sometimes become attached to different parents - one becomes closer to the mother, the other to the father. Another way to avoid jealousy is to always strive to have the same thing that a twin has - toys, attention from parents, etc.

Some twins, even as adults, never become self-sufficient and independent individuals. If parents want to help their children in finding their own "I", you need to treat the twins in such a way that each of them feels his own peculiarity, realizes his differences from his brother or sister.

Secrets of opposite-sex twins

Opposite-sex twins - boys and girls born to their mother as a result of multiple pregnancy. Most often, these are twin pairs, consisting of a boy and a girl, sometimes there are more complex combinations. For example, three twins can be born at the same time, of which two are identical girls, and the third - their brother - developed from another egg. Today we will talk about opposite-sex twin couples. These children, although they look like an ordinary brother and sister growing up in the same family, still have their own specific characteristics due to the fact that they are members of a twin pair.

Twins of different sexes are always fraternal twins, because if they developed from the same maternal egg, then their genes would be the same, which means they would be of the same sex. Fraternal twins have 40 to 60% of the same genes as normal siblings. The external similarity of opposite-sex twins can be striking ("like two drops of water"), this arouses interest and even delight among others. It also happens that twins are not at all similar to each other - just as ordinary children from the same family sometimes do not resemble each other. Of course, opposite-sex twins grow up under the same unique conditions as all twin couples. They develop together in utero, are born on the same day, grow up together after birth, spend a lot of time with each other and have a strong influence on each other.

Interestingly, sometimes opposite-sex twins are even more similar friend on a friend in character, personality traits than same-sex fraternal twins. The reason for this may be that same-sex twins, as a rule, tend to emphasize both their differences and their similarities, to complement each other. It makes no sense for opposite-sex twins to specifically emphasize the differences - they are already obvious. Twins of different sexes seem to learn from each other - the boy from the girl takes over the ability to be softer and more gentle, and the girl learns from the boy to be more courageous, decisive, strong. A common family atmosphere, common interests, activities, the same friends - everything that usually accompanies the development and formation of the personality of twins - all this brings together, unites partners in a twin pair, makes them similar to each other.

When twins of opposite sexes are born in a family, everyone congratulates their parents on an unusual, happy event, because they have it right away - at the same time! - there was a son and a daughter. But everyday problems immediately arise - two cribs are required, two different sets of clothes - for a boy and a girl, different toys. In addition, a boy and a girl can differ more than same-sex twins in sleep patterns and prefer different foods. Parents should be well aware that from the very first day, twins require a different approach to themselves, because they are creatures of different sexes - a boy and a girl. You need to know the features of the development of boys and girls, not to worry if one twin lags behind the other, and not to strive to "adjust" them to each other.

Parents must take into account that twins of different sexes do not develop synchronously, their physical and mental development proceeds differently, at different rates. So, for example, opposite-sex twins begin to speak earlier than same-sex ones, but at the same time, boys master the complexities and subtleties of human speech a little later than girls. Because of this, one should not think that the boy is lagging behind in development, and, moreover, reproach him for this. Earlier speech development girls - a general pattern, until adolescence, girls in general can give boys a "handicap" on many points. So, social skills, communication skills with other people, mastering various social roles associated with the ability to obey and follow the rules - all this becomes available to girls earlier. The reason is both the advanced formation of speech and the desire to imitate the mother, other adults, play their roles and perform their functions.

Among other things, heterosexual twins - boys and girls - in comparison with same-sex twins, differ more in school performance, in interests (boys have more "male" interests, girls - "female"), they often have a different social circle, different friends . Especially strong differences in the physiology and psychology of opposite-sex twins make themselves felt in adolescence. In boys and girls, puberty and the period of growing up, associated with powerful hormonal changes and psychological changes in personality, occur at different times. At this time, the twins may move away from each other, smoldering conflicts may flare up. As a rule, good relations are restored, it is only necessary to support teenagers during this difficult transitional time.

Twins spend a lot of time with each other, and, of course, this affects the formation of their personality. As a result, it may happen that the boy becomes too soft and gentle, plays with dolls and daughter-mothers with his sister, and the girl, on the contrary, becomes too rude, cocky and plays with cars and pistols. Parents should pay attention to such behavior of children. Everyone is well acquainted with such stereotypical portraits - a strong, resolute man hiding his feelings and a weak, tender woman ready to submit. We will not discuss whether these stereotypes are "correct" or not, they simply exist and determine social behavior and how people perceive each other. You can allow your child to behave as he likes, but be aware that behavior that is inconsistent with the traditional social gender role (a man who cries a lot, for example) can be a possible source of problems for a child as in childhood, when communication with peers, and in the future, when he becomes an adult. It is still advisable to adhere to the traditional rules for raising boys and girls, encouraging appropriate activities and interests. You just don't have to be too hard on it. Mutual enrichment should also be welcomed when children master certain skills of the "opposite" sex (for example, in developed countries, for example, the division of domestic work into male and female, which is customary for us, has long been eliminated).

Inside a heterosexual twin pair, peculiar relationships develop. Usually this is a rather warm, harmonious relationship of affection and love that satisfies both the twins themselves and their parents. But sometimes problems can arise that cause anxiety in parents. For example, it happens that a girl is so attached to her twin brother that when he leaves to play with other boys, she gets bored and sits looking out the window until he comes. The reverse situation may also occur: a sociable, more developed girl is friends with classmates and plays, for example, volleyball, better than her twin brother. All the boys want to play with her, but they don't take their brother. He gets upset and offended, feels unhappy and useless. Such dependency relationships can interfere with the development of an autonomous, self-sufficient personality.

Because girls mature earlier, they enter adolescence earlier, when the need for communication comes to the fore and the first love comes. The girl begins to make friends with older boys, and the brother, as the youngest, still a child, with his childish interests, is left alone. The girl wants to isolate herself from her brother, she wants to have her own room, her own things that her brother is not allowed to touch, her secrets. As a result, the twin brother begins to painfully experience such a change in relations with his sister. He feels insecure, small, rejected, not as masculine as the boys his sister befriends.

If there are older children in the family, this can also become a source of some difficulties. Sometimes one of the members of an opposite-sex twin pair is more friends with an older brother or sister than with his co-twin. Most often, children are united by gender - a girl with a girl, a boy with a boy. In such a situation, the second twin may become closer to the parents or, worse, feel lonely and isolated. If you notice that the child is often alone, communicates little with other children, try to talk with him more, caress him once again, let him know that you love him. It is very good if you help him create a different permanent social circle, make new friends. The best thing that unites children within the family is common concerns, common work. Give them assignments, give them such responsibilities that all children will have to perform together - this will strengthen their relationship, help them get to know and love each other better.

In opposite-sex twin couples, the order of birth (who was born first is older) does not play a decisive role. Most often, these couples are dominated by a girl. This is due to various reasons. Girls develop faster, become independent earlier. They almost always develop good, friendly relations with their father and mother. In addition, they themselves strive to act in relation to their twin brother as an older sister - to patronize him, help him in everything. This leads to a strengthening of the position of the girl in the family. And it is usually more difficult for a boy to establish family ties himself, it is easier to rely on his sister as his "social secretary". Although in some cases, factors such as height, weight, the rate of development of twins change the situation, and the girl may lose her leading position. Then the boy becomes dominant in the twin pair.

If the parents are concerned about the dominance-submission relationship that develops between the twins (for example, one of the twins suppresses the other), then it is better to separate the twins. Opposite-sex twins endure separation from each other much more easily than same-sex twins, united by deep dependence, so they will not worry very much. If possible, let the children go to different kindergartens (groups), schools (classes). You can use other opportunities to separate the twins - send them to visit relatives one by one, try to get them to go to different circles, sport sections attended various electives at school. The main and most important rule is that parents should perceive twins as independent and different individuals who have their own interests, their own affairs, their own secrets, their own assignments.

It is better if father and son, mother and daughter unite in the family. Children tend to spend most of their time with their mother. For the harmonious development of the personality of children, it is good if dad also happens a lot with children. It is desirable for a father to pay special attention to communication with his son, helping him acquire the necessary "male" skills. Let dad give the child his friendship, help him become self-confident, support the boy in difficult situations.

If a boy occupies a subordinate position in a couple, inferior to his sister in everything, specially develop his skills of independent behavior, independence from his sister. It is good if the child attends some section intended only for boys. It is important that he has his own, "separate" friends. It’s good if the boy has some kind of activity in which his sister would not excel him (at least rope climbing or sharpening kitchen knives).

