What is goti? School encyclopedia
- (from Italian gotico, lit. Gothic, from the name of the German tribe Goths), Gothic style, artistic style, which was the final stage in the development of medieval art in the countries of Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe... ... Art encyclopedia
Gothic- and, f. gothique f., it. gotico Gothic. An architectural style of the European Middle Ages, characterized by pointed structures, pointed vaults, and an abundance of stained glass and sculptural ornaments. BAS 2. I marinated lime in the Kremlin... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
Gothic- GOTHIC, and, w. (or Stalinist Gothic, Soviet Gothic). High-rise buildings of Stalin's time in Moscow... Dictionary of Russian argot
- (from Italian gotico lit. Gothic, from the name of the German tribe Goths), artistic style (between the mid-12th and 15th-16th centuries), which completed the development of medieval art in the West, Central and partly East. Europe. Gothic reflected the cardinal... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
GOTHIC, and, female A style of medieval Western European architecture characterized by gabled structures, pointed vaults, and an abundance of stone carvings and sculptural decorations. | adj. gothic, oh, oh. Gothic architecture. G.… … Dictionary Ozhegova
Noun, number of synonyms: 1 style (95) Dictionary of synonyms ASIS. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Dictionary of synonyms
- (Italian gotico, lit. - Gothic, French gothique - from the name of the German tribe Goths) artistic style, mainly architectural, which originated in the 12th century. in France and in the late Middle Ages, spreading throughout Western Europe;… … Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies
Gothic- ■ Architectural style, more than others affecting the religious feeling ... Lexicon of common truths
Gothic- Architectural style late Middle Ages most European countries (from the 12th to the 15th centuries); characterized by the predominance of skyward architectural forms, a special structural system of a stone frame with pointed vaults and... ... Technical Translator's Guide
This article is about medieval art; about the youth subculture, see: Goths (subculture). This term has other meanings, see Gothic (meanings) ... Wikipedia
Books
- Gothic. Dark Glamour, Valerie Steele, Jennifer Park. Gothic - concept with strange story, which evokes in our memory images of death, destruction and decay. This is not just an art criticism term, but actually a reproach word in itself...
- Gothic. Dark Glamour, Valerie Steele, Jennifer Park. Gothic is a concept with a strange history that conjures up images of death, destruction and decay in our minds. This is not just an art criticism term, but actually a reproach word in itself...
Gothic- a period in the development of medieval art in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe from the 12th to the 15th-16th centuries. Gothic replaced the Romanesque style, gradually displacing it. Term "Gothic" most often applied to a well-known style of architectural structures that can be briefly described as "intimidatingly majestic".
But Gothic covers almost all works fine arts of this period: sculpture, painting, book miniatures, stained glass, fresco and many others.
Gothic style originated in the middle of the 12th century in northern France; in the 13th century it spread to the territory of modern Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Spain, and England. Gothic penetrated Italy later, with great difficulty and strong transformation, which led to the emergence of “Italian Gothic”. At the end of the 14th century, Europe was swept by the so-called international Gothic. Gothic penetrated into the countries of Eastern Europe later and stayed there a little longer - until the 16th century.
The term "neo-Gothic" is applied to buildings and works of art that contain characteristic Gothic elements, but were created during the eclectic period (mid-19th century) and later.
In the 1980s, the term “Gothic” began to be used to refer to the subculture that arose at that time ( "goth subculture"), including musical direction ("gothic music").
Elements that define the Gothic style
The Gothic style has fairly clear elements that define it. The Gothic style is easily recognizable by certain techniques that were then used. If you express this in one phrase, you can use the following - aspiration upward into the world of the spiritual, its religious sense. This idea was expressed in:
Gothic in the interior.
Gothic- the next stage in the development of medieval art, the second pan-European style. The term “Gothic” was introduced by Italian humanists to designate everything that does not relate to classical, ancient models, that is, in their opinion, ugly, associated with complete barbarism (the Goths are a “barbarian” Germanic tribe).
Gothic style, which dominated Western Europe in the 13th - 14th centuries, became the highest artistic synthesis of the Middle Ages.
The leading art form in gothic architecture remained, and its highest achievement was the construction of city cathedrals, evoking a feeling of lightness, special airiness and spirituality. In contrast to the Romanesque, the Gothic cathedral is a city building, directed upward, dominating the entire urban development.
The transition from Romanesque style to gothic in Western European architecture was marked by a number of technological innovations and new stylistic elements. It was believed that the change was based on the introduction of a pointed arch, which with its shape emphasized the upward direction of the entire building; its appearance was associated with Arab influence.
