Golden pectoral of the Scythians. Golden Scythian pectoral of Mozolevsky

The golden pectoral is the gold of the Scythians!

Golden Scythian pectoral was found in 1971 by Boris Mozolevsky, a Kyiv scientist in a Scythian mound not far from the city of Ordzhonikidze, Dnepropetrovsk region. Now it is one of the most valuable Ukrainian archaeological excavations, is estimated to be worth more than $2 million. And its value is not only that it weighs about one and a half kilograms of gold, but that it carries a certain encrypted meaning from the Scythians and dates back to the 5th century BC. Now it is in Kyiv - in the city historical museum, under great security, but nevertheless, anyone can see it in a small glass box by visiting the museum. The entrance to the museum is almost symbolic.

The golden pectoral is a Scythian decoration that was made for a Scythian king or queen. Throughout the world, this excavation is one of the most valuable excavations of the 20th century, and scientists around the world are trying to unravel it. Some see the excavation as a calendar, others as a message from the Scythians to future generations, and still others see it as a map. The golden pectoral consists of a hundred different figures, each of which means something. These are mostly animal figures, but upon closer inspection, even Egyptian pyramids were discovered on the forehead of one of the bulls. Scientists are amazed by the precision and skill with which the golden pectoral was made back in the 5th century BC.

The Scythians were a powerful and formidable people who inhabited many modern countries in Europe and Asia; there were also nomadic Scythians. It is believed that there were indigenous Scythians in Crimea, and that there was the capital of the Scythian state. Quite recently, excavations began in Crimea near the Ak-Kaya rock, where, by all indications, there was a Scythian settlement. Some archaeologists believe that this was the capital of the Scythian state.
Thanks to the unusual method of burial among the Scythian people, many archaeological treasures of the Scythians have survived to this day. They buried respected people in mounds, leaving gold, jewelry and weapons of the deceased there. For a long time, scientists did not know what exactly these mounds represented. Either they were used in war or for agriculture. But when scientists found a golden pectoral in the Dnepropetrovsk region, it became clear that Scythians were buried in the mounds. Many mounds were excavated by the then government, and to this day no one knows the total amount of archaeological treasures that were there. But most of the valuables from official excavations ended up in museums. Many mounds were plundered by black archaeologists. Even now there are many mounds in the territories of steppe Ukraine, in the Kherson and Dnepropetrovsk regions. Official archaeological excavations have already been carried out in all of them, but black archaeologists are still continuing their work and excavating the mounds again, hoping to find the Scythian treasure. Many people are still haunted by the golden pectoral, which was so easily found near an ordinary small town in the Dnepropetrovsk region. This mound is now called Tolstaya Mogila, and the man who found it became famous throughout the world, this is Boris Mozolevsky. But the path to this mound was suggested to him by ordinary peasants, when, while cultivating a field, they found several Scythian coins and told archaeologists about it. Mozolevsky received many honors and even an apartment in Kyiv for this find. It was so highly appreciated because the Tolstaya Mogila mound was excavated more than once, back in ancient times, many passages were dug there, and at the same time the scientist managed to find this masterpiece jewelry art ancient Scythians.

45 years ago, the archaeological season ended, which brought Ukraine the most famous find from an ancient Scythian burial - a golden pectoral, a breast decoration of a noble nomad.

Found in June 1971 in a mound in the Dnepropetrovsk region, the golden Scythian pectoral - the main archaeological treasure of Ukraine - in all respects became a real gift of fate. It was found by two freelance archaeologists, who were helped not by a specialized institute, but by the director of a large Soviet enterprise. And the pectoral was discovered when the success of the entire expedition already looked doubtful.

“My imagination turned out to be too poor to imagine something like that”,” the archaeologist wrote in his book “Tolstaya Mogila” Boris Mozolevsky. On June 21, 1971 at 14:30, in the tomb of the Scythian king, I found a golden pectoral - a chest decoration. I excavated the 8.5-meter Tolstaya Mogila mound near the town of Pokrov (formerly Ordzhokinidze - Gazeta.ua), Dnipropetrovsk region.

Today, the pectoral from Tolstoy Mogila is called one of the most valuable finds of the 20th century. This is a chest decoration worn by noble Scythians. Weight - 1150 grams, diameter - 30.6 cm, made of 958 gold.

Mound Thick grave 60 meters in diameter. It is located on the territory of the Ordzhonikidze mining plant where manganese is mined. They wanted to tear down the mound and open a quarry in its place. Director of the enterprise Grigory Sereda decides to explore it first. A freelance employee of the Institute of Archeology, Boris Mozolevsky, is invited to manage the expedition.

“For two weeks in a row I woke up at 5.30 and for 16 hours every day, without rest or days off, I peered into the ground until my eyes hurt, trying to read every lump of it, cleaned and measured, again threw everything and ran from scraper to scraper, grabbed a shovel , drew and described", writes Boris Nikolaevich in his book.

Miners from the plant help Mozolevsky in the excavations. The director of the enterprise constantly comes and monitors the work. The miners first dig through the central part of the mound. Nine meters of soil are removed and buried five meters deep. They come across the king's burial chamber.

“First we found the king’s central chamber. Size 4.5 meters. It turned out to be robbed in ancient times. But still there were the remains of an armadillo and gold items,” says the archaeologist Marina Strelnik, Head of the Department of Ancient History of the National historical museum Ukraine.

The equipment that was tearing up the mound on the eastern side begins to fall underground.

“The embankment on the eastern half of the mound suddenly began to collapse under the mechanisms. It is difficult to understand what failed and what it failed at. It was already night outside. When a few days later we reached the ancient surface, it turned out that the embankment had subsided over five small graves, filling cavities in them that were still preserved.”, writes Boris Mozolevsky in his diary.

From this side, archaeologists are excavating the tomb of the princess and child. The robbers did not reach them. About 600 gold items are found in the middle. Among them are rings, hryvnia (chest decoration - Gazeta.ua) and cups. Nearby are the burial places of a warrior, a groom and a maid.

The pectoral is found in the dromos - this is the passage to the main burial chamber of the king and the queen. It was covered with earth, which probably saved her from the robbers. Nearby is a sword and a whip.

“The miners, after lunch, overcooked the dromos in weak points, were already getting ready to go home. We archaeologists decided to do a little more work. I cleared one of the Sagaidach sets under the wall of the dromos and, while rolling up the thick clay chamur that covered the floor, I felt my fingers scratch painfully. My heart skipped a beat. Carefully throwing back the chamur, I saw gold glinting, and with some unknown feeling I realized that this was exactly it: it was big and clearly lay in its original place, not moved by the robbers.”. — Boris Mozolevsky describes the first seconds of the discovery. — “On the wave I became numb, then quietly, so as not to make noise in the grave, I called Chernenko(Evgeniy Chernenko- Professor at the Institute of Archeology, who supervised the work. Famous Scythian researcher - Gazeta.ua). We quickly raked up the clay on both sides, and Evgeniy was the first to say a word that soon became popular in the press: pectoral. It turns out I scratched my fingers on a sharp goat's horn. It was already clear that the thing was filled with sculptural images, but the clay prevented us from examining the details, and the research methodology did not allow us to lift the work before the entire bottom of the grave had been cleared.”

The found pectoral has three tiers of images. They are fastened together by twisted chains of golden empty tubes. At the ends there are cast heads of lions holding cord rings in their mouths. The lower tier depicts scenes of fights between fantastic animals.

“These are the so-called scenes of torment. Those that were very popular in Scythian art. They got the name - animal style. That is, images of animals and mythical animals in characteristic poses. In the center of the composition are three scenes of a horse fighting with two griffins who attacked him. further behind them is a duel between a wild boar and a deer with a leopard and a lion, which depicts a dog chasing a hare,” says Marina Strelnik.

“The middle tier of the pectoral is a floral ornament. There is no consensus. Some say that here is an encrypted recipe for an old healing balm made from roots and flowers. Others say that this simply depicts the plant world that was around the Scythians.”

The third tier is an image of Scythians at work.

“Here we can see a Scythian milking a sheep, or two Scythians holding a sheepskin shirt. Also horses, cows - those animals that were bred by the Scythians. All these scenes and the symbolism of the pectoral were meant to depict all the mythological ideas about the world and the earth and the king,” explains the archaeologist.

