Maintenance of lighting installations. Installation, operation and repair of lighting networks

Maintenance of lighting electrical installations

Qualified maintenance of lighting electrical installations is one of the prerequisites for their uninterrupted operation throughout their entire service life. At the same time, during the maintenance process, a whole list of operations aimed at maintaining the operability of the system must be performed at a certain frequency.

Carrying out maintenance of lighting electrical installations on your own is difficult and not always effective; in addition, carrying out a number of operations requires specific skills, devices and professional equipment. That is why such work is most often entrusted to specialists from electrical installation organizations.

Service work for lighting installations

Lighting electrical installations can have very different designs. Its complexity depends primarily on the scale: the larger the area that needs to be illuminated, and the more complex the configuration of the room, the more elements will be included in the system.

Both the simplest and most complex electrical installations require attention - their regular maintenance and repair of lighting electrical installations allows not only to extend the service life, but also to identify faults at the earliest stages. To do this, the following operations are performed:

• Checking the condition of the wiring.
• Checking the serviceability of lighting (both main and emergency).
• Monitoring the serviceability of safety blocks.
• Monitoring the integrity of insulation, testing it and measuring its resistance.

• Integrity and condition of grounding system elements.
• Serviceability of lamps, presence of overheating, melting or other defects.
• Reliability of fastening lighting fixtures to supporting structures.

As a rule, faults discovered during testing are corrected immediately. When complex breakdowns are detected or multiple faults are recorded, information about them is entered into a special log. Further repairs are carried out by the electrical installation team.

Caring for lamps and replacing lamps

When inspecting electrical installations, the main attention should be paid to the lighting fixtures themselves. This is due to the fact that over time the luminous flux decreases for the following reasons:

• Dust accumulation on lampshades, bases and reflective surfaces.
• Contamination of transparent and reflective surfaces.
• Decrease in reflector efficiency over time.
• Aging of the lamps themselves, leading to a decrease in the intensity of the glow.

The negative impact of the described factors can be compensated by regular maintenance of lamps:

• Plinths, lampshades and reflectors must be regularly cleaned of dirt.
• Removing dust from lamp housings will also reduce the likelihood of overheating.
• Lamps that are installed in lighting fixtures must also be replaced according to a schedule. Replacing lamps as they burn out leads to the fact that the lighting device operates for a long time with reduced efficiency (when the lamp is still lit, but at the same time produces a significantly lower luminous flux).
• Particular care should be taken when working with lamps containing mercury and other heavy metals. After they fail and are dismantled, such lamps are not thrown away, but stored and disposed of in the prescribed manner.

When performing the described work: cleaning lamps and replacing lamps, it is necessary to use special devices for working at height, such as stepladders, telescopic towers, etc. All operations must be carried out taking into account electrical safety precautions.

Malfunctions and ways to eliminate them

During the maintenance of a lighting electrical installation, various malfunctions may be identified. Most of these breakdowns are eliminated using a standard algorithm:

• In the absence of lighting, the serviceability of the lamp is checked, as well as the presence of contact on the socket or switch. Most often, the problem is solved either by replacing the failed part or by restoring the contact (usually it is enough to bend the contact plate).
• A fire in the plastic housing of the lamp can be caused by overheating at the contact point or gradual development short circuits in a humid environment (without tripping the protection). First, you need to eliminate the main problem, then replace the lamp itself.
• The wires that supply power to the lighting installation may catch fire either when shorted or when they overheat as a result of operating under increased load. In the first case, the short circuit is eliminated; in the second, the conductor is replaced with another one with a larger cross-section.

Problems with the operation of electrical installations can also be caused by problems with circuit breakers, fuses or chokes. After localizing the fault, the failed part must be replaced with a new one.

Frequency of maintenance work on lighting electrical installations

Maintenance and repair of lighting electrical installations are carried out at certain intervals:

• The condition of wiring and lighting equipment is monitored at least once a year.
• Also, once a year the voltage in the main sections of the network is checked.
• Once every 3 years, the electrical insulation resistance of power cables is measured.
• Monitoring the performance of emergency lighting must be carried out at least once every 3 months.

The frequency of maintenance of lamps (cleaning from dust and dirt) depends on the lighting requirements and room conditions.

• If the concentration of suspended particles in the air (smoke, dust, soot) is over 10 mg/m³, the lamps must be cleaned twice a month.
• At a concentration of 5 to 10 mg/m³ - once a month.
• In production premises with a dust concentration of no more than 5 mg/m³, as well as in auxiliary premises, residential buildings and public buildings - once every 3 months.
• External lighting usually requires cleaning no more than 2 times a year.

Maintenance of lighting electrical installations should not be episodic, but systematic - this way you can significantly reduce the risk of serious accidents, extending the life of the equipment. If you wish, you can implement such a system on your own, but still cooperation with a qualified electrical installation organization will be a more rational solution.

Our company has been supplying the domestic market with original, practical and effective solutions from this category for many years. We organize lighting systems in a comprehensive manner, therefore we provide network maintenance services. These can be commercial and residential facilities, street lighting. In any case, LEDOS clients can expect reasonable prices and high professionalism of the performers. Our craftsmen have extensive practical experience and appropriate qualifications to guarantee a solution to any problem.