In Gothic architecture, the basilica type of temple was used. The buildings of the Gothic period were based on a new vault design with a stable frame system. Central nave gothic temple usually was higher than the side ones, and part of the load was taken on by flying buttresses - special girth arches that connected the base of the arch of the central nave with the buttresses (special supporting pillars) of the side one. This design made it possible to significantly lighten the entire structure and maximize the internal space of the building, almost removing the walls.
An important detail of the Gothic building is the huge windows, which seemed to replace the walls and occupy all the spaces between the supports. Windows decorated with colored stained glass. Thanks to the stained glass windows, the entire interior space was saturated with light, painted in various colors.
On the outside, a Gothic building usually has two towers on the facade, and between them there is a large round window, the so-called “Gothic rose”.
The feeling of lightness was emphasized and interior decor. The smooth surface of the wall disappeared, and the arches were cut by a network of ribs; Wherever possible, the wall was replaced by windows, dismembered niches or arches.
Furniture items of the Gothic period were quite heavy and awkward, they were usually located along the walls. On the cabinets beds, chairs contained a variety of elements of church architecture.
Later, geometrically precise ornaments, quite bizarre and pretentious, begin to be used on wooden products.
Furniture products rooted in a church setting. Furniture decorated with openwork, floral patterns and ribbon weaving. Characteristic feature of this period - a stylized carved ornament, presented on furniture in the form of an engraved leather scroll or an imitation of the texture of fabric laid in fancy folds.
One of the main types of furniture is box, performing a variety of functions. The chests were made from various types of wood and were decorated with figured stucco molding and rich metal inserts.
Used everywhere benches. They came in a wide variety of types, for example, with a chest-like lower part and a high back.
Bed V gothic style was equipped with a canopy, and in European countries with milder climates it was replaced by a wooden structure decorated with carvings, panels and trim of different colors.
The Gothic style is an artistic style that was the final stage in the development of the Middle Ages of art in Western Central and partly Eastern Europe (between the mid-12th and 16th centuries). The term “Gothic” was introduced during the Renaissance as a derogatory designation for all medieval art considered “barbaric.” Since the beginning of the 19th century, when the term Romanesque style was adopted for art, the chronological framework of Gothic was limited, it was divided into early, mature (high) and late phases.
Gothic developed in countries where the Catholic Church dominated, and under its auspices the feudal-ecclesiastical foundations were preserved in the ideology and culture of the Gothic era. Gothic art remained predominantly cult in purpose and religious in theme: it was correlated with eternity, with “higher” irrational forces.
Gothic is characterized by a symbolic-allegorical type of thinking and a conventional artistic language. From the Romanesque style, Gothic inherited the primacy of architecture in the art system and traditional types of cultures and buildings. The cathedral occupied a special place in Gothic art - the highest example of the synthesis of architecture, sculpture and painting (mainly stained glass). The space of the cathedral, incommensurate with man, the verticalism of its towers and vaults, the subordination of sculpture to the rhythms of the dynamism of architecture, and the multicolored radiance of stained glass windows had a strong emotional impact on believers.
The development of Gothic art also reflected fundamental changes in the structure of medieval society: the beginning of the formation of centralized states, the growth and strengthening of cities, the advancement of secular forces, trade and craft, as well as court and knightly circles. With the development of social consciousness, crafts and technology, the foundations of medieval religious-dogmatic worldviews weakened, the possibilities of knowledge and aesthetic comprehension expanded real world; New architectural types and tectonic systems took shape. Urban planning and civil architecture developed intensively.
Urban architectural ensembles included cultural and secular buildings, fortifications, bridges, and wells. The main city square was often lined with houses with arcades, trade and warehouse premises in the lower floors. The main streets diverged from the square, the narrow facades of two, less often three-story houses with high gables lined the streets and embankments. The cities were surrounded by powerful walls with richly decorated travel towers. Castles gradually turned into complex complexes of fortresses, palaces and cultural buildings. Usually in the center of the city, dominating its development, there was a cathedral, which became the center of city life. In it, along with divine services, theological debates were held, mysteries were played, and meetings of townspeople took place. The cathedral was thought of as a kind of body of knowledge (mainly theological), a symbol of the Universe, and its artistic structure, combining solemn grandeur with passionate dynamics, an abundance of plastic motifs with a strict hierarchical system of their subordination, expressed not only the ideas of medieval social hierarchy and the power of divine forces over man , but also the growing self-awareness of the townspeople, a frame made of pillars (in mature Gothic - a bunch of columns) and pointed arches resting on them.