If there is no dad in the family, the mother should be especially concerned about the development of the personality of her twin son. In an incomplete family, the boy finds himself alone with two stronger women, since the girl in such a family usually unites with her mother, trying to help her, and takes care of her brother as an older sister. And a boy may become attached to his sister very strongly, he may be afraid of losing her just as he lost his father. It is great if there is a grandfather, an uncle, a family friend who will help the boy develop self-confidence, which the boy could and would like to imitate, taking from him examples of "male" behavior. It is important to expand the social circle of such a boy so that he has more friends and acquaintances.

If a girl cannot live without her brother, then, on the contrary, try to develop her self-sufficiency. Here, the mother should pay special attention to her daughter. Mom and daughter can go shopping together, discuss and solve problems related to the household. It is very good if they discuss "feminine" topics together, consult with each other, even, perhaps, a little "gossip", talking about people and the reasons for their behavior (do not overestimate the level of psychological maturity of your daughter).

Conclusion

There are many positive aspects of twins. Many people enjoy being twins and find much more advantages than disadvantages in this. Many find their identity and individuality. However, the issue of individuality is painful for many twins. For some, the search for their individuality turns into a real struggle.

The sooner we pay attention to difficult situations in twins, the more we limit their development into serious problems in future. So the father of identical twins consulted a psychologist about the fact that children can barely say two coherent words. The boys were soon to be 5 years old and were to start attending school. The psychologist advised the father not to rush to school and bring the children to the clinic. The psychologist did not ask to bring the whole family, which, however, happened - the parents, twins and four older brothers and sisters came. Then it became obvious why the twins did not seek to speak, the family spoke for them. The twins had their own complex personal language, little understood by others. After two years of intensive speech therapy in different classes, the boys began to dress differently and it became easier to distinguish between them. It is interesting to note that the twins were above average in intelligence, even before they started talking.

In what ways is the life of twins different from the lives of other children, and what aspects can influence the development of twins, making it difficult for them to separate. First, it is the environment in which they grew up. They are forced to share the mother, and the mother, in turn, must share her love between two or more children. Even if a mother pays attention to both twins, she can really concentrate on only one child. Another baby may feel neglected. This is one of the reasons why the development of speech in twins is often delayed - during communication, the child may turn out to be someone else.

A characteristic feature inherent in twins is the practical absence of loneliness. Twins can spend their whole lives, including the period of intrauterine development, in close proximity to each other. It's unusual life experience which one child will never experience. When a mother walks with one child, the baby is alone. Twins will hear each other's breathing if they share the same room. Even later, they are rarely separated for long periods of time. Still, solitude is an important part of a child's development, a means of self-discovery, self-discovery and, no doubt, by developing the confidence to be oneself.

The process of finding one's identity is similar to the process of separating from one's mother. First you identify with it, and then you find your own special path. But for this you need to go through identification. Separation is a rather complicated and painful process. There are no simple and easy answers here, everyone has to find himself.

It may be more useful to speak of separation as a change in relationship and a change in the way we look at those relationships. Many are most afraid of a break, the destruction of something. So we can be less intimidating when we talk about changing relationships than when we talk about separation as a break.

Twins are always twins. This is part of their personality. Separation does not give full awareness of one's individuality, it is only the beginning. Awareness of the question "Who am I?" is a different, somewhat more complex process.

Bibliography

1. Zyryanova N., Pyankova S. Twin family. Social work. 1993 No. 7.

2. Zyryanova N., Pyankova S. It takes time to love them. Family and school, 1993, No. 7.

3. Zyryanova N., Pyankova S. Two and others. Family and school, 1993, No. 8.

4. Zyryanova N., Pyankova S. Twins go to school. Family and school, 1993, No. 9.

5. Zyryanova N., Pyankova S. You have twins. Motherhood, no. 2. 1996

6. Kanaev I. Twins: Essays on the theory of multiple pregnancy. M., L.: Medicine, 1959. 104 p.

7. The role of the environment and heredity in the formation of a person's individuality. / Ed. I. V. Ravich-Shcherbo. M.: Pedagogy. 1988. 329 p.

8. Semenov V. On the problem of using the twin method in psychology. //Questions of psychology. 1980. Vol. 2, pp. 166-171.

9. Semenov V., Kochubey B. Twins: problems of education and development. M.: Knowledge, 1985. T 6.

10. Ushakov G. Features of the development of twins. M.: Medicine, 1977.

11. Friedrich W. Twins. M., Progress, 1985