Assistance in installation, commissioning and maintenance

Our company is engaged in the production and sale of equipment for lighting systems. We also provide a number of other services:

• installation of devices (including wide-profile LED lamps);
• organizing the network and setting up all parameters;
• technical diagnostics and prompt troubleshooting;
• maintenance of installed systems and other electrical devices indoors and on site.

To implement our tasks, we have at our disposal a catalog of our own developments and an extensive list of high-quality imported equipment. These are durable, efficient and economical LED lamps, as well as related products. Our experienced managers will provide comprehensive information on any model or sample. They will also recommend the optimal set of equipment for creating an LED lighting system for a specific room or object. After installation and commissioning, subsequent maintenance services can be discussed.

Categories of services from LEDOS

We will offer each client a profitable format of cooperation. Customers from Moscow and the Moscow region will be able to use one of two types of services:

• calling a qualified technician or repair team to the site;
• concluding a contract for long-term maintenance of lighting systems on a regular basis.

The second option is more cost effective and preferable for a number of other reasons. Comprehensive and systematic maintenance of lighting systems is:

monitoring the technical condition of all devices in the network;
• organization of planned work;
• visits of specialists to the accident site and prompt elimination of faults;
• diagnosis and prevention;
• long and reliable operation of electrical equipment;
• transparent terms of cooperation and provision of all documentation on the work performed;
• professional consultations.

This is just a short list of benefits. A manager will help you draw up an individual cooperation plan. You can contact him by phone 8-800-775-16-90 and 8-495-668-70-68.

Comprehensive cost of all work, including:

• technical equipment work,
• maintenance of installed equipment,
• adjustment of all relevant parameters,
• partial maintenance of all electrical equipment,
• installation work, etc.

Submitting your good work to the knowledge base is easy. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

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Installation of lighting networks consists of the following operations

a) markings that mark the installation locations of lamps, installation devices, group lighting points, wire routes, as well as the locations for punching openings, holes and grooves;

b) workpiece, which consists of constructing through and socket holes, grooves and niches, installing fasteners, supporting structures and insulating supports, laying pipes and tubes for wiring;

c) laying wires and cables along the finished workpiece;

d) installation of lamps, installation devices and group lighting points according to the finished workpiece.

Marking work when installing open electrical wiring

For general uniform illumination, lamps are usually positioned like this. See picture.

Options for location on the plan

The distance between the center lines of the lamps is twice the distance from the same axes to the planes of the walls. Making such a decision will become obvious if you consider that the areas between the lamps are illuminated from two sides, and the area between the lamps and the walls is illuminated from only one.

The data that determines the height of the lamps is shown in the figure.

Rice. Hanging height data

The installation locations of the luminaires are determined according to the working drawings.

Markings on the trusses or beams of the workshop are carried out by stretching a cord or steel wire along the room so that they pass exactly in the center of a given row of lamps. Using a marking cord or wire as a guide, use chalk, a scriber or a colored pencil to mark the installation locations of the lamps. Another method of marking is also possible, for example, the locations of lamps are found by measuring from the plane of the walls.

Marking the locations of installation devices. Individual switches are usually marked at a height of 1600 - 1700 mm, plug sockets at a height of 800 - 900 mm from the finished floor level. The term clean floor refers to the level of the floor of the room after it has been cleanly finished.

It is convenient to carry out work using a rail on which the appropriate dimensions are laid out.

Depending on local conditions and requirements, switches and sockets can be installed at other distances from the floor level.

Lighting group panels or points without control are installed at a height of 2 - 2.5 m, and with control at a height of 1.6 - 1.7 m from the finished floor to the centers of switches, machine handles or switches.

The descent and ascent of wiring to lamps and plug sockets must be carried out in a vertical line.

The installation locations of lamps on the ceiling are marked depending on their number. After determining the installation locations of the lamps on the wall and ceiling, a line of future electrical wiring is cut off using a cord. The lines mark the points of wire attachment, as well as the points of through holes for passing wires through walls and ceilings. Wire passages through fireproof walls are made in rubber or polyvinyl chloride tubes, and through fireproof walls and ceilings in sections of steel pipes, with insulating sleeves on both ends. The pipe in the wall hole is sealed with cement mortar. The insulating tube should protrude from the tube by 5 - 10 mm.

Wiring

PPV and APPV wires laid openly must have a light-resistant sheath. When laying open, the distance between individual wires when laid in parallel should be at least 3 - 5 mm. Laying PPV and APPV wires in bundles is not allowed. If the wire is laid on unplastered wooden surfaces, the base of the wiring route should be lined with asbestos, protruding 5 - 6 mm on both sides of the wires being laid.

Before laying the wire, it is rolled out, measured into separate pieces in sections, and then straightened using a special roller straightener or by hand with a mitten on it. Significant efforts should not be made to straighten the wire, since the sheath easily moves away from the current-carrying conductors.

Operation of lighting electrical installations

lighting electrical wiring installation panel

The illumination values ​​according to these standards depend on the nature of production and the higher the greater the accuracy required when performing technological processes and production operations. When designing and lighting calculations, illumination is assumed to be slightly greater than required by standards.