The structure of the building consists of rectangular cells (grasses), delimited by 4 pillars and 4 arches, which, together with arched ribs, form the skeleton of a cross vault filled with lightweight small vaults - formworks.
Plan of the Cathedral in Reims (France) 1211-1311
The lateral thrust of the arch of the main nave is transmitted with the help of supporting arches (flying buttresses) to the outer pillars - buttresses. The walls, freed from the load, are cut through with arched windows in the spaces between the pillars. Neutralizing the thrust of the vault by moving the main structural elements outside made it possible to create a feeling of lightness and the creative greatness of the efforts of the human team. Gothic originated in the northern part of France (Ilde-France) in the mid-12th century. and reached its peak in the first half of the 13th century. Stone Gothic cathedrals received their classical form in France. As a rule, these are 3-5-nave basilicas with a transverse nave - transept and a semicircular choir ("deambula-torium"), to which radial chapels ("crown of chapels") are adjacent. Their high and spacious interior is illuminated by the colorful shimmer of stained glass windows. The impression of uncontrollable movement upward and towards the altar is created by rows of slender pillars, the powerful rise of pointed pointed arches, and the accelerated rhythm of the arcades of the upper gallery (triforium). Thanks to the contrast of the high main and semi-dark side naves, a picturesque richness of aspects and a feeling of the infinity of space arises.
On the facades of the cathedrals there are pointed arches and rich architectural and plastic decorations, details - patterned wimpers, phials, crabbies, etc. The statues on the consoles in front of the columns of the portals and in their upper arched gallery, the reliefs on the plinths and tympanums of the portals, as well as on the capitals of the columns form an integral symbolic plot system, which includes characters and episodes of the Holy Scriptures, allegorical images. Best works Gothic plastic decor, statues of the facades of the cathedrals in Chartres, Reims, Amiens, Strasbourg are imbued with spiritual beauty, sincerity and nobility.
On the main square of cities, town halls were built with lavish decoration, often with a tower (town hall in Saint-Quentin, 1351-1509). Castles turned into majesties. palaces with rich interior decoration (papal palace complex in Avignon), mansions (“hotels”) of wealthy citizens were built.
The bold and complex frame structure of the Gothic cathedral, embodying the triumph of daring human engineering, made it possible to overcome the massiveness of Romanesque buildings, lighten the walls and vaults, and create a dynamic unity of the internal space.
In Gothic there is an enrichment and complication of the synthesis of arts, an expansion of the system of plots, which reflected medieval ideas about the world. The main type of fine art was sculpture, which received rich ideological and artistic content and developed plastic forms. The rigidity and isolation of Romanesque statues was replaced by the mobility of the figures, their appeal to each other and to the viewer. Over time, an interest in real natural forms, physical beauty and human feelings arose. The themes of motherhood, moral suffering, martyrdom and the sacrificial fortitude of man received a new interpretation.
In French Gothic, lyricism and tragic affects, sublime spirituality and social satire, fantastic grotesque and folklore, and sharp life observations are organically intertwined. During that era, book miniatures flourished and altar painting appeared; Decorative art, an art associated with a high level of development of guild crafts, reached a high level. In late Gothic, in France, sculptural altars in interiors became widespread, combining painted and gilded wooden sculpture and tempera painting on wooden boards. A new emotional structure of images has emerged, characterized by dramatic (often exalted) expression, especially in the scenes of the suffering of Christ and the saints. The best examples of French Gothic art include small ivory sculpture, silver reliquaries, Limoges enamel, tapestries and carved furniture.
Late (“flaming”) Gothic is characterized by a whimsical pattern of window openings reminiscent of flames (the Church of Saint-Maclou in Rouen). Paintings on secular subjects appeared (in the papal palace in Avignon, 14th-15th centuries). In the miniatures (the main books of hours) there was a desire for the spiritualized humanity of images, for the conveyance of space and volume. Secular buildings were erected (city gates, town halls, workshops and warehouse buildings, dance halls). The sculpture of the cathedrals (in Bamberg, Magdeburg, Naumbubga) is distinguished by vital concreteness and monumentality of images, powerful plastic expression. Parts of the temples were decorated with reliefs, statues, floral patterns, and images of fantastic animals; The decoration is characterized by an abundance of secular motifs (scenes of the work of artisans and peasants, grotesque and satirical images). The themes of the stained glass windows were also varied, the palette of which was dominated by red, blue and yellow tones.
