Arguments about the problem of heroism in war. The manifestation of the heroism of the Soviet people during the war

Essay-argument “The problem of manifestation of heroism”, written in March 201911th grade student Yuliana Barmina in preparation for the Unified State Exam 2019.Teacher Semyonova Irina Valerianovna, Moscow . Tutorial: “Unified State Exam. Russian language: standard exam options: 36 options” / ed. I. P. Tsybulko. – M.: Publishing house “National Education”, 2019 – 384 p.; option 15, pp. 143-146, 368.

The problem of manifestation of heroism.

Russian Soviet writer Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin in the story “The Power of the Strong”raises the issue of manifestation of heroism during the Great Patriotic War. In my opinion, heroism is a manifestation of the highest degree of courage, when a person in a dangerous situation commits a strong-willed act, while showing skill, courage, perseverance, dedication for the sake of the integrity of the Motherland, the freedom of his native people, victory over conquerors, in the name of saving people and animals, found themselves in trouble.

Revealing the problem of heroism, Veniamin Kaverin narrates O junior lieutenant Lev Nikolsky, who defended his Ph.D. thesis a week ago and now finds himself on the battlefield, surrounded by fascists, burning and destroying everything in their path. With emotional tension, the author asks in bewilderment at the beginning of the work: “And now?..” The candidate of philological sciences, wounded in the chest, now found himself next to twelve Soviet soldiers, who lost their lives in an unequal battle with the enemy, and with the seriously wounded scout Petya. Will the two of them survive the battle with the enemy?

The author expresses the horror of the situation the metaphor “bare piece of land”, the epithet “dead rye field”; and the lonely birch tree, “shuddering from the shots and dropping its leaves,” is associated among readers with the tears of a woman horrified by the severe ordeal that befell the Soviet people.

“Oh, I wish I could get close to this gun!” the soldier thinks. In an exclamatory sentence, the emotional interjection “eh” conveys state of mind Lev Nikolsky, and the formative particle “would” enhances the meaning of the verb “to get close” - to approach, to approach unnoticeably.

These examples confirm how selflessly and heroically the soldiers behave: do not surrender, do not hide in tall, swampy grass. Nikolsky makes his way to the firing German gun, and Petya uses his last strength to fire the machine gun.

The author admires feat of Soviet soldiers. It’s not for nothing that at the end of the text, in four sentences, he lists why Nikolsky shot twenty fascists: for Petya’s poems, for the burned villages, for human grief.

I also, like the author, I think that For the sake of victory over the Nazis, the junior lieutenant and intelligence officer performed a heroic feat, not sparing their lives. Fascism threatens the world today, therefore, we must be ready to repel enemy forces. I know many examples of Russian heroism. For example, while browsing the news feed on the Internet, I read about the hero Russian Federation Alexandra Petrovich Zhukov. A military rescuer as part of a search group made dozens of landings in areas where Chechen militants were located to rescue the crews of downed aircraft and remove the wounded from the battlefield. The seriously wounded Zhukov was captured and tortured, