Vladislav II Jagiello. Little secrets of the big king
Feeling the precariousness of power, in - years Jagiello began to seek support from Poland. As a result of the Union of Krevo on August 14, Jagiello pledged to accept Roman Catholicism and return to Poland the lands previously seized from it. In the year, ambassadors from Krakow came to Jagiello, asking to accept the Polish crown, since the Krakow residents opposed the will of the childless Polish king Casimir to transfer power to the Podolsk prince Konstantin Olgerdovich - Jagiello's half-brother, Olgerd's son from his first wife Maria Yaroslavna, Princess of Vitebsk. Jagiello accepted the offer - on February 12 of the same year he arrived in Krakow, on February 15 he converted to Roman Catholicism and was baptized under the name Vladislav, and on February 18 he was married to the Polish queen Jadwiga I, which united Poland and Lithuania under the Polish system of government. When the Principality of Lithuania was included in the Kingdom of Poland, Jogaila was ordered to “ forever annex all your lands, Lithuanian and Russian, to the Polish crown" The union of Lithuania and Poland became the basis of resistance to the advance of the Teutonic Order, which previously threatened both countries. The question of whether Jogaila was actually the Polish king or only the consort of the Polish queen has been discussed by Polish scholars since the 19th century and remains open.
Having settled in Poland, Jagiello began to govern Lithuania through governors, considering it part of his new state. From the same year, Jogaila began the mass baptism of Lithuanians into Roman Catholicism. The baptized knights received significant privileges from him. On February 20, he gave the right of city self-government to Vilnius. A significant group of Lithuanian princes, hostile to the new course of state affairs, achieved the transfer of power in the Principality of Lithuania to Vytautas, with Jogaila retaining the title of “Supreme Prince” of Lithuania.
Historians differ in their assessment of his personal qualities. Some believe that he was a man of small intelligence and weak character, and his role in history is attributed to a coincidence of circumstances. Others, and in particular Lithuanian historians, note his great abilities and personal influence on the course of historical events; but both of them consider him a cruel and treacherous ruler.
Literature
- Szajnocha, K., Jadwiga i Jagiełło.
- Caro, J., Geschichte Polens(2nd part, Gotha, 1863).
- Smirnov, M., Jagiello - Jacob - Vladislav and the first union of Lithuania with Poland, Notes of Novorossiysk University, Odessa, 1868.
- Smolka, St., Kiejstut and Jagiełło, Krakow, 1888.
- Koneczny, F., "Jagiełł o i Witold", Przewodnik naukowy, 1892.
- Lewicki, A., "Powstanie Swidrygiełły", Rozpr. Ak. It.,XXIX.
- Lyubavsky, M. K., Essay on the history of the Lithuanian-Russian state, M., 1910.
Materials used
- Novodvorsky, V., “Jagiello”, article in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary:
JAGAILLO (YAGELLO, BAPTISM VLADISLAV)
Jagiello or Jagiello - Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland. The son of the Orthodox Princess Julia, he already professed Orthodoxy in his youth, according to some researchers; other historians prove that he remained a pagan until the very moment of his adoption of the Catholic faith. Having become a Grand Duke after the death of his father, Grand Duke Olgerd (1377), he entered into a fight with his uncle Keistut, insidiously lured him on a date and imprisoned him in the Krevo castle, where Keistut, according to some sources, in a fit of despair committed suicide on himself. hands, and according to other sources, he was strangled on the orders of Jagiello. They said that Jagiello ordered Keistut's wife, Biruta, to be drowned. Jagiello's cousin Vitovt, imprisoned with his father Keistut in the Krevo castle, managed to escape to the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, began, in alliance with the German knights, to fight against Jagiello and put him in such a position that he had to refuse, according to the treaty on the river Dubisse, from Zhmudi and pledged to accept the Catholic faith within four years (1384). The danger that