The established Gothic frame system appeared in the abbey church of Saint-Denis (1137-44). Early Gothic also includes cathedrals in Laon, Paris, Chartres, for example, Notre Dame Cathedral on the Ile de la Cité in Paris. The grandiose mature Gothic cathedrals in Reims and Amiens, as well as the Sainte-Chapelle chapel in Paris (1243-1248) with numerous stained glass windows, are distinguished by the richness of rhythm, perfection of architectural composition and decorative sculpture. Since the mid-13th century, majestic cathedrals were built in other European countries - in Germany (in Cologne), the Netherlands (in Utrecht), Spain (in Burgos, 1221-1599), Great Britain (Westminster Abbey in London), Sweden (in Uppsala), Czech Republic (choir and transept of St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague), where the Gothic. builds, the techniques received a unique local interpretation. The crusaders brought the principles of Greece to Rhodes, Cyprus and Syria.
At the end of the 13th and beginning of the 14th century, the construction of cathedrals in France was experiencing a crisis: the architectural forms became drier, the decor was more abundant, the statues received the same emphasized Z-shaped bend and features of courtliness.
Gotica- a period in the development of medieval art in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe.
The word comes from Italian. gotico - unusual, barbaric - (Goten - barbarians; this style has nothing to do with the historical Goths), and was first used as an expletive. For the first time the concept in modern sense used by Giorgio Vasari in order to separate the Renaissance from the Middle Ages.
Origin of the term
However, there was nothing barbaric in this style: on the contrary, it is distinguished by great grace, harmony and observance of logical laws. A more correct name would be “lancet”, because. The pointed form of the arc is an essential feature of Gothic art. And, indeed, in France, the birthplace of this style, the French gave it a completely appropriate name - “ogive style” (from ogive - arrow).
Three main periods:
— Early Gothic XII-XIII centuries.
— High Gothic — 1300-1420. (conditional)
- Late Gothic - XV century (1420-1500) is often called “Flaming”
Architecture
The Gothic style mainly manifested itself in the architecture of temples, cathedrals, churches, and monasteries. It developed on the basis of Romanesque, or more precisely, Burgundian architecture. In contrast to the Romanesque style, with its round arches, massive walls and small windows, the Gothic style is characterized by pointed arches, narrow and high towers and columns, a richly decorated facade with carved details (vimpergi, tympanums, archivolts) and multi-colored stained glass lancet windows . All style elements emphasize verticality.
fine arts
Sculpture played a huge role in creating the image of the Gothic cathedral. In France, she designed mainly its external walls. Tens of thousands of sculptures, from plinth to pinnacles, populate the mature Gothic cathedral.
Round monumental sculpture is actively developing in Gothic. But at the same time, Gothic sculpture is an integral part of the cathedral ensemble; it is part of the architectural form, since, together with architectural elements, it expresses the upward movement of the building, its tectonic meaning. And, creating an impulsive play of light and shadow, it, in turn, enlivens, spiritualizes the architectural masses and promotes their interaction with the air environment.
Painting. One of the main directions of Gothic painting was stained glass, which gradually replaced fresco painting. The technique of stained glass remained the same as in the previous era, but the color palette became much richer and more colorful, and the subjects were more complex - along with images of religious subjects, stained glass windows appeared on household topics. In addition, not only colored glass, but also colorless glass began to be used in stained glass.
The Gothic period saw the heyday of book miniatures. With the advent of secular literature ( chivalric novels etc.) the range of illustrated manuscripts expanded, and richly illustrated books of hours and psalms were also created for home use. Artists began to strive for a more authentic and detailed reproduction of nature. Prominent representatives of Gothic book miniatures are the Limburg brothers, court miniaturists of the Duke of Berry, who created the famous “The Magnificent Book of Hours of the Duke of Berry” (circa 1411-1416).
Ornament
Fashion
Interior
Dressoir is a china cabinet, a piece of late Gothic furniture. Often covered with painting.
The furniture of the Gothic era is simple and heavy in the truest sense of the word. For example, for the first time, clothes and household items are beginning to be stored in closets (in antiquity, only chests were used for these purposes). Thus, by the end of the Middle Ages, prototypes of basic modern pieces of furniture appeared: a wardrobe, a bed, an armchair. One of the most common methods of making furniture was frame-panel knitting. The materials used in the north and west of Europe were mainly local wood species - oak, walnut, and in the south (Tyrol) and east - spruce and pine, as well as larch, European cedar, juniper.