This reserve is determined by the fact that during operation the level of initial (design) illumination inevitably decreases over time. This occurs due to a gradual decrease in the luminous flux of lamps, contamination of fittings and some other reasons. However, the illumination reserve taken during design and calculations is sufficient for normal operation of electric lighting installations: regular cleaning of lamps, light guides, timely change of lamps, etc. If the operation is unsatisfactory, the accepted supply of illumination cannot compensate for the decreasing level of illumination, and it becomes insufficient.

It should be borne in mind that the illumination of the room is greatly influenced by the color of the walls and ceilings and their condition. Painting in light colors and regularly cleaning from dirt helps to ensure the required lighting standards. The frequency of inspections of lighting electrical installations depends on the nature of the premises, condition environment and is established by the chief power engineer of the enterprise. Approximately for dusty rooms with an aggressive environment, the required frequency of inspection of working lighting can be taken once every two months, and in rooms with a normal environment - once every four months. For emergency lighting installations, inspection times are reduced by half.

Inspections of lighting installations

When inspecting lighting electrical installations, the condition of electrical wiring, panels, lighting fixtures, automatic devices, switches, plug sockets and other installation elements is checked. They also check the reliability of the contacts in the installation: loose contacts must be tightened, and burnt contacts must be cleaned or replaced with new ones.

Replacing lamps in luminaires

In the production shops of industrial enterprises, there are two ways to change lamps: individual and group. With the individual method, lamps are replaced as they fail; in the group method, they are replaced in groups (after they have served the required number of hours). The second method is more economically profitable, since it can be combined with cleaning the lamps, but is associated with a large consumption of lamps.

When replacing, do not use lamps of higher power than allowed for the lighting device. Excessive lamp power leads to unacceptable overheating of lamps and sockets and worsens the condition of wire insulation.

Lamps and fittings are cleaned of dust and soot in workshops with a small emission of pollutants (mechanical and tool shops, machine rooms, tanneries, etc.) twice a month; with large emissions of pollutants (forges and foundries, spinning factories, cement factories, mills, etc.) four times a month. Clean all elements of lamps - reflectors, lenses, lamps and outer surfaces of fittings. Windows for natural light are cleaned as they become dirty.

Working and emergency lighting in production workshops is turned on and off according to a schedule only when natural light is insufficient to carry out work.

Inspections and tests of lighting installations during operation

During operation, electric lighting installations are subjected to a number of checks and tests. Check the insulation resistance of working and emergency lighting. The serviceability of the emergency lighting system is checked by turning off the working lights at least once a quarter. The automatic switch or emergency lighting switch unit is checked once a week during the daytime. For stationary transformers with a voltage of 12-36 V, the insulation is tested once a year, and for portable transformers and lamps with a voltage of 12-36 V - every three months.

Performing photometric measurements of indoor illumination

Photometric measurements of illumination in the main production and technological workshops and premises with monitoring of lamp power compliance with the design and calculations are carried out once a year. Illumination is checked using a lux meter in all production workshops and at main workplaces. The obtained illumination values ​​must correspond to the calculated and design ones.

Before you begin checking the illumination, it is necessary to establish the places where it is advisable to measure the illumination. The results of inspections and checks are documented in acts approved by the chief power engineer of the enterprise. Features of operation of gas-discharge light sources.

Repair of lighting electrical installations

During repairs, the presence, integrity and reliability of fastening of lenses, shielding grilles, reflectors, sockets, lamp holders, chokes, starters, protection devices, the reliability of contact connections, the insulation condition of charging wires, the strength of fastening the lamp to the ceiling, walls, columns and other structures of the room are checked. .

In a lamp with fluorescent lamps, copper wires with plastic or rubber insulation for a voltage of 500 V are used. For lamps with incandescent lamps and DRLs, flexible copper wires with heat-resistant insulation for a voltage of 660 V are used, grades PRKL and PAL-130 or PRKS and PAL-180 with the permissible wire temperature, respectively, + 130 and + 180 ° C and a cross-section of at least 0.5 mm².

When repairing main and group panels, the contact surfaces of fuses and circuit breakers are checked for the presence of oxides, dirt and dust. Contact connections are tightened, and burnt or melted ones are cleaned of soot and metal deposits, wiped and tightened with bolts or screws. Faulty devices are replaced with similar new or repaired ones. Check that the rated currents of the fuse links correspond to the actual load currents. Panels and cabinets must have working locks and reliable door seals.

When repairing electrical lighting wiring, attention is paid to the condition of insulating supports (insulators, clits), insulating tubes and funnels in places where wires and cables pass through walls or ceilings and protect the wiring from mechanical damage at a height of 1.5 m from the floor surface. Faulty insulators and other insulating parts are replaced with new ones. Places of wiring with damaged insulation are immediately isolated or sections of wiring are replaced with new ones. Damaged sockets and switches are replaced with new ones.

During the repair of lighting wiring, the condition of the grounding loop and grounding wires is checked, as well as the condition of fastening of all devices and wiring to structures. Weak or faulty places of fastenings or connections of grounding conductors are restored immediately. Torn, bent brackets for fastening cable and pipe wiring are replaced with new ones.