threatened Jagiello from the order forced him to seek an alliance with Poland. Having heard about the beauty of the Polish queen Jadwiga (q.v.), he decided to ask for her hand, agreeing to convert his people to Catholicism. On February 12, 1386, he arrived in Krakow, on February 15 he was baptized under the name of Vladislav and on February 18 he was married to Jadwiga. The question of whether he was a Polish king is now questioned: Professor Pekosinsky is trying to prove that Jagiello was only the husband of the Polish queen. Having settled in Poland, he began to govern Lithuania through governors, considering it part of his new state. This attitude of Lithuania towards Poland also resulted from the terms of the treaty that Jagiello concluded with the Poles, which caused great displeasure in Lithuania. Vytautas became the head of the opposition, began a fight against Jagiello and achieved that he was recognized as the Grand Duke of Lithuania, but under the supreme authority of Jagiello, so that the union of Lithuania with Poland was preserved. Jagiello reigned until 1434. His time was rich in events of enormous importance, but what was the influence of Jagiello himself on the events - historians disagree on this. Some consider him a man of small intelligence and weak character, who could not play an outstanding role in contemporary life; others, on the contrary, attribute to him great abilities and a strong influence on the course of historical events. See K. Szajnocha "Jadwiga i Jagiello"; J. Caro "Geschichte Polens" (2nd part, Gotha, 1863); M. Smirnov “Yagello-Yakov-Vladislav and the first union of Lithuania with Poland” (Odessa, 1868, “Notes of the Novorossiysk University”); St. Smolka "Kiejstut i Jagiello" (Krakow, 1888); F. Koneczny. "Jagiello i Witold" ("Przewodnik naukowy", 1892); A. Lewicki "Powstanie Swidrygielly" ("Rozpr. Ak. It.", XXIX) and in general works on the history of Poland and Lithuania at the end of the 14th and beginning of the 15th centuries. V. Novodvorsky.
Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what JAGAILLO (YAGELLO, IN BAPTISM VLADISLAV) is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- JAGAILLO
Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Vladislav II Jagiello (1351 - 1434), Grand Duke of Lithuania (1377-1392), King of Poland (1386-1434), ... - JAGAILLO in the Dictionary of Generals:
Jogaila (ca. 1350-1434), led. Lit. book (1377-99), Polish. king (under the name of Vladislav II Jagiello). Founder of the Jagiellonian dynasty. Son of Olgerd. ... - JAGAILLO in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(Jagiello) Vladislav (c. 1350-1434) Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1377-92, King of Poland from 1386. Founder of the Jagiellon dynasty. In the Battle of Grunwald... - JAGAILLO
Jogaila (about 1350 - 1.6.1434), Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1377-92 (with a break), King of Poland (Wladyslaw II Jagiello - Wladyslaw ... - VLADISLAV in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(Wladyslaw) in Poland: V. I. Lokietek (between 3.3.1260 and 19.1.1261 - 2.3.1333, Krakow), king from the Piast dynasty, ruled from ... - JAGAILLO
or Jagiello - Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland. The son of the Orthodox Princess Juliana, he confessed already in his youth, according to ... - JAGAILLO
JAYLO, Jagiello (JagieLLo) Vladislav (c. 1350-1434), leader. Prince of Lithuania in 1377-92, King of Poland from 1386, founder of the Jagiellonian dynasty. Son of Olgerd. ... - JAGAILLO
or Jagiello? Grand Duke of Lithuania and Polish King. The son of the Orthodox Princess Julia, he confessed already in his youth, according to ... - VLADISLAV in the Directory of Characters and Cult Objects of Greek Mythology:
- VLADISLAV in biographies of Monarchs:
King of Naples from the Angevin dynasty, who reigned from 1386 to 1414. Son of Charles III and Margaret of Durazio. F,: 1) from 1392 ... - VLADISLAV in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
VLADISLAV II (Vladislav II) Jagiellon (1456-1516), king of the Czech Republic (from 1471), Hungary (from 1490). Son of Casimir IV. Pinned ("Vladislav's Lawyer", ... - VLADISLAV in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language.