The golden royal pectoral of the ancient Scythians is included in all catalogs and reference books in the world, and is called the great archaeological find of the 20th century. It is a recognized masterpiece of world art. The insured value is about 2 million dollars.

This lovely women's “trinket” weighs 1 kilogram 200 grams of pure gold and contains about 100 different figures that are made with great skill. Its diameter is 30.6 centimeters. Approximately, it was made somewhere in the 5th century BC. e. and, most likely, she was not the only one. Perhaps the first owner of the pectoral was a Scythian princess. Over its centuries-old history, this priceless relic has survived hundreds of owners and visited many places. Because of her they killed, robbed, betrayed.
The golden pectoral of the ancient Scythians was found by Boris Mozolevsky on June 21, 1971 in the Tolstaya Mogila mound (Dnepropetrovsk region).

It is very similar to the Scythian pectoral from the Kul-Oba mound, near Kerch.

Since then, the miracle accessory has haunted both casual onlookers and professional researchers. IN lately In scientific circles, a version has appeared that the pectoral is, first of all, an encrypted message from the ancient Scythians, made in the form of a beautiful decoration.

What do these intricate figures on the pectoral mean?
In total, there are 3 main versions of the interpretation of the structure of this decoration: “Model of the Universe”, “Map of the Scythian Domains” and “Calendar”.
According to the first version, the pectoral personified the structure of the Universe as the Scythians saw it.

According to the second theory, the pectorals could depict a symbolic map of the possessions of the ancient Scythians, which could only be read by specially trained people - kings, priests, military leaders.

According to the third version, the pectoral was the ancient calendar of the Scythians. The Scythians were pagans, so every day, month, year, indictment, etc. there were their own time deities in the form of domestic animals, which were located in a circle on the pectoral. Also, the pectoral is also a completely accurate astronomical instrument - an ancient sundial. The secret of the pectoral calendar was known only to kings and priests, and representatives of the elite of Scythian society, which helped them, on the basis of knowledge, manage their people.

What does the second tier of the pectoral say?

He is completely occupied with flowers. This motif was fixed in the pectoral for a reason. The fact is that this is an encrypted recipe for an ancient and very healing balm made from flowers and roots. It was widely used in Scythian medicine, especially during times of hostilities, the Scythians made extensive use of medicinal herbs. Its main component was the Maeotian root, or mandrake. Archaeologist Mozolevsky assumed that this was a Greek toka plant. Unfortunately, it is impossible to fully understand this recipe, because it is difficult to determine the name of the flower from the golden image.

In the center of the pectoral there are two male figures (presumably these are Scythian
kings Pal and Nap), who hold the aegis skin (in fact, it is not just a skin, but a card). They sit in a pose typical of steppe dwellers. Looking at this skin-map in a direct projection, you can see the outlines of Crimea, the right and left banks of the Black Sea. This “map” is conditional. Each item on it depicts a certain territory captured by the Scythians.
The upper tier of the pectoral depicts a string of animals walking in different directions. It turned out that each of these figures shows a certain day of the Scythian month.
There is another interesting plot - a leopard watches a lion torment a wild boar. The lion is the Scythian, the boar is Africa, and the leopard is Assyria. With high magnification, you can see the famous Egyptian pyramids here. They are on the boar's head. This miniature depicts the siege of Ancient Egypt by the Scythians in the 7th century BC. and is therefore the first map of Africa. Some trophies from these campaigns (in the form of jewelry, rings with the seals of the pharaohs, etc.) ended up in the collection of the Museum of Jewels along with Scythian gold.
The southern part of Ukraine, or rather the coast of the Azov Sea, is under the wing of the Firebird. This miracle bird was among the Scythians a symbol of the Greek goddess Hera, the wife of Zeus. It showed the place of residence of the royal Scythians in the Northern Black Sea region. In addition, the right wing of the Firebird indicates the location of the Scythian necropolis. Another similar bird “flies” towards the Firebird, but this time it is a drake, which covers the territory of Turkey and Istanbul. There are many figures there and each of them has its own symbolic meaning.
The Scythian calendar is directly related to astrology. Unlike the Chinese twelve-year cycle, the Scythian Zodiac calendar has a sixteen-year cycle. It begins with the year of the Firebird (duck). By the way, the third millennium will begin precisely with the year of the Firebird - the bird of happiness. It is followed by the years of the Goat, Goat, Ram, Cow, Taurus, Horse, Horse, Mare, Stallion, etc.
That's how much interesting information contains a simple feminine decoration.

In one of my interviews with the REN TV television channel, I said that the Scythians were farmers and cattle breeders, whose level of development did not allow them to make complex jewelry. And what we call “Scythian gold” is urban jewelry sent to the countryside for some reason, for example, to temples or military garrisons, but not to the Scythians, but to the priests or warriors of Rurik. And the journalist was especially interested in the pectoral from Tolstoy Mogila.

Table of contents:

• Beginning of the article.

  First I would like to quote a short Wikipedia article: “ Pectoral from the Tolstaya Mogila mound - golden royal pectoral of the 4th century BC. Was found on June 211971during archaeological research of a burial moundTolstaya Mogila (Dnipropetrovsk region). Expedition leader -B. N. Mozolevsky, deputy head -E. V. Chernenko. It is believed that the pectoral was made by Greek jewelers at the request of noblesScythians. Stored inKiev Museum of Historical Treasures of Ukraine.

  The expedition discovered numerous gold jewelry in two burial chambers, including a pectoral. She and Ironswordin a sheath with a gold-lined hilt were in a short corridor -etc.OMoses, which connected the burial chamber with the entrance pit. The weight of the golden pectoral is 1140 g, the diameter is more than 30 cm. Jewelry techniques that were used for its manufacture: wax casting, drawing, filigree, soldering, enameling.

  The composition of the pectoral consists of three levels. Bottom - animalistic scenes with the participation of mythological and realistic animals. Medium - floral motifs. Upper - scenes with Scythians and domestic animals. There are several versions and interpretations of the depicted motifs. According to some, the pectoral depicts everyday scenes from the life of the Scythians. According to others, there is a Scythian legend about the Golden Fleece and two brothers who went in search of it.

  A copy was installed in Donetsk inTheater Squareas part of the Scythian composition. Also a copy of the pectoral is used as a theater award».

  During an interview, a representative of REN TV said that there is an opinion among some television viewers that some strange symbolism is depicted in the center of the pectoral. I did not find one, but decided that over time I would consider both the features of the pectoral find and the product itself in more detail. Such an opportunity has now presented itself.

  About the discovery of a golden artifact.

  The note is devoted to this problem: “ 44 years ago, the archaeological season ended, which brought Ukraine the most famous find from an ancient Scythian burial - a golden pectoral, a breast decoration of a noble nomad" After these lines, the question arises: where did the steppe nomads come up with a product of the highest level of urban culture?

  I quote further from the note: “ Found in June 1971 in a mound in the Dnepropetrovsk region, the golden Scythian pectoral - the main archaeological treasure of Ukraine - in all respects became a real gift of fate. It was found by two freelance archaeologists, who were helped not by a specialized institute, but by the director of a large Soviet enterprise. And the pectoral was discovered when the success of the entire expedition already looked doubtful.

  Ukraine was also lucky with this decoration because it was found several years after the opportunity arose to leave the find in a Ukrainian museum - if this story had happened a little earlier, the Soviet leadership would have ordered such a valuable exhibit to be transferred to Moscow or Leningrad. And so the Scythian jewelry is still included in the collection of the Kyiv museum. All these accidents gave rise to a lot of semi-anecdotal stories about the excavations of the Tolstaya Mogila mound near the city of Ordzhonikidze in the Dnepropetrovsk region, during which a pectoral was found. Some of them are still repeated in the Ukrainian media.

  The most common of them is that the leader of the expedition, Boris Mozolevsky, carried the pectoral to Kyiv on himself under a thick padded jacket in order to hide the find from Moscow or Leningrad museums. The scientist, according to the stories of the inventors, allegedly rushed around the then Ukrainian moral authorities, such as the writer Oles Gonchar, so that they would leave the pectoral for their safekeeping" - It turns out that freelancers acted approximately like “black archaeologists.”