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Lighting calculations for the premises under study. Choice of system and type of lighting. Selection of standardized illumination and safety factor. Placement of lighting fixtures in the illuminated space. Calculation of electrical networks of lighting installations.

1.0General information about electrical installations……………………………2

1.1 Types of lighting………………………………………………………...3

1.2 Lamps and spotlights…………………………….. ………...4

2.0 Connection diagrams for electrical light sources……………..8

2.1 Switching circuits for incandescent lamps……………………………8

2.2 Switching circuits for fluorescent lamps………………………...11

2.3 Schemes for switching on DRL lamps……………………………...................13

3.0 Operation of lighting installations…………………………..15

3.1 Replacing lamps and cleaning fixtures……………………………..16

3.2 Devices for servicing lamps………………..18

4.0Routine preventive inspection, testing and repair of lamps………………………………………………………………………………….21

5.0Safety precautions when working in electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 volts……………………………………………………………24

5.1 General information……………………………………………………...25

5.2 Rules for working with electrified tools………...27

5.3 Work in electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 volts.................................28

6.0 References……………………………………………………………......29

1.0 General information about electrical installations.

The design, execution and normal operation of electrical installations in which electricity is produced, converted, distributed and consumed depend on the environment. Different requirements apply to electrical installations, external (open) and internal (closed). The rooms in which electrical installations are installed, depending on the state of the environment (temperature, humidity, dust, gas contamination) are divided into dry, damp, damp, especially damp, dusty, with a chemically active environment, hot, fire and explosive. In addition, there are premises with increased danger, especially dangerous and without increased danger.

1.1 Types of lighting.

Electric lighting installations various types carried out in all industrial and domestic premises, in public, residential and other buildings, on streets, squares, roads, driveways. In addition to installations general use there are special ones, for example, for irradiation of plants in agriculture, medicinal purposes in medical institutions, regulation and control of traffic in transport and technological processes in production, etc.

Special electric lighting devices are called lighting installations. The lighting electrical installation includes light sources, lighting fixtures, ballasts, electrical wiring, electrical installation products and devices, panels, shields and distribution devices. In accordance with the rules for the construction of electrical installations (PUE), a distinction is made between general, local, emergency and security lighting.

General - refers to the lighting of all or part of the room;

local – lighting of workplaces, objects, surfaces;

combined – a combination of general lighting with local lighting, creating increased illumination directly at the workplace.

General lighting can be uniform and localized when lamps are placed so that increased illumination is created at the main workplaces.

The main type of lighting to ensure normal activity in all rooms and open areas where work is carried out in the dark or traffic and people move is working.

If it is violated, emergency lighting is used to temporarily continue work or evacuate people. Security lighting is an integral part of the working lighting and is installed along the boundaries of the protected area. Working lighting includes repair (portable) and light-enclosing for chimneys and other particularly tall structures.

1.2 Lamps and spotlights

The luminous flux of most light sources is distributed fairly evenly in space.

For rational lighting of a room or open space, it is usually necessary to distribute the luminous flux of the light source in a very specific way: direct it down or up. For such redistribution of the light flux, lighting devices are used.

Lamps are short-range lighting devices used to illuminate objects located at a short distance.

A spotlight, unlike lamps, is a long-range lighting device and is used to illuminate distant objects.

The lamp consists of a light source and lighting fixtures. The main purpose of lighting fixtures is to redistribute the luminous flux of the light source. It also protects the vision of workers due to excessive brightness of light sources, protects the lamp from mechanical damage, protects the cavities of the location of the light source and cartridge or environmental influences, and serves for fastening the light source, wires, and ballasts.

Optical systems of lighting devices are designed to redistribute the light fluxes of light sources. The elements of optical systems are: reflectors, refractors, diffusers, protective glasses, shielding grilles and rings.

Reflectors – redistribute the luminous flux of the lamp. Depending on the reflection, reflectors can be diffuse, matte or specular.

Diffusers – redistribute the luminous flux of the lamp based on diffuse transmission. There are diffuse, matte and frosted diffusers. The last two have directionally scattered transmission; Matted ones have less scattering power than matte ones.

Refractor – redistributes the luminous flux of the light source reflected from the reflector, redistributed using a diffuser or refractor. Certain types of lamps may not have a reflector or diffuser.

Modern electric light sources are incandescent, low-pressure fluorescent and high-pressure mercury lamps.

Incandescent lamps (Fig. 1), the most common electric light source, have a tungsten filament, most often a spiral one, located in a vacuum or inert gas.

Fig 1. Incandescent lamp.

The principle of operation of incandescent lamps is based on the conversion of electrical energy supplied to its filament into the energy of visible radiation, affecting the human visual organs and creating a feeling of light close to white.

Incandescent lamps, from the internal volume (bulb) of which air has been pumped out, are called vacuum, and those filled with inert gases are called gas-filled.

Gas-filled lamps, all other things being equal, have a greater luminous efficiency than vacuum lamps, since the gas in the bulb under pressure prevents the evaporation of the tungsten filament, which makes it possible to increase its operating temperature, and therefore the luminous efficiency.

Their disadvantage is some additional heat loss from the filament through convection of the gas filling the internal cavity of the bulb. And the main disadvantage of incandescent lamps is their low luminous efficiency: only 2-4% of the consumed or electrical energy is converted into the energy of visible radiation perceived by the human eye, the rest of the energy is converted into heat emitted by the lamp.

For lighting enterprises, institutions and educational institutions Currently, mainly low-pressure fluorescent lamps are used (Fig. 2), which are a hermetically sealed glass tube, the inner surface of which is coated with a thin layer of phosphor.

Fig.2 Low pressure fluorescent lamp.

Low-pressure fluorescent lamps are manufactured for a voltage of 127V with a power of 15 and 20W, for a voltage of 220V - with a power of 30, 40, 65 and 80W. The lamp life under normal operation is 10,000 hours. The light output of fluorescent lamps is approximately 4-5 times higher than that of incandescent lamps.

One of the types of fluorescent lamps are mercury arc lamps(DRL) high pressure, (Fig. 3) which are used to illuminate city streets, squares, as well as the territory and production premises of enterprises and are available in two-electrode and four-electrode types.

Fig.3 High-pressure mercury arc lamp (HALV).

Two-electrode DRL lamps are produced with a power of 80, 125,250,400,700 and 1000 W.

2.0 Schemes for connecting electrical light sources.

There are many schemes for connecting electric light sources. The simplest are the circuits for switching on incandescent lamps, and the more complex ones are fluorescent lamps and high-pressure mercury arc lamps (HALVs).

2.1 Schemes for switching on incandescent lamps.

The connection from the network of two incandescent lamps controlled by one single-pole switch is shown in Fig. 4a. The number of lamps can be more than two.

The five lamps are controlled by two side-by-side single-pole switches (Fig. 4b).

When you turn the switch for the first time, one of the three lamps turns off, with the second, the other two turn off, but the first lamp turns off, with the third turn of the switch all the lamps turn on, and with the fourth, all the lamps of the chandelier turn off.

If it is necessary to independently control one or more lamps from two places, use a circuit (Fig. 4d) where 2 switches are used, connected by two jumpers.

Jumpers and wires running from the switch to the lamps create the necessary circuits for independent control of the lamps from two places. This scheme is used to illuminate corridors and staircases of residential buildings and enterprises, as well as tunnels with two or more entrances.

Lamps of lighting electrical installations powered from a three-wire, three-phase current system are switched on to the phase-to-phase network voltage (Figure 4d),

and those powered from a four-wire network - between the phase and neutral wires (Fig. 4e.)

2.2 Schemes for switching on fluorescent lamps.

Fluorescent lamps can be connected to the electrical network using starter or starterless ignition circuits.

When turning on lamps with a starter ignition circuit (Fig. 5), a gas-discharge neon lamp with two (moving and fixed) electrodes is used as a starter.

The fluorescent lamp is connected to the electrical network only in series with a ballast resistor, which limits the increase in current in the lamp and thus protects it from destruction. In alternating current networks, a capacitor or a coil with a large inductive resistance - a choke - is used as a ballast resistor.

The fluorescent lamp is ignited as follows. When the lamp is turned on, a glow discharge occurs between the electrodes, the heat of which heats the movable bimetallic electrode. When heated to a certain temperature, the movable electrode of the starter, bending, closes with the stationary one, forming an electrical circuit through which the current necessary to preheat the lamp electrodes flows. When heated, the electrodes begin to emit electrons. During the flow of current in the circuit of the lamp electrodes, the discharge in the starter stops, as a result the movable electrode of the starter cools down and, unbending, returns to its original position, breaking the electrical circuit of the lamp. When there is a break, EMF is added to the network voltage. The self-induction of the choke and the increased voltage pulse generated in the choke causes an arc discharge in the lamp and its ignition. With the occurrence of an arc discharge, the voltage on the lamp electrodes and the starter electrodes connected in parallel with them decreases so much that it turns out to be insufficient for the occurrence of a glow discharge between the starter electrodes. If the lamp does not ignite, then full mains voltage will appear on the starter electrodes and the whole process will repeat.

2.3 Schemes for switching on DRL lamps.

Lamps DRL included in the AC electrical network voltage 220V . Through an ignition device, with the help of which the lamp is ignited with a high voltage pulse (Fig. 6)

The ignition device consists of a spark gap R , selenium rectifier (diode) NE , charging resistor R and capacitors C1 And C2 . The main inductor winding in the circuit serves to prevent a sharp increase in the current in the lamp, as well as to stabilize its combustion mode.

Lighting the lamps works like this. When the lamp is turned on, current passes through the rectifier NE and charging resistor R , charges the capacitor C2 . When the voltage across the capacitor C2 will reach approximately 220V , breakdown of the air gap of the arrester occurs R and capacitor C2 is discharged onto the additional winding of the inductor, as a result of which an increased voltage is created in the main winding of the inductor, the pulse of which lights up the lamp L . A capacitor is used to protect the rectifier from a high voltage pulse C1 , Capacitor C3 necessary to eliminate interference to the radio receiver created by the igniter when lighting the lamp.

3.0 Operation of lighting installations.

No lighting installation, as can be seen from numerous surveys, can remain effective unless it is regularly and well maintained. Aging of lamps and the associated decrease in their luminous flux, the accumulation of dust and dirt on the reflective and diffusing surfaces of lamps and lamps, as well as the gradual deterioration of the reflective properties of the surfaces of premises and equipment - all this contributes to the loss of luminous flux and a gradual decrease in the level of illumination.

Aging of light sources is inevitable, but the degree of contamination of lamps and surfaces of premises and equipment can be controlled, and with well-organized operation, the consequences of contamination can be minimized.

Proper organization of the operation of lighting installations should include: careful acceptance of lighting installations after completion of installation work and after major repairs, timely replacement of lamps and cleaning of lamps, scheduled preventive inspection and repair of lamps and the electrical network.

3.1 Replacing lamps and cleaning fixtures.

The preservation of the lighting conditions created by a lighting installation during operation depends on its care and, to a large extent, on the timely replacement of light sources and keeping lighting fixtures clean.

The simplest and, unfortunately, most commonly used replacement method is the individual lamp replacement method, where the lamps are replaced as they burn out. The disadvantage of this is the prolonged use of lamps that have lost their efficiency and the associated decrease in illumination created by the lighting installation.

A very important, necessary and labor-intensive part of the operation of lighting installations is the periodic cleaning of lamp bulbs and reflective, scattering and other surfaces and parts of lamps from dust and dirt accumulating on them.

The frequency of cleaning lamps depends on many factors, primarily on the environment of the illuminated room. Thus, lamps in the workshops of a metallurgical plant require more frequent maintenance than those installed in the corridor of a hospital. Likewise, lamps in a grinding shop should be cleaned more often than lamps in a meeting room located in the same building.

The number of cleanings determined by Chapter II-A, 9-71 SNiP “Artificial lighting. Design standards" for the amount of dust, smoke and soot contained in the air environment of indoor and outdoor spaces are indicated in Table 1

Number of lamp cleanings.

3.2 Devices for servicing lamps.

Particular difficulties for the operation of lighting installations are caused by the maintenance of lamps, as a rule, installed at a significant height from the floor (ground). The implementation of work to replace light sources and contaminated parts involved in the formation of the lighting circuit of lamps depends on the availability of devices or devices for accessing them. For this purpose, depending on the installation height of the luminaires, the following can be used: ladders or stepladders, mobile and self-propelled telescopic and articulated telescopic towers, descent devices, suspended and overhead cranes, stationary lighting bridges, vehicles with a basket or platform on a sliding telescopic or articulated telescopic tower.

Ladders and stepladders. According to the “Rules for the Technical Operation of Consumer Electrical Installations,” servicing of lighting installations from these devices is allowed when the height of the lamps is suspended not exceeding 5 m, by at least two persons. The length of ladders and stepladders must be such that a worker can work standing on a step 1 m from the top edge of the ladder or stepladder. If the stepladder has a platform, it must be fenced to a height of 1 m (Fig. 7)

Fig.7 Stepladder .

Mobile, telescopic and articulated telescopic lifts.

Telescopic lifts are widely and successfully used for servicing outdoor lighting fixtures installed on supports or brackets on the walls of buildings at a height of 6 m or more from ground level.

The use of mobile telescopic lifts, such as those shown in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9, for servicing lamps in industrial buildings is ineffective. These lifts provide a narrow scope of work, limited by the size of the cradle. A large amount of time is spent raising and lowering the telescope before manually moving the lift from one working position to another. As with the use of ladders and stepladders, fixtures should be located so that process equipment and protruding parts of the foundations do not interfere with the installation of the lift. The disadvantages of this type of lifts are the reason for their very limited use in industry.

4.0 Scheduled preventive inspection, testing and repair of lamps.

To ensure the normal operation of the lighting installation, it requires constant supervision. During operation, it is necessary to carry out preventive periodic inspections, checks and repairs of lighting equipment elements. The timing of inspections and repairs is established by the electrical service of the enterprise in accordance with the rules of technical operation, depending on the environment of the room, the features and purpose of the elements of lighting equipment.

Lamps, group and main panels, wires, switches, switches, plug sockets are subject to inspection, repair and testing. The recommended periods for scheduled preventive inspections and repairs of all listed elements of the lighting installation are indicated in Table. 2.

Inspection and testing of lamps should establish: the presence, integrity and reliability of fastening of lenses, protective glasses, shielding grilles, reflectors, reliability of electrical contacts, insulation condition of charging wires, faults that arise in lamps with fluorescent lamps, which may be caused by lamps, should be installed and eliminated. starters, ballasts, errors in the circuit, etc.

In installations with a large number of fluorescent lamps, it is advisable to check them to detect the causes of damage on a stand in the repair department of the workshop.

At the stand, lamps and luminaire parts removed from service and new ones must be checked before installation. The diagram of such a stand is shown in Fig. 10.

Work on inspection, testing and repair of lamps should be timed to coincide with their cleaning. Parts and parts of lamps found to be faulty or unusable must be replaced during repairs with similar new ones. This, naturally, only applies to relatively easily removable parts of lamps, such as sockets, lenses, protective glass, shielding grilles, starters, ballasts, sealing gaskets, etc. If a part of a lamp that has become unusable cannot be replaced, the entire lamp is replaced.

The work on repairing lamps should also include work on restoring the reliability of contact connections and replacing the charging wires of lamps with incandescent lamps and DRLs.

5.0 Safety precautions when working in electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 volts.

Occupational safety measures at various production sites have their own characteristics and are provided for by special instructions. There is a risk of electric shock when using hand-held power tools or using portable lights. The main causes of electrical injuries include temporary electrical wiring, work performed in violation of labor safety rules, work performed without protective equipment and poor-quality grounding of power tools. The main condition for safe work performance is strict compliance with labor safety rules with the obligatory use of personal protection against electric shock. The applied step-down transformers, welding equipment and production mechanisms operated by electric current are grounded. The voltage of portable power tools should be no higher than 220 volts in rooms without increased danger, and in rooms with increased danger and in the open air - 36 (42) volts, portable lamps must be connected to networks with a voltage of 36 (42) volts. For electric soldering irons, a voltage of 12 volts should be used.

Plugs and sockets for voltages of 12 and 36(42) volts differ in design from household plugs and sockets.

The ground pin of the plug is slightly longer than the working pins. When using power tools with a voltage of 36 (42) volts, dielectric gloves, galoshes and mats or paths made of rubber are required. All persons using portable power tools are prohibited from transferring them to others, disassembling or repairing both the tool and the wires.

5.1 General information.

When carrying out repair work in workshops and directly at installation sites, many mechanisms, tools and devices are used, both for general construction use and specialized electrical installation ones. In the workshops, production production lines are created for industrial processing and procurement of pipes, sheet and grade steel, tires, electrical wiring kits, cables, etc. To carry out repair work (installation, dismantling of lamps) specialized vehicles or trailers and mobile workshops are equipped directly at the facilities. All machines, mechanisms and means of mechanization used in electrical installation production can be divided into five groups: mechanized and manual tools, devices and other means of small-scale mechanization (electrified, pneumatic and pyrotechnic tools, plumbing, installation and cutting tools, inverter installation devices); welding equipment (welding transformers, equipment for gas welding and cutting); specialized vehicles and mobile workshops; metalworking machines and mechanisms, concentrated mainly in workshops and repair shops; installation mechanisms for loading and unloading and repair work (automotive cranes, hydraulic lifts and telescopic towers, hoists and winches, blocks and pulleys), as well as general construction mechanisms (tractors, bulldozers, etc.). All of the equipment listed is used to repair lighting at height, or dismantle it if the lamp cannot be repaired on site. When repairing lamps l. lighting workers use tools to connect and terminate wires and cables. KSI-1 pliers are designed for removing insulation from the ends of wires with a cross-section of 0.75 - 4 mm 2 and cutting them and consist of three parts, hingedly connected to each other: a lever for clamping the wire, a lever with knives for cutting the insulation and a lever with a slider - eccentric , moving the clamp and shaped knife in the jaws of the pliers.

KU pliers (universal pliers), which resemble pliers in appearance, are universal; they can perform six installation operations: cutting wires, stripping wires, cutting jumpers, stripping insulation, making rings and clamping wires.

Electric drilling machines. Depending on the drilling diameter, electric drilling machines come in three versions: pistol type for drilling small diameter holes (up to 8 - 10 mm); with one top closed handle – for holes with a diameter of up to 15 mm; with two side handles and a chest or screw stop - for holes with a diameter of more than 15 mm.

Inventory stairs. The ladder with a platform is used for work at a height of up to 4.5 m. The support posts are welded from aluminum sheet, the platform is 500 x 600 mm in size with a fence. Load capacity 1 kN weight – 32 kg.

The folding ladder, welded from aluminum sheet, consists of two links and can be used as an extension ladder or as a stepladder. The size to the top step in working position as an extension ladder is 3280 mm, and as a stepladder 2120 mm. Load capacity in both positions is up to 1 kN, weight – 11.5 kg.

Repairs are divided into complex and minor. Minor repairs include replacing the glass bulb, starter, choke, or insulating the wire inside the lamp body at a low height (3 meters). Lamp repairs are carried out using a stepladder or a folding ladder. The work is done by two people. One worker is working, the other worker is insuring (giving tools).

Complex repairs are when work is carried out at high altitudes (in high-rise workshops, on lighting poles).

Then the lamp is removed and repaired in the workshop, and after repair the lamp is mounted in place. In damp rooms, the lamp body, the inside of the lamp, and the fixture mount are subject to corrosion. Therefore, moisture-proof lamps are used in damp and damp rooms.

5.2 Rules for working with electrified tools.

Before starting to work with the power tool, you must check:

Tightening the screws that secure parts of the power tool.

The serviceability of the gearbox by turning the spindle of the power tool by hand (with the electric motor turned off).

The condition of the power tool wire, the integrity of the insulation, the absence of broken wires.

Serviceability of the switch and grounding.

Power tools, step-down transformers, hand-held electric lamps and frequency converters are checked by external inspection. Attention is paid to the proper functioning of the grounding and insulation of the wires. The absence of exposed live parts and the compliance of the tool with operating conditions and supply circuit voltage.

Correct operation of an electrified tool is ensured by compliance with the established mode (avoid overheating to a temperature at which the palm of the hand cannot be held on the body). During operation, it is necessary to monitor the condition of the lubrication of all components and replace it in a timely manner.

5.3 Work in electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 volts.

Work in switchgears and switchboards with voltages over 380 V can be carried out with complete voltage removal and the application of portable grounding. If it is impossible to relieve voltage in installations of 380 volts and below, work under voltage is allowed, but subject to strict compliance with the following requirements:

Work in dielectric galoshes or stand on an insulated base.

Use tools with insulating handles, and if they are not available, work with insulating gloves.

Protect adjacent live and grounded parts that are live.

Work in a hat and clothes with sleeves buttoned or tied with ribbons at the hands.

References:

1. V. B. Atabekov, M. S. Zhibov. "Installation of lighting electrical installations"

2. V.V. Meshkov, M.M. Epaneshnikov. "Lighting installations"

3. M. G. Lurie, L. A. Raitselsky, L. A. Tsiperman. “Design, installation and operation of lighting installations”

4. G.P. Egorov, A.I. Kovarsky “Design, installation, operation and repair of industrial electrical installations”

An electric station is an industrial enterprise that generates electricity and ensures its transmission to consumers via the electrical network.

n n n General lighting of all or part of the room. Local - illumination of workplaces, objects or surfaces. Combined - combines general and local lighting. Working lighting serves to ensure the normal operation of production and other departments of enterprises. Emergency lighting providing the ability to continue work or evacuate people in the event of disruptions in working lighting

Basic lighting technical quantities. n n Illuminance, (E) measured in lux (LU) represents the luminous flux density. luminous flux - (F) measured in lumens (LM) n luminous intensity - (SI) measured in candelas (CD). 1 candle = 1 CD. n Brightness is the surface density of luminous intensity, measured in nits. 1 nit=1 cd/1 m

Lighting electrical installation devices (ELD) are used to connect light sources to the electrical network, control these sources and provide the required lighting operating modes, determined by environmental conditions, for example the nature of production

The fittings of lamps for incandescent lamps and mercury lamps consist of a housing and a socket mounted in it. (protective glass to protect lamps from contamination and mechanical damage and an eyelet for hanging from a supporting structure)

The fittings of luminaires for fluorescent lamps are most often a metal casing in which ballasts, lamp holders and connecting wires are mounted. (reflector, screening grille, protective glass or diffuser

1 - Operating voltage distribution lines 2 - Group distribution panels in workshops 3 - Step-down transformers for local lighting 4 - Emergency lighting input device 5 - Emergency lighting distribution lines 6 - Operating voltage input device

Lighting fixtures n Housing or reflector, socket (lamp holder), lens or protective glass, ballast control equipment (for gas-discharge lamps), suspension units and connections to the power system

DRL type gas discharge lamps. n DRL lamps (mercury arc lamps with phosphor) are high-pressure discharge lamps. Thanks to additional electrodes and resistors placed in the bulb, the lamp does not need an igniter; it is connected to a network with an inductive ballast and ignites directly from a voltage of 220 Volts; a capacitor is needed to reduce the current. After turning on the lamp, it lights up, the luminous flux created by the lamp gradually increases, the process of lighting up the DRL lamps lasts 7 - 10 minutes. When the voltage disappears, the lamp goes out. It is impossible to light a hot lamp; it needs to cool completely; after turning it off, it can only be re-lit after 10-15 minutes. They come in power from 80 to 250 watts.

Advantages: Significantly more economical than incandescent lamps, insensitive to temperature changes, so they are convenient to use for outdoor lighting, service life up to 15,000 hours. Disadvantages: Low color rendering, pulsation of light flux, sensitivity to voltage fluctuations in the network. Malfunctions: Repair of lamps with DRL lamps consists of identifying the failed element and replacing it with a known good one.

Energy-saving lamps n Energy-saving lamps (ESL) are intended for use in lighting fixtures in residential, office, commercial, administrative and industrial premises, and in decorative lighting installations. They can be used in any lamp as a substitute for conventional incandescent lamps. Energy-saving lamps are a type of low-pressure discharge lamps, namely compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs). But they have a significant difference from traditional CFLs; they have a built-in electronic ballast (ballast).

Advantages: n Lasts 8 times longer than conventional incandescent lamps, consumes 80% less electricity, provides 5 times more light with equal energy consumption, can work continuously in places where lighting is required throughout the day, less sensitive resistant to shaking and vibration, heat up slightly, thanks to the built-in electronic ballast, ignite instantly, do not hum or flicker, and last more than 6000 hours.

n n Disadvantages: Cannot be used in open street lamps, as well as with dimmers, electronic starters, time relays and light sensors. Malfunctions: If flickering appears, this indicates a malfunction of the device, either the light bulb is loosely screwed in or is faulty.

Advantages: Simple in design, reliable, do not have additional devices when turned on, practically do not depend on the ambient temperature, ignite instantly. Disadvantages: They do not have a very long service life, about 1000 hours. Household lamps come with a power of 25 - 150 Watts. Lamps with a power of up to 60 Watts with a reduced base are called minions. You can check the serviceability of the lamp with a tester; the spiral must have a certain resistance. A lamp with an incandescent lamp has only two possible faults: 1. The lamp has burned out 2. There is no contact in the electrical wiring, as a result of which no voltage is supplied to the base.

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