- VLADISLAV in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
Vladislav, (Vladislavovich, Vladislavovna and Vladislavich, ... - JAGAILLO
(Jagiello) Vladislav (c. 1350-1434), Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1377-92, King of Poland from 1386. Founder of the Jagiellon dynasty. In the Battle of Grunwald... - VLADISLAV in Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB:
Serbian (d. 1239), prince, founder of the monastery in Mileshevo, son of St. Stefan of Serbia. Memory in the Orthodox Church on September 24 (7 ... - VLADISLAV-YAGAILLO (YAGELLO)
Vladislav-Jagailo or Jagiello, see Jagiello... - STEFAN VLADISLAV in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Stefan Vladislav (+ 1239 / 1243 / not earlier than 1253), King of Serbia, saint. ... - VLADISLAV IV in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Wladyslaw IV Vasa (1595 - 1648), king of Poland, pretender to the Russian throne. Was born … - VLADISLAV IV in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
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Vladislav III Varnenchik, in 1434 - 1444, King of Poland, in 1440 - 1444, King of Hungary, son of Vladislav ... - VLADISLAV II in the Brief Biographical Encyclopedia:
Vladislav II, in 1138 - 1146, Grand Duke - Lord of Krakow, eldest son of Boleslav Wrymouth and his wife Zbyslava, ... - BATTLE OF GRUNEWALD 1410 in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
battle 1410 (in German literature- Battle of Tannenberg), decisive battle " Great War"1409-11, in which the Polish-Lithuanian-Russian troops 15 ... - in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
cm. … - VITOVT in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
Vitovt (Polonized Vitold; in German acts Witowd, Witaut, Wytat, etc.), son of the Trotsky and Zhmud prince Keistut from a forcefully taken by him ... - POLAND (HISTORY)* in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
? Period I. P. tribal and pagan. At the end of the 6th century. according to R. Chr., with the departure of the Germanic tribes from the basins ... - LITHUANIAN-RUSSIAN STATE in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron.
- VLADISLAV-JAGAILLO OR JAGELLO, KING OF POLISH in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
? cm. … - VITOVT in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
(Polonized Witold; in German acts Witowd, Witaut, Wytat, etc.), son of the Trotsky and Zhmud prince Keistut from a forcefully taken by him ... - VLADISLAV II JAGELLON in Collier's Dictionary:
(Czech. Vladislav, Hung. Ulszl) (1456-1516), king of the Czech Republic and Hungary. The eldest son of King Casimir IV of Poland, Władysław was born in Krakow 1... - POLAND in the Directory of Countries of the World:
REPUBLIC OF POLAND State in Central Europe. In the north it borders with Russia (Kalinik-Gradskaya region), in the east - with Lithuania, Belarus and ... - NAME NAME in the Dictionary of Rites and Sacraments:
Popular wisdom says: With a name - Ivan, and without a name - a blockhead. Or: Without an udder, a sheep is a ram, a cow without... - BAPTISM in the Bible Dictionary:
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Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Holy Trinity Church in Charleroi (Brussels Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church) Address: Belgium, Charleroi. Chaussee… - THEBEAN LEGION in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
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Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". Turkovitsa Icon of the Mother of God. Celebration of July 2 In 1382, Prince Vladislav of Opol, taking away ... - TERTULLIAN in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree.
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Open Orthodox encyclopedia "TREE". The Creed is a brief dogmatic statement of the basis of Christian doctrine. Creeds are always brief; they just... - PASTERS in the Orthodox Encyclopedia Tree:
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superstitious teetotaler, lover of cleanliness, stupid death and Columbus of the Jagiellonian family
The son and Tver princess Juliania had a son, who was named Jagiello. He inherited from his father the titles “Grand Duke of Lithuania” and “Prince of Vitebsk”, and February 2, 1386 During the general congress of the gentry, Jogaila was elected king of Poland under the name Vladislav II.
There are many things connected with Jagiello and his descendants. amazing facts. Not all of them claim to be authentic, but nevertheless they are quite interesting.
Fact 1. The Polish king Wladyslaw Jagiello reigned for 48 years and 4 months, which is considered a record among the kings of Poland.
Fact 2. Jagiello did not drink alcoholic beverages, including beer and wine. I didn’t like apples, couldn’t even stand the smell of them, but I always ate pears with pleasure. The king preferred to dress in simple clothes, refusing expensive furs and gold jewelry. Even in winter, Jagiello could be found in an ordinary sheepskin coat. The king was also very clean and took baths daily, which was very rare for medieval Europe.
Medieval Malbork. Photo by Olga Vitebskaya
Fact 3. Despite the fact that Jagiello converted to Christianity, there is information that at heart he remained a pagan and observed some superstitious customs. For example, before leaving the house, the king broke a straw into three parts and spun around three times, and to wash his hands, he pulled out hair from his beard and wove it between his fingers, and only then proceeded to ablution.
At Malbork Castle. Photo by Olga Vitebskaya
Fact 4. King Jagiello was married 4 times. His wives were: Jadwiga, Anna Celskaya, Elzhbetta Granovskaya and Sofia Golshanskaya. , but Yadviga died early in childbirth. Only Sophia gave the king male heirs. The first-born - Vladislav - was born in 1424. The baptism of the long-awaited heir was so solemn that 25 people were immediately registered as the boy’s godfathers, including Pope Martin V.
Jagiello and Jadwiga. Sculpture by Oskar Sosnowski in Krakow. Photo rech-pospolita.ru
Fact 5. The second son Jagiello lived only a year and a half, but the third son, Casimir Andrei, was associated with a big scandal in the kingdom. There were rumors among those close to him that the king was too old to have children, and that the queen could give birth to her lover. Sophia's maids of honor were tortured, and under torture two of them named the name of their mistress's “lover” - knight Henryk. He and other knights who fell under suspicion were arrested. Despite the cruel torture, they all said before their death that the queen was faithful to the king.
The investigation lasted a year, and as a result, Sophia swore an oath of innocence during the Sejm in Grodno.
Fact 6. Jagiello was a passionate hunter. It is known, for example, that in the autumn-winter of 1409 Jagiello hunted in Belovezhskaya Pushcha to procure food for his army. During the hunt, the 100,000-strong Polish-Lithuanian army was provided with provisions, which then took the battle from the Teutonic Order. It’s hard to imagine how many animals were destroyed during the brutal hunt. Later, Jagiello forbade everyone except himself and his cousin to hunt in the Pushcha.
Hunting scenes are a favorite motif in medieval castles. Malbork. Photo by Olga Vitebskaya
Hunting scene at Malbork Castle. Photo by Olga Vitebskaya
Fact 7. On the female side, the son of Jagiello and the grandson of Olgerd - Casimir IV Jagiellon is the ancestor of all the great princes and kings in Europe. Casimir was able to become related to the ruling European dynasties due to the fact that he had seven daughters.
Fact 8. In 1419, Jogaila's royal carriage was struck by lightning, killing two courtiers, seven horses in the cortege, and four horses harnessed to the carriage. Jagiello survived, but partially lost his hearing.
Image of a medieval knight in Malbork Castle. Photo by Olga Vitebskaya
Fact 9. Portuguese historian Manuel Rosa in his book Columbus. The Never Told Story states that Columbus comes not from Genoa, Italy, but from the Jagiellonian family. According to the historian, the father of the discoverer of America was the son of Jagiello, Vladislav III, who allegedly did not die in the battle with the Turks, as described in history, but escaped and settled in Madeira. There Vladislav married a rich Portuguese woman and from their marriage Columbus was born.
Manuel Rosa cites two main facts as evidence. Firstly, that only a person of famous origin could marry a Portuguese aristocrat, permission for which was given by the Portuguese king himself. And, secondly, that the coat of arms of Columbus is similar to the coat of arms of Vladislav.
Only a comparative DNA analysis can prove or disprove this fantastic assumption, but it is doubtful that in Krakow they will meet the Portuguese historian halfway, because the sarcophagus of King Jagiello, unlike the tombs of most grand dukes and kings, has never been opened.
Fact 10. The death of King Jagiello looks stupid and at the same time a little mystical. One evening he heard a nightingale singing and went into the grove. Having listened to the sounds of nightingales, the king spent several hours in the forest on a cold autumn evening, and when he returned to his chambers, he developed a fever, from which he never recovered. Just before his death, Jagiello allegedly saw the ghost of his uncle Keistut, who kissed him on the forehead and closed his eyes.
Jagiello was born in the 1350s into the family of the Lithuanian prince Olgerd and the Tver princess Juliana. According to some reports, he was baptized in his youth. Olgerd significantly expanded the borders of his state: the prince annexed the Chernigov and Kyiv lands. In 1377, Olgerd died. For Lithuania, his death was marked by a series of civil strife; He bequeathed his part of the Grand Duchy not to the eldest heir, but to his beloved son from his second wife, Jogaila. In 1381, bloodshed began in the principality civil war. Jogaila fought for the throne with his cousin Vytautas; it is known that he entered into a secret agreement with the Teutonic Order. By order of Jagiello, his uncle Keistut, who was pursuing a rapprochement with Moscow, was killed. Keistut's wife Biruta was also killed. After her death, the cult of Biruta developed in Lithuania, and sanctuaries were built in different parts of the principality in memory of the deceased. Vytautas managed to escape to the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order.
Jagiello before the Madonna, fresco 1418
It is known that Jagiello planned to marry the daughter of Dmitry Donskoy, but later “reoriented” to an alliance with Poland. In 1385 the Union of Krevo was concluded. The agreement provided for the prince's marriage to the Polish Queen Jadwiga. Jagiello pledged to facilitate the return of lands lost to Poland, annex Russian territories and pay compensation to the Duke of Austria, who had previously been Jadwiga's fiancé. The Krevo Union operated for 184 years.
Jagiello's wife - Jadwiga
Jagiello pledged to accept the Catholic faith and baptize the inhabitants of Lithuania, as well as free the captured Poles. In a short time, about 30 thousand people were baptized. These events led to unrest in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Vitovt stood at the head of the protesters. The Teutonic Order also opposed the accession of Jagiello to the Polish throne; Thus, Master Konrad Zellner argued that a pagan would lead Christians to destruction. In 1389, Prince Vitovt, with the support of the Order, tried to take possession of Vilna. The attempt ended in failure, but the following year Vitovt nevertheless captured the capital of the principality. More than 10 thousand Teutonic knights fought on his side. Vytautas achieved recognition as the Grand Duke of Lithuania under the supreme authority of Jagiello.
Polish knights at war
Contemporaries left scant information about Jogaila's lifestyle and character. It is known, however, that he was a passionate hunter. His favorite place for this activity was the Belovezhskaya Pushcha nature reserve; in accordance with the king's decree, only the ruling elite of Poland could hunt here. Jagiello announced that the 100,000-strong Polish army would be provided with provisions during the hunt. Numerous images in medieval castles tell the story of the king's pastimes in Belovezhskaya Pushcha.
After the death of Jadwiga, the ruler became engaged to Anna, the granddaughter of King Casimir the Great of Poland (Jagiello was married 4 times in total). In 1409 he started a war with the Teutonic Order. Three years later he won, having achieved the payment of a significant indemnity. Jagiello ruled until his death in 1434. According to one version, he died as a result of complications from a cold. The Jagiellonian dynasty remained on the Polish throne until 1572.
On June 1, 1434, Vladislav Jagiello, former King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania and Prince of Vitebsk, died. There are enough dark spots in the life of this ruler to interpret his personality from both positive and negative positions, but it is impossible not to pay tribute to his political role in the history of Europe.
King of Poland
We do not know the exact date of birth of Jagiello. He was probably born between 1350 and 1362. It owes its origin to the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd and the Tver princess Juliana (Yuliania). Władysław Jagiello laid the foundation for the Jagiellonian dynasty. In 1385, Poland and Lithuania concluded the landmark Union of Krevo, as a result of which Jagiello married the Polish queen Jadwiga and became the Polish king, was baptized according to the Catholic rite, and baptized the Poles. After Jadwiga's death in 1399, the royal council confirmed Jogaila's rights to the Polish throne.
Typical Middle Ages
In 1382, in the struggle for the throne, Jagiello imprisoned his uncle, after which the latter either committed suicide or was strangled on the orders of his nephew. However, for medieval Europe and Modern Europe, such behavior in the struggle for power was not something out of the ordinary. Jagiello intended to take part in the battle on the Kulikovo field on the side of Mamai’s troops. But I didn’t have time. There is a version that he overtook a certain convoy of Russians and carried out a massacre; according to another version, having learned about the defeat of the Tatars, he turned back. The typical nature of medieval political relations is characterized by the agreement that existed in 1384, according to which Jogaila was to become the husband of his daughter, accepting Orthodoxy as the state religion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and submitting to the Prince of Moscow. But the terms of the agreement were not implemented, and, fighting for the right to become the center of the unification of Rus', Jagiello pursued an anti-Moscow policy.
Wojciech Gerson. Keistut and Vytautas captured by Jagiello
Grunwald
During the Second World War, the Nazis, having captured Warsaw, were looking for the famous painting (with the goal of destruction) dedicated to the Battle of Grunwald, in which Polish-Lithuanian troops with their allies under the command of the Polish king Jogaila, who united them, and the military leadership of his cousin Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, defeated the Teutonic (German) Order, which terrorized Central Europe. In that battle, the knights of the Smolensk land played an important role. The Order never recovered from the defeat. No one gave the picture to the fascists. All this once again testifies to the importance of both the Battle of Grunwald and Jagiello himself for European, and in particular Central European, history.