  Just below these lines there is a photograph of the mound, on which there is the following caption: “ The Tolstaya Mogila mound was visited by robbers in ancient times. To find the pectoral, it was necessary to completely demolish the mound. The finds lay at a depth of 8.5 m from the surface of the steppe" A very strange explanation. Imagine that you buried your relatives with gold crosses, and the cemetery guard tells you: “ At the cemetery I noticed active thieves. And so that the golden crosses of your mom and your dad go to me, as a representative of the legitimate cemetery authority, I destroyed your grave" Most likely, you will be horrified by such words.

  Rice. 1. Mound “Tolstaya Mogila” and my reading of the inscriptions on the vegetoglyph

  The grass of the mound still preserves the letters of the inscriptions. Let me note that I call inscriptions created from grass and shrubs vegetoglyphs. Like any inscriptions, they convey important historical information. I start reading vegetoglyphs from the very top. Here you can read the inscription in two or three lines, which reads: VIMAN SCYTHIANS WARRIORS OF THE TEMPLE OF MARA RURIK EDGE OF MARA. On the right slope there is a clarification: VIMAN MARY SCYTHIAN AIRCRAFT WARRIORS OF THE TEMPLE OF MARA RURIK EDGE OF EURASIA. AIRCRAFT WARRIORS .

  And on the middle part of the hill you can read the words: RURIK VARYAG MARY. - So there is no doubt that the hill belonged to the fallen Russian soldiers of the Rurik Air Force. And the soldiers themselves who died and were buried in this place were indeed called up from Scythia. But these were not nomads, but WARRIORS OF THE AIR FORCE OF THE ARMY OF RURIK . So the error in attributing the Tolstoy Mogila mound as the grave of a “noble nomad” is undeniable.

  I quote the note further: “ Alexander Zagrebelny, who was directly involved in the excavations of the mound from the first days until the end of the field season, remembers these myths with a smile. And tells the real story of the pectoral.

  We won't give up ours . Everyone has good story has its own backstory. For the Scythian pectoral it began in November 1963. Then the leadership of the Ukrainian SSR, represented by Pyotr Shelest, the main communist of the republic, created in Kyiv Golden Pantry. Shelest acted deliberately: the storeroom made it possible to leave precious archaeological finds in Ukraine, which previously had to be often transported to Moscow or Leningrad.

  Shelest was a controversial leader. On the one hand, starting from 1965, dissidents were constantly arrested under him - then the poets Vasil Stus, Ivan Svetlichny and Vyacheslav Chernovol received their first sentences. Shelest was also one of the initiators of the entry of Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia in 1968.

  At the same time, the then main Ukrainian communist advocated for strengthening the Ukrainian language in educational institutions and the press. He re-read Ivan Dzyuba’s brochure “Internationalism or Russification” several times. And because of his book “Our Soviet Ukraine,” Shelest fell out of favor with the Kremlin. They considered it nationalistic and the entire circulation was withdrawn from sale." - The subtitle of this section is very indicative: Zagrebelny’s find (and the name speaks volumes!) was understood not as “Soviet”, but as “Ukrainian”, as “our own”. As the modern Russophobic orientation of the current Ukrainian government shows, the Kremlin did exactly the right thing then. And later, the Kremlin, unfortunately, did not interfere with the development of Ukrainian nationalism.

  I will continue quoting: “ Find what you want. Having been demobilized from the army, Zagrebelny hardly thought about all the intricacies of Shelest’s behind-the-scenes politics when, in the spring of 1971, he applied to the history department of the Kyiv University. state university. There were still a few months left before the entrance exams. One day, passing by the Institute of Archeology, he decided to find out if there were any vacancies there. The then director of the institute, Fyodor Shevchenko, offered a freelance laboratory position.

  One day Boris Mozolevsky looked into the restoration workshop where Zagrebelny worked. He introduced himself and said that the management of the institute was asking a young laboratory assistant to help him examine a mound in the Dnepropetrovsk region. Having quickly gathered, the archaeologists were already in Ordzhonikidze on April 14. It was a powerful industrial area where manganese ore was mined in the open pit. The local enrichment plant was of strategic importance: manganese is a necessary additive for strong steel.

  Grigory Sereda, the head of the trust, which included the mines and the plant itself, was a fairly influential person. He had maintained friendly relations with Mozolevsky for several years—ever since he began traveling here on his first expeditions. Sereda himself was interested in archeology. He came up with a pretext for the expedition - supposedly the plant needed land that could be taken from the mound, and space to expand the manganese mines.

  Although Mozolevsky was 35 years old, he was only a freelance employee at the Institute of Archeology. After the future scientist finally abandoned his attempts to become a military pilot, he came to Kyiv. For many years he worked as a fireman and studied by correspondence at the history department of Kyiv University. He wrote poetry - by that time three collections had already been published. He got into trouble because of several works: the “competent authorities” saw them as anti-Soviet, and the question of enrolling the scientist on the staff of the Institute of Archeology was postponed for several years».

  Here are the tricks of fate: a failed military pilot found the grave of successful and dead pilots from a thousand years ago, but began to excavate it with the help of deception. And the power of Rurik, to which the dead pilots belonged, was the same “ Soviet Union» of the past, uniting people of completely different ethnic origins. Ukrainian nationalism dictated his behavior: to consider all graves, regardless of their origin, as Ukrainian property, and their contents as the property of the Kyiv Institute of Archeology.

  

  Rice. 2. Clearing the excavation of the Tolstoy Mogila mound and my reading of the inscriptions

  Next in the note is a second photo with the caption: “ Archaeologists are clearing away more finds under the mound. At the top of the photo you can see the legs of onlookers waiting for a sensation" By “archaeologists” we mean the workers in the excavation, women and men, who do not pay the slightest attention to the existence of inscriptions in the form of a soil glyph, that is, inscriptions on a section of soil, and a microgeoglyph on the top of the soil along the edges of the excavation. And they deserve to be read.

  First I read the inscriptions on the microgeoglyph, which is written in gray letters. It reads: . In modern Russian this means: TEMPLE OF MARA WARRIORS OF AIRCRAFT RURIK TYPE OF AIRCRAFT . And on the ground glyph above the woman you can read the words: 30 AND 35 ARKONS OF RURIK YAR. The continuation reads above the man’s head: MIME MASK 35 ARKONY YAR. In modern Russian this means: WEST CAIRO AND VELIKY NOVGOROD IMAGE OF THE PRIEST OF VELIKY NOVGOROD . In other words, in Tolstoy Mogila, in addition to the soldiers, some kind of image was buried (possibly a marble or wooden sculpture), and it can be assumed that this image of the priest of the temple of Mary Rurik from the Great Novgorod was put on this pectoral as a symbol of priestly power. Then the care taken in its execution and the choice of gold as a material becomes clear.

  

  Rice. 3. Archaeologists were lowered into the excavations using a construction crane

  End of note.

  Here you can read: “ For the first few weeks, freelancers Mozolevsky and Zagrebelny worked together: the Institute of Archeology mistakenly believed that Tolstaya Mogila was not a Scythian mound, but an earlier and poorer burial. Such, as a rule, usually turn out to be empty - they were torn apart hundreds of years before archaeologists: this was often done by fellow tribesmen of the buried, who knew for sure that this way they could get hold of good weapons and gold. Therefore, the institute did not spend money on a serious expedition.

  Sereda gave them. He accommodated the archaeologists in a local hotel, which cost the residents of Kiev 20 kopecks. per day. I tried to make sure they weren't hungry. And he also allocated equipment and a detachment of miners who dug and strengthened pits and tunnels. In general, the excavation of the mound cost the trust more than 50 thousand rubles.

  Removing the eight-meter mound was only half the battle for archaeologists. The main work began even lower. The burial chambers of the Tolstoy grave, for example, were located at a depth of five meters from the natural soil level.

  Mozolevsky charmed Sereda with stories about how he spent the night on the mound several times, and he always dreamed of the clatter of horses. Therefore, the archaeologist was sure that Tolstaya Mogila was the burial of a royal Scythian. But his first work at depth caused him disappointment - it was obvious that this place had already been visited» .

  THE STOPPING OF HORSES IN A DREAM is, of course, a very compelling argument for the attribution of found artifacts. A serious researcher would be embarrassed to give such a strange justification.

  In Fig. 3 I read the words of the soil glyph: TEMPLE OF MARA WARRIORS VIMAN MARY RURIK. We see the underground temple of the Vimana warriors of the first years after Rurik’s anointing for the title of Kharaon. In other words, the name of the temple read in the previous photographs is confirmed. So in a dream it would be better to hear the noise of airplane engines. But what follows is the reasoning not of a person interested in what our distant ancestors had in this place, but of a certain businessman: “ Sereda, who came to the excavation site every day, teased: “Why did you promise to find me gold, but here everything has been looted.”

  But it turned out that there were several more burials below. The main one - a noble military leader - was devastated many centuries ago. Sereda was indignant - so where is the gold?". Pardon me, where does the military leader come from if we are talking about a steppe nomad? Or was the word WARRIORS still read, but not mentioned before?

  And further: “ Mozolevsky took a knife and said: “Look, now I’ll pick out a lump of earth, and you will have gold.” He stuck the blade into the clay - and a golden plate from a woman’s headdress flashed there. Further - more: archaeologists accidentally found the burial of the king's wife, who was wearing a dress almost completely covered with gold foil. On the queen’s neck was a massive decoration weighing almost half a kilogram. But what was also interesting was that next to the woman’s skeleton a decayed bunch of damask, a sea grass used to treat joint diseases, was found.

  But these were not all the finds. The next day, June 21, Mozolevsky wrote in his diary: “At 14:30 something tinkled and then flashed under the archaeological knife.” This was the pectoral - a male breast ornament, weighing 1,150 g and lying in the ground for 2,300 years. Archaeologists claimed that the robbers did not dig only a few centimeters to it. And all because the Scythians placed the pectoral not on the king’s body, but next to it". That is " not on the priest's body, but next to him».

  In other words, we see that the “archaeologists,” even freelance ones, were not worried about the appearance of the mound, not the inscriptions on it, not the study of the type of burial, not the typology of finds, but only the search for treasures. Somehow this doesn’t fit well with the science of ancient world and about our ancestors.

  

  Rice. 4. The found artifact and my reading of the signature

  The above quote ends with the photograph shown in Fig. 4. I immediately have a question: why rice. 4 signed by the author as “ This is what the queen’s decoration, which was just found nearby with a pectoral, looked like"? From what does it follow that the queen wore such jewelry? The kings and queens in ancient times belonged to the warrior class of the second estate, while the first class consisted of priests and priestesses, that is, of those persons who were then called MIM and MIMA.

  And in Fig. 4 I read the following signature words on a semicircular spiral with images of animals: TEMPLE OF MARA SKLAVIAN VIMAN. And further: MIMA MARY TEMPLE. In other words, on this spiral it is written in black and white in Russian: MIMA MARY TEMPLE MARA. But people speaking Russian and posing as archaeologists (let me remind you that Wikipedia defines archeology as follows: “ Archeology (ancient Greek. ἀρχαῖος — ancient and λόγος - word, doctrine) - a historical discipline that studies the past of mankind using material sources"), are ahead of competitors in the extraction of ancient gold. Just like Ilf and Petrov in “12 Chairs”: “Magnificent chairs from a palace!”, which quite puzzled Kisa Vorobyaninov, since his apartment had never been a palace. And Mima Mary (that is, the priestess of the Russian goddess Mary) had nothing to do with the king’s wife, since she belonged to a higher class. What neither full-time or freelance archaeologists knew, not only in 1971, but to this day.

  « The archaeologists just smiled - it’s impossible to do something like this alone. The embankment above the mound can only be removed with the help of technology. And if you do not strengthen the tunnels leading down to the burial chambers, you can easily remain under the rubble forever.

  Yes, and sell a similar find in Soviet era it was incredibly difficult. “Once, on the next expedition, a teenage boy from the Odessa archaeological circle worked with us,” says Zagrebelny. “Two gold plates from the mound “stuck” to his hands. He took them to a pawnshop and was immediately arrested. And the head of the excavations was fired from his job two years before retirement.”

  After the discovery of Mozolevsky's pectoral, real glory awaited him. In Kyiv, Vladimir Shcherbitsky met him, who was being trained to replace Shelest, who was already disgraced at that time. Almost all Soviet publications immediately wrote about the sensational discovery. Hot on the heels, the word pectoral was used to name the hotel and restaurant of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR».

  This is the real background - not finding out the past of this area, but “ real glory" about the find.

  

  Rice. 5. Residents of the city of Ordzhonikidze and surrounding villages came to the excavations every day

  The city of Ordzhonikidze was renamed “Pokrov” on March 17, 2016. This is a city in the Dnepropetrovsk region. And in Fig. 5 we see that the excavations have turned into an archaeological show. And before I finish with this note, I want to not only look at the title photo with which it begins, but also put a caption underneath it: “ " It is not entirely clear what the employees are happy about, whether it is the fact that they will now be able to move forward in revealing the ethnic and social background of the found artifacts, or the physical wealth of the finds in ounces of gold. And even I am more inclined to the second assumption.

  

  Rice. 6. Admiring the find

  Rice. 6 in the note has the caption: “ Employees of the Institute of Archeology examine finds from the Tolstaya Mogila mound. Pectoral in the hands of the excavation director Boris Mozolevsky" Again, we do not see any process of study here - no close examination, no identification of details with a magnifying glass, no attempts to compare the original with a photograph. Boris Mozolevsky holds the ancient artifact in his bare hands; they are not wearing the gloves required for such a task, so as not to contaminate the future museum exhibit with his sweat and fat prints. And the position of the pectoral in the hands of the author of the find indicates that he rather enjoys the heaviness of the found gold item than a possible solution to the problems of the history of his region.

  Fantasies of the author of another note.

  Another author spoke in approximately the same spirit - the author of the note, who writes about this: “ The pectoral (breast decoration made from one kilogram 150 grams of gold) along with other treasures of the Scythian king was discovered exactly 35 years ago in the Dnepropetrovsk region under the Tolstaya Mogila mound. After the Scythian kingdom that existed for about 500 years, a large number of mounds (essentially, tombstones) remained in the steppes of Ukraine, but almost every one of them was plundered in ancient times. The Scythians themselves began to plunder the graves of the rulers: they were attracted by the large amount of gold that was placed in the tombs. Marauders also took over the royal burial place under the Tolstaya Mogila mound. The robbers knew their job: the passage they dug led straight to the burial chamber where the remains of the king rested. It was there, next to the deceased, that the most valuable things should have been located - this is a centuries-old tradition. But in this case, the attackers were disappointed. At least they could not find the pectoral, which is a real masterpiece of ancient jewelry art, as well as the sword and whip, the handles of which are made of gold and decorated with magnificent chasing».

  Again, the Scythian kings and mounds were used as their tombstones, the Vimana warriors are considered the remains of the king, and the symbolism of the breast decoration of the priestess of the Russian goddess Mara is considered as “the most valuable thing” (in the monetary sense at the gold dollar exchange rate). In other words, here again we are not talking about a study of the culture and life of our ancestors, but about the fact that something very expensive in terms of manufacturing materials was found.

  « Mozolevsky excavated the pectoral while still a freelance employee of the Institute of Archeology. The discovery of the pectoral became the reason for a unique case in its own way: the head of Soviet Ukraine, Vladimir Shcherbitsky, invited to a meeting a person who held the position of a junior researcher, and who also did not have an academic degree. The humble worker awarded this honor was Boris Mozolevsky, who later became one of the most famous Russian archaeologists. A man who possessed ebullient energy, managed, despite a low position, which, by the way, he held at the Institute of Archeology as a freelancer, to organize and lead the excavations of the Tolstaya Mogila mound» .

  I wonder if the Internet existed at that time, and live journals could be created on it, what would the Mozolevskology LJ write about? - It is likely that a person who has nothing to do with archeology had no right to engage in relevant research, and the author of such a statement would be right, because in pursuit of a sensation he destroyed the underground temple of Mary Rurik.

  « Boris and I were friends, and he invited me to become his deputy on this expedition,” says Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Evgeniy Chernenko. — When Boris was called to Kyiv for a meeting with Shcherbitsky, I stayed at the excavations. Upon returning, Mozolevsky said that Vladimir Vasilyevich made a good impression on him. He asked in detail about the excavations, about the things that we found, and asked when the report on the expedition would be published. The meeting was attended by the then director of our Institute of Archeology, Fyodor Pavlovich Shevchenko. A few days before, I told him that Borya and his family live in a hostel, the conditions are approximately the same as what Vladimir Vysotsky said in one of his songs: there is one toilet for 20 rooms. The director immediately realized that the time had come to inform Shcherbitsky that Mozolevsky did not have a separate apartment, so work on the report might take a while. Shcherbitsky looked at Boris Paton, president of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, and asked: “Can you help your comrade or should I do this?” Paton, of course, agreed to help. “What’s your salary?” - Shcherbitsky asked Boris a question. As a junior researcher, he received only 98 rubles a month. “Can the Academy do anything for a comrade?” - Shcherbitsky turned to Paton again. “Maybe,” Boris Evgenievich answered briefly. As a result, Mozolevsky was given a three-room apartment on Nauki Avenue and a personal salary of 200 rubles» .

  « Were the other members of the expedition encouraged? — Boris, me, our guardian angel, director of the Ordzhonikidze manganese plant Grigory Lukich Sereda (if he had not helped with equipment, the excavations would have been impossible), as well as the first secretary of the Ordzhonikidze city party committee, Yuri Krushinsky, were presented with a gold watch with the inscription: “Vchd For the sake of the Mchnchstrchv URSR " 35 years have passed since then, and my watch works properly. In addition, we were given big bonuses. I remember Borya received 500 rubles, I received 300 (these were my two monthly salaries).

  — Well, did you enlist Mozolevsky on the staff of the Institute of Archeology?

  — Of course, even before the trip to meet with Shcherbitsky. The director of our institute, Fyodor Shevchenko, the deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR, Pyotr Tronko, the vice-president of the Academy of Sciences, Ivan Bilodid, and some other authorities came to the excavations to look at the pectoral. On this occasion, local authorities organized a reception. So I decided to remind the director that Boris is still a freelance employee. And Fyodor Pavlovich said: “Mozolevsky is on staff.” “Since when?” - I was surprised. - “Yes, they accepted it five minutes ago.”».

  Does this sound like science? “I believe that black diggers could only be jealous, because they risk their lives for approximately the same excavations, and they cannot make much money from the underground sale of an artifact.” The story described is more like the state legalization of one of the successful diggers.

  

  Rice. 7. General view of the golden pectoral of the Scythians from Tolstoy Mogila

  Since copying the golden pectoral results in a large image, I was tempted to read the series of inscriptions on it central characters. This is what I do in Fig. 8. First I read the highlights on the left image of the horse, which is scratching its left front leg with its left hind leg. The highlights can only be clearly read in reversed color, which is what I do. On the horse you can read the words: MARY TEMPLE on the mane and YARA TEMPLE OF ROME (RURIK). In other words, TEMPLES OF MARA AND YAR RURIK WEST CAIRO acted so coordinatedly that they formed, as it were, one body of the vehicle.

  And in the center of the composition there is, as it were, a lamb skin, which is shared by two bearded men. However, this is not a sheep's skin, for on it you can read the words: VIMANA MARA. That is, in other words, in modern language, AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT. So who is trying to divide them? On the left of the figure I read the words in reverse color: MARY TEMPLE YARA WARRIORS VIMAN RURIK. And on the right figure I read, and also in reversed color, the words: YARA TEMPLE. In other words, in this case, both the temple of Mary and the temple of Yara of Western Cairo claim to control the vimana warriors.

  

  Rice. 8. My reading of the inscriptions in the center of the pectoral

  Thus, the image is allegorical. It is curious that in the arc below, where not animals, but flowers are depicted, one can also be convinced that allegories are given in relief here. So, to the left of the 10-petalled daisy flower I read the words in reverse color: VIMANA MARA KHARAON MIMA, that is, AIRCRAFT OF THE PRIEST KHARAON RURIK . And to the right of the image of the chamomile flower you can see a small image of the vimana itself, as well as the signature (in direct color): VIMANAS OF TEMPLE 30 ARKONY YAR. It means: AIRCRAFT OF WEST CAIRO . As we can see, there is no question of any nomads here.

  And in the work I read additional words about Mozolevsky: “ Mozolevsky came to archeology quite late - at the age of 30. In his youth he entered the military pilot school in Yeisk, in the Krasnodar region. But he had to abandon his studies due to the wholesale reduction in the size of the army under Khrushchev. Then Boris became a part-time student at the Faculty of History of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv State University. He studied, worked as a fireman, and wrote poetry. Mozolevsky was a talented poet. After receiving his diploma, he got a job as an editor at the Naukova Dumka publishing house and as a freelancer at the Institute of Archeology». Further fate I am not very interested in Mozolevsky, although a couple more pages of notes have been written about her.

  How do archaeologists interpret the image?

  The answer to this question can be read in the note: “ The pectoral is a cult thing that reflects the worldview of the Scythians, their cosmogonic ideas. Its field is divided into three tiers: in the lower one - animals, in the middle - the plant world, and the upper tier depicts the life of people. It contains 1150 grams of 958-carat gold, and its diameter is 30.6 centimeters. The highly artistic work of ancient masters is amazing; the figurines of people, animals, and birds are voluminous and very realistic.

  In the ancient world, the pectoral was a fairly common attribute and performed various functions: from protective (“pectus” is translated from Latin as breast, so it was worn by warriors) to ritual (it was a symbol of power). Taking into account the material and artistic value Scythian pectoral, it performed the latter function. The decoration was found in a mound where there was a male burial - next to it lay a sword in a golden sheath, so researchers suggest that the decoration belonged to a Scythian ruler, who also performed sacred functions. “Of course, the Scythian pectoral has a sacred character, perhaps even had a certain significance in the implementation of rituals - there are different interpretations on this matter,” explains Lyubov Klochko, leading researcher at the department of the history of jewelry art in Ukraine at the Museum of Historical Treasures of Ukraine. “It’s difficult to say for sure who the pectoral belonged to.” But it is known that among the Scythians, like all ancient peoples, the king was also entrusted with the functions of a priest. Boris Mozolevsky also wrote about this, confirmation of this is also in the works of Herodotus».

  In other words, the authority of Herodotus for archaeologists is more important than the actual signatures and the actual image of the vimana. The same note also contains more sophisticated fantasies: “ Some researchers suggest that the Scythian pectoral is a calendar. True, in order to calculate natural cycles from it, extraordinary predictor abilities are needed, because the pectoral has no visible calendar signs. But a certain cyclicity is represented on it. The product consists of three tiers: animals are depicted on the bottom, flowers are depicted on the middle, and people are depicted on the top. It is interpreted as follows: the animal world is the world of death, the human world is the world of life, and between them is the tree of life, which combines and connects the two worlds. In a word, the pectoral shows the Scythians’ idea of ​​the universe. Every detail here is a symbol. Thus, in the corners of the upper tier, birds are depicted in flight: Mozolevsky considered this as the embodiment of the infinity of space. But on the sides of the lower tier there are grasshoppers: “these are symbols of the eternal silence of the steppe,” that is, death, wrote Mozolevsky. Here we can also recall the calendar signs of decoration - females with offspring are depicted on the upper tier. “Therefore, the upper tier is also interpreted as preparation for the celebration of the New Year, which among the Scythians came in the spring, because the image of the offspring indicates precisely this period,” adds Lyubov Klochko.”. - What is curious is that not a single researcher began to develop the topic of the military purpose of the pectoral.

  Further, the author of the find writes: “ The mound was partially plundered, but still it concealed huge treasures. The Scythian queen and her child were buried in this grave, and with them were three servants. They found skeletons of horses, carts, expensive dishes, and various household utensils.

  Having studied the bones of animals (horses, wild boars, deer) found in a deep ditch near the Tolstaya Mogila mound, paleozoologist V.I. Bibikova found that from 2.5 to 3 thousand people took part in the funeral feast. Approximately the same number of people took part in the construction of the mound embankment, the earth for which was transported on carts from the floodplain of the Solyonaya River, located 5 km from Tolstoy Mogila. Based on the capabilities of one worker with a cart (2 trips per day, 0.5 m3 of earth), archaeologist B. Mozolevsky calculated that the construction of the mound took from 4 to 8 days.

  Using the pectoral, you can study many facets of the life of the Scythians: their beliefs, symbolism, way of life, economy, clothing. It is amazing how perfectly the images of animals and people are presented here - every muscle, every fold of clothing is cut out. Therefore, the question immediately arose: who and where made this work of art? The most widespread theory is that the golden pectoral was created by ancient Greek jewelers commissioned by the Scythian nobility. The discoverer of the find, Boris Mozolevsky, also leaned towards this version. “The pectoral was made under the direct influence of the Parthenon by an original artist who, using a completely different material, was able to rise to the highest ideas of art,” he writes in the book “The Scythian Steppe.” Some modern researchers are inclined to think that the pectoral is the work of aboriginal craftsmen. “My colleagues and I believe that this is the work of a Bosporan master. Perhaps it was made in the ancient city of Panticapaeum (now the city of Kerch). The subject of the images in this work of art is characteristic of Indo-European peoples,” says Natalya Malyuk, senior researcher at the Museum of Historical Treasures of Ukraine. But these are not final conclusions. The study of the pectoral continues to this day».

  

  Rice. 9. Headdress of an alleged Scythian queen and my reading of the inscriptions

  The note contains another image captioned as “ Headdress of a Scythian queen, Tolstaya Mogila" At the level of the first (upper) tier of gold stripes I read the words: MARY SKIFOV MIMA. In other words, this is not the headdress of a Scythian queen, but PRIESTESSES OF THE SCYTHIAN TEMPLE OF MARA . So in this case, too, lies are being told on behalf of Russian archeology.

  I believe that the above notes and my readings show that the Scythian pectoral from Tolstoy Mogila is indeed Scythian, but it belonged to the priests of the temple of Mary of the warriors of Rurik’s Vimana, and not at all to the mythical king and queen of the Scythians.

  Supposedly an Arab coin from Dagestan.

  This is a small note: " Archaeologists of Dagestan scientific center(DNC) RAS discovered during excavations in Derbent a unique Arab coin of the 8th century.

  

  Rice. 10. General view of the copper coin of Dagestan and my reading of the inscriptions

  It will allow scientists to learn more about the mint that existed in the city at that time, Acting Chairman of the DSC RAS ​​Murtazali Gadzhiev told TASS. “This is a fels coin - a small copper coin. Minted by the governor of Armenia and Azerbaijan. At that time it was one huge province in the system of the Arab Caliphate. The coin is unique, such finds can be counted on one hand,” said the agency’s interlocutor.

  As it was established, the coin was minted in 743-744 AD in Derbent. Scientists know that there was a mint in the city, however, this find provides new information about the time of its existence" I wonder how archaeologists were able to find out about the time of coinage? Not a word is said about this.

  "Several of his coins were known, dated 714-715, 723 and a little later. But this find expands the range of functioning of the mint; now we know that in 743 it was still in Derbent,” said Gadzhiev.

  Derbent is one of the oldest cities in the world. The first settlement of the Kuro-Araks culture, discovered by archaeologists, arose in the Early Bronze Age - at the end of the 4th millennium BC. e. This is the only city of the ancient era that has been preserved in its historical place. Throughout history, it was claimed by the Roman Empire, Byzantium, Parthia, the Khazar Khaganate, the Golden Horde; The city was annexed to Russia in 1806. Currently, Derbent is the second largest city in Dagestan».

  In my opinion, the coin has Russian origin, although intended for the Arabic language of the region. To do this, I read the inscriptions on the coin itself. So, on the upper part, where the large letters are depicted, and then to the right, you can read the words: TEMPLE OF THE ARMY VIMAN RUSI RURIKA YAR. And below, but above the central half arc, I read the text: 33 ARKONS STAN VIMAN VOINOV, 35 AND 30 ARKONS. This means that the coin was intended for Vimana warriors from the main cities of Rurik: LADOGA, VELIKY NOVGOROD AND WEST CAIRO .

  As for the dating, it can be read under the half of the arc, on the left, where the vertical stick rises, on its top: 52 YAR YEAR. In terms of our usual chronology, this leads to the date: 908 A.D. . But not 743 AD at all. Although a little more than a century and a half is not such a big mistake for archaeologists.

  

  Rice. 11. The Pyramid of Antarctica and my reading of the inscriptions

  Inscription on a pyramid from Antarctica.

  Since many mountain ledges of Antarctica are signed in Russian, as I showed in my article, I did not doubt for a second that the pyramid from Antarctica, which is mentioned in the article, is also signed in Russian. And the note itself says: “ As part of another scientific study, scientists discovered 3 pyramidal objects on the Antarctic shelf. According to the preliminary version of geologists, the pyramids are of unnatural origin. They could not have been formed by nature. They were built by man, the scientists concluded.Further research showed that the territory of the pyramidal objects was once a forest, with representatives of the local fauna. Scientists have yet to determine whether these features correspond to historical reality, as well as to the assumptions made regarding the formation of the pyramids.

  One of the archaeologists, present as part of a team of scientific researchers, suggested that the pyramids contain information about an ancient civilization, about representatives of an entire race that once inhabited the Antarctic region. In the near future, scientists will have to find out how true their theory is regarding ancient people who lived here».

  I wrote about this supposed civilization in my article. This was the Russian civilization under the leadership of Yar Rurik, who flew here on vimanas. I believe that even now I will read on the pyramids information about Russian vimanas.

  To read, I enlarge the image size. The front side is visible on the pyramid, as well as the side from which the shadow falls. I start reading from the front side, where first I highlight a large, about a third of the height of the pyramid, face from the front with a slight turn to the right. Whose face is this, I hope to read in the very lines that run across this face.

  I read, starting from the top line, the following text: VIMAN OF WARRIORS TROOPS OF THE TEMPLE OF MARA RURIK YAR. They are written on the face itself. And under it I read the words: VIMAN ARIA And MARA MASK. So now it’s clear whose face is painted on the pyramid: it’s IMAGE OF THE RUSSIAN GODDESS MARA .

  

  Rice. 12. A 5-teeth prosthesis from Italy and my reading of inscriptions

  Denture of 5 teeth.

  Here we also have a small note: “ A prosthesis consisting of five teeth connected by a gold plate was found in an Italian tomb. The Local reports this. It was dated to the end of the 14th - beginning of the 17th century. This is the oldest denture of this type. The find was discovered by archaeologists from the University of Pisa during excavations of a family crypt in the Italian city of Lucca. It was known from written evidence that such dental devices were made in the Middle Ages, but they had not been found before this incident.

  “Although descriptions of such objects are found in texts of that time, archaeologists have until now had no physical evidence. This find is the first archaeological evidence of the existence of gold plate dentures,” says one of the researchers, Dr. Simone Minozzi. Note that the prosthesis consists of five teeth - three incisors and two canines. All the teeth belonged to different people. They were hewn and joined with a thin plate of gold with the addition of silver and copper. The plate was passed through the roots; the teeth were attached to it with miniature gold pins. A layer of tartar indicates that the owner of the denture has worn it for a long time».

  We see the same medical artifact taken from different shooting points, that is, from different angles: A, B, C and D. However, the even names of the angles are not printed. In angle B, I read who the patient was who wore this prosthesis. On two lines I read the signature: MIMA MARY YAR VARYAG. In other words, the owner was PRIESTESS OF THE TEMPLE OF THE BGINI MARA YARA RURIK ..

  Papyri about the Pyramids of Giza.

  This note piqued my interest: “ A few years ago, archaeologists discovered a port that, according to experts, was built 4,600 years ago. The finds were made in Egypt on the shores of the Red Sea, in the Wadi al-Jarf region. Most likely, the purpose of the port was to transport materials for the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza. In addition to the harbor, archaeologists found the oldest known archive of papyri, which provide a definitive answer to the question: who built the pyramids. There is no room left for conspiracy theories.

  

  Rice. 13. Ancient papyrus found in Wadi al-Jarf and my reading of the inscriptions

  Pierre Tallet, a professor at the Sorbonne University in Paris, told Haaretz that his group found the ancient harbor not far from the huge papyrus archive it discovered, which is the oldest of all known repositories. This happened in 2013, but a small part of the finds was exhibited in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo only in the summer of 2016.

  The papyri were created during the reign of the second pharaoh of the IV dynasty of the Ancient Kingdom of Egypt, Khufu, also known as Cheops (2580 - 2550 BC). They describe the structure of the state, the daily life of the pyramid builders, and how building materials were transported from the port to Giza. The ancient documents are very well preserved: the length of some sheets reaches a whole meter. The discovery finally refutes the tales that the Egyptians allegedly used incredible technologies that are inaccessible to modern man.

  In addition, the archive contained accounting records - tables displaying daily or monthly supplies of food from different places, including the Nile Delta. They mainly transported bread and beer for the port workers. Since the harbor is located far from Giza, it is likely that ships loaded with copper and minerals from which construction tools were made came into it. Pierre Tallet believes that the open port gives an idea of ​​how Cheops ruled, ordered and organized his subordinates almost 5 thousand years ago. The pharaoh was not only a great pyramid builder, but also a merchant, because the ancient Egyptians traded in all the coastal cities of the Red and Mediterranean Seas. Ancient Egypt inextricably linked with ship craft, sailing boats could sail up to 80 kilometers a day and were used not only for trade, but also for military operations.

  Under the waves washing the coast of Wadi al-Jarf, archaeologists discovered a monumental pier 200 meters long, built from large limestone blocks. Apparently, it also served as a breakwater, providing a quiet, safe harbor for moored ships. The finds also included 22 ship anchors, next to which lay several large vessels and pottery kilns. Not far from the pier, scientists found the remains of quite large stone buildings (30 meters long, 8-12 meters wide). Talle told Haaretz that the buildings likely served as storage areas for food and materials for workers, overnight accommodations for sailors, and as administrative centers for port operations. Near them, 99 stone anchors were excavated with red inscriptions - the names of the ships; some anchors even had preserved ropes tied to them. Impressive organization for such an ancient era!

  Cheops has always been considered a harsh taskmaster, forcing the Egyptians to give 20 years of their lives to carry blocks for the pyramid that the pharaoh was building for his own aggrandizement. The ancient Greek historian Herodotus wrote that Cheops hired so many workers that just keeping them working on radishes and onions cost 1,600 silver talents (a talent is an ancient measure of weight, 1 talent is equal to about 30 kilograms), that is, about 48 thousand kilograms of silver.

  However, modern Egyptologists doubt the “black legends about Cheops” and believe that Herodotus overestimated the number of pyramid builders. According to Pierre Tallet, recent calculations have shown that in fact 5 thousand people are needed for construction, or 15 thousand if we take into account the people who delivered raw materials to Giza. Another misconception is that the Egyptians were treated like slaves at the construction site. In reality, they were free artisans who served under the royal administration, and, judging by the records on the found papyri, they were quite privileged persons».

  This note provides the usual dating for archaeologists of the reign of Pharaoh Cheops (2580 - 2550 BC). Archaeologists believe that the papyri date back to this time.

  However, I have a different opinion. In Fig. 13 on the top of the papyrus I read the words: VIMAN WARRIORS. And at the bottom of the papyrus I read the numbers 35 And 30 , which mean ARKON YAR numbers, that is VELIKY NOVGOROD And WEST CAIRO . In other words, this papyrus was originally intended for the warriors of Rurik’s Vimana, and only later was used for Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops).

  Discussion.

  The purpose of this article, first of all, was to understand that the gold jewelry of the Scythians was created not by the Scythians at all, but for the Scythians, but not by the Greeks, but by the masters of Veliky Novgorod. I think I succeeded, at least for the pectoral.

  Let me remind you that, according to Wikipedia, “ Scythians (ancient Greek Σκύθης, Σκύθοι, also known by the names: Scyth, Saka, Sakae, Sacae, Sai, Iskuzai, Askuzai) are an ancient Indo-European people who existed in the 8th century. BC e. - IV century n. e. In a narrow sense, Scythians mean Iranian-speaking tribes that lived in the steppe zone of the Northern Black Sea region from the Danube to the Don, called Scythia in ancient Greek sources. Information about the Scythians is known from the writings of ancient authors (especially Herodotus) and archaeological excavations. Peoples related to the Scythians in language and culture were the Sauromatians (Sarmatians), Sakas and Massagetae.

  The Scythians were divided into several large tribes. According to Herodotus, the dominant ones were royal Scythians- the easternmost of the Scythian tribes, bordering the Don with the Sauromatians, also occupied the steppe Crimea. To the west they lived Scythian nomads, and even further west, on the left bank of the Dnieper - Scythian farmers. On the right bank of the Dnieper, in the basin of the Southern Bug, near the city of Olvia, they lived callipids, or Helleno-Scythians, north of them - alazons, and even further north - Scythian plowmen » .

  In any case, both pastoral nomads and farmers-plowmen, the Scythians did not have the tool base, the level of aesthetics and the experience necessary to make gold items such as the pectoral from Tolstoy Mogila. However, for the cultural capital of Yar Rurik, for Veliky Novgorod, this was just the right level, because All Rus' of Rurik was the power of the entire globe, so Veliky Novgorod was, for its intended purpose, a world-class cultural capital.

  So “golden royal pectoral of the 4th century BC” was indeed a golden pectoral, but not a royal one (but a priestly one) and made 1300 years later. So after 45 years of studying it, archaeologists have not come to the correct attribution and dating. Moreover, it turns out that it (like the first birch bark letter) was not found by a professional archaeologist, but at that time by a fireman, although he had access to the Institute of Archaeology. He acquired a historical education after his discovery. However, this education did not bring him any progress in understanding the origin and function of the found pectoral. But it brought me an apartment and a bonus, as well as a legal job at the Institute of Archeology.

  Before my research, modern archaeological science does not know the true origin of the pectoral, as can be judged from the scientific publication (monograph). It begins with a eulogy to D.S. Raevsky: “ The fundamental monograph by D.S., published back in 1985. Raevsky’s “Model of the World of Scythian Culture” rightly claimed to create in domestic science a precedent for a systematic and complete (to the extent of the available material) consideration of the issue of the formation of a probabilistic model of the Scythian worldview. The concept put forward by the author is based on a deep analysis of archaeological and literary discourses and fits the Scythian model of the world into a broad Iranian, Indo-Iranian and Indo-European context. In my opinion, this book can still rightfully be considered the pinnacle of modern Russian Scythology».

  I was familiar not only with the aforementioned monograph by Raevsky (it is still stored in my home library), but also with Raevsky himself, who in 2006 did not even criticize my speech at the Moscow Institute of Archeology, but simply asked: “Who released the this speaker's stage? - But he released it himself as the chairman of this meeting. He just didn’t bother to read the abstracts I sent long before the conference on archaeoastronomy. And that’s why I was struck by his inconsistency and unprincipledness. As for the belonging of the pectoral to Iranian-speaking peoples, then, as I showed, the mound itself, and the temple under it, and the pectoral, and the priestess’s cap contained exclusively Russian inscriptions and not a single Iranian one.

  So the lie of Raevsky (now deceased) was supported in 2010 by V.Yu. Mikhailin. However, far from completely, because already on the same page Mikhailin writes: “ D. S. Raevsky’s masterful interpretations of specific Scythian “texts” and entire semantic complexes are based on a strictly systematic methodological base. However, it is precisely this base, from my point of view, that from time to time fails the author, putting his interpretative technology depending on a structural-semiotic model that is not always adequate to the material. As a result, the author’s original and conceptual observations are formalized into a rather controversial, in my opinion, interpretative system - to which I would like to contrast my own, based on the analysis of the semantic material attracted by D. S. Raevsky».

  And then there is an analysis of the composition as if it were not about an allegory of Rurik Air Force soldiers depicting aviation in the form of cavalry, but about a direct display of animals and plants on the pectoral. This is the same as considering the technique of oil painting only from the point of view of specific pigments distributed on one or another area of ​​the canvas, giving their mass in grams or milliliters per square decimeter of surface. And issuing serious conclusions that the goal of this or that artist’s composition was to achieve a certain proportion between warm and cold coloring substances.

  I note that in the center of the pectoral I did not notice any calendar or special symbol, as some readers hinted at, whose opinion was conveyed to me by the REN TV director who interviewed me. I noticed the inscriptions and cited them in the text of this article.

  As for the minting of coins for Rurik’s warriors, I have already encountered this several times in my various articles. Moreover, the text on them was written in two languages: explicitly - in local, implicitly - in Russian. So the coin I examined from Dagestan has an explicit Arabic text, and an implicit one - Russian.

  The inscriptions on the pyramid from Antarctica were new to me just like the inscriptions on the pyramid, but not new like the inscriptions in Antarctica. Already in my work, I noted that Antarctica was discovered a thousand years before Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky by the warriors of Yar Rurik’s Vimana, that is, still Russians. So new inscriptions only complemented these discoveries.

  Inscriptions on dentures from Italy showed that in this case, archaeologists did not ancientize, but shortened the dating. The prosthetics belonged to the priestess of the temple of Mary Rurik, that is, they belonged to the 9th-10th centuries AD.

  Finally, Egyptian papyrus was first used by the warriors of Rurik’s Vimana, and only then by Pharaoh Cheops.

  It turns out that all the artifacts I analyzed belonged to the material and spiritual culture of Rurik’s era, which is very important to me, because lately I have been searching for things from his era.

  Conclusion.

  It is clear that the study of the culture of Rurik’s era will continue.

  Literature.

  1. Shama Oleg. A precious accident. 44 years ago, archaeologists found the famous Scythian pectoral. 09/27/2015.

It is kept in the Museum of Historical Treasures of Ukraine in Kyiv. The minimum insurance value of the pectoral - the golden breastplate of the Scythian royal power - is more than one and a half million US dollars, weight - 1150 grams, diameter - 30.6 centimeters, gold purity - 958.

Some kind of premonition

The pectoral was found in 1971 in the grave of a Scythian king, in a mound of the third quarter of the 4th century BC, on the outskirts of the current city of Ordzhonikidze, Dnepropetrovsk region. This mound is known among archaeologists as Tolstaya Mogila, but previously it was considered unpromising, since it was robbed in ancient times, and then the entrance collapsed.
But in the early 70s of the 20th century, the management of the mining plant, on whose territory Tolstaya Mogila was located, turned to the Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR with a request to “free the industrial zone from a pile of earth.” The excavation of the mound was entrusted to a freelancer from the Institute of Archeology B.N. Mozolevsky.
According to Boris Nikolaevich, when he found himself in front of the mound in February 1971, he felt a certain premonition: “In front of me stood a mountain that had guarded its secrets for the 23rd century.” According to Mozolevsky’s calculations, up to two and a half thousand people took part in the construction of the “mountain” 8.6 meters high, who, having completed the work, staged a funeral feast for the king, as evidenced by the mass of fragments of amphorae, as well as many bones - horses, wild boars, deer - in the ditch around the mound.

The mysticism of the find

When archaeologists cleared the corridor leading to the central burial chamber, they discovered that the robbers were probably scared off by someone, and in their haste, they dropped a bronze mace, as well as several gold and silver items.
As if the kidnappers were fleeing from someone
Could it be from the spirits of vengeance - the ghosts of servants, grooms and guards buried along with the royals? Although these guards did not prevent the ruler from being robbed, the thieves were looking for valuables only in ritual places known to them, and were not interested in other “cache”. Therefore, in addition to the remains of the king and fragments of scaly armor scattered on the earthen floor, Mozolevsky managed to find a sword with a gold-lined hilt and scabbard not far from the chamber.
The side burial chamber of the queen and the two-year-old prince turned out to be intact. The woman was most likely 20-30 years old at the time of her death. Along with her remains, they found a headdress decorated with large gold plates, gold pendants depicting a goddess sitting with her arms raised, a neck ornament - a gold hryvnia weighing 478 grams, three gold bracelets and 11 rings. The prince was clutching a gold bracelet in his hands, and next to him lay a belt with gold buttons. In total, 600 gold items were found in the queen’s chamber out of the thousand found in the mound.
But on June 21, on the pagan Day of the Dead, it was as if someone pulled Mozolevsky into the king’s chamber, and at 14:30 the archaeologist’s hand came across an object in the earthen floor that had escaped the robbers. In the light of day he “shone like the Sun” - and it was the summer solstice! - the find turned out to be the now world-famous Scythian pectoral.

Golden symbol of power

A pectoral is a decoration made of four twisted wire strands with three rows of figures and symbols between them, made in the Scythian technique of relief microscopic toreutics. Images of the life of the Scythians, the life of the flora and fauna of the steppes alternate with mythical griffins, which chew horses too naturally, and nearby, no less aggressively, a lion and a leopard attack a deer and a wild boar, dogs chase hares.
In contrast to the bottom, “animal” row, where even steppe grasshoppers are ready to fly up in alarm, the middle row of images is “floristic”: five doves are sitting on bindweed plants, two of them in the center, one at a time looking into the lower and upper rows of the pectoral .
In the center of the top row, two bare-chested Scythians, kneeling, are mending a cape made of sheep's wool (one can even see a vein thread clenched in his fist). Horses, cows, goats with their cubs graze on the side of them. One Scythian woman, legs crossed, milks a sheep into an amphora, and the other, having milked it, closes the vessel with a stopper. The top row is completed by flying ducks.
Without a doubt, there is a hidden meaning in all this, well known to the owner of the pectoral. After all, the signs of Scythian royal power have always been distinguished by the specificity of symbols inherent in the system of power in Scythia itself.

Did you know that...

Chest calendar

For Scythologists, the symbolism of the images of the upper row of the pectoral is no secret - two Scythian kings (in Scythia, as in Sparta, there was a tradition of dual power) are holding in their hands the golden fleece - a symbol of the “gold-abundant” country. And the fact that cattle with offspring graze near the kings indicates the spring season.
According to Kyiv researcher S. Paukov, the plot of the series is connected with preparations for the main cult holiday of the Scythians - the New Year. Their year began on March 21, the day of the vernal equinox, which coincided with the appearance of cubs in domestic animals. The Scythians were sun worshipers and revered gold as the solar metal,” so for the main holiday of the country, the kings prepared a sacred relic - the “Golden Fleece,” which they carried at the New Year’s ceremony.
With the preparation for the New Year, in the literal sense of the word, the middle, “floristic” row is connected on the pectoral: just then the grass was turning green in the steppe, bindweed plants with flowers appeared, and birds were flying in.
The same Paukov noticed that in the upper row of the pectoral there are 16 figures, and in the lower row - 23. The Scythian calendar consisted of 16 months of 23 days each.

Was Herodotus right?

Researchers D. Raevsky and M. Rusyaeva were the first to examine the individual facial features of the kings on the pectoral: from these features one can even determine the age and mood of the men. In particular, Rusyaeva noticed the similarity of the profile of one of them with the famous images of the Scythian king Atey (429-339 BC), after whose death the Scythians moved the residence of their power from the steppes of the Black Sea region to the Crimea, near present-day Simferopol.
In this regard, Paukov came to the conclusion back in 1998 that the “golden fleece” of the pectoral is a “map of the Scythian possessions” of the 4th century BC, and the outline of the “rune” follows the contour of the Black Sea coast when the sea level was lower, and on In the area of ​​the Sea of ​​Azov there was a valley of swamps.
According to Paukov, on the pectoral one king (Atey) points to the Crimea with the finger of his right hand (even the “curl” of the Tendrovskaya spit is visible), where there was the center of foreign trade of the Scythians - Scythian Naples, and the other king with his right palm is covering something on the rune, and this “hidden place” coincides with the silhouette of the Scythian Necropolis - the place of “the graves of the founding fathers of the kings.” Herodotus called this “city of the dead” with the term Gerras (the Molochnaya River, which still flows today, was called the same in ancient times), noting that the sacred gold of the Scythians was hidden here, the location of which the royal Scythians saved at the cost of their own lives.

Another secret

It concerns the mythical griffins - creatures with the body of a lion, with the head and wings of an eagle, which the ancient Greeks called “guardians of gold in the land of the Hyperboreans.” And the legend about how griffins appeared in the Northern Black Sea region has reached our time.
They were once brought here by a squally north-east wind, Borey (still occurring in the Novorossiysk-Bora region). Seeing the Scythians had gold jewelry, weapons, and household items, the griffins began to take them away from the people, but the Scythians quickly hid their jewelry. Then the griffins in a rage attacked the Scythian horses, and predatory animals came to the aid of the monsters, tormenting other animals in order to deprive the Scythians of meat food. Even the steppe grasshoppers suffered - many of them died under the hooves of herbivores, rushing about in horror across the steppe.
The Scythians gathered in the Exampey sanctuary and turned to the mistress of the sky, Tabiti, with a request to expel the monsters. The goddess at night “lit a path in the sky - and along it the griffins flew back to the Hyperboreans. All these events are depicted on the pectoral. But here’s another interesting thing: griffins, these mythical guardians of gold, became the emblem of the Museum of Historical Treasures of Ukraine, and since April 21, 1999, they have been approved on the coat of arms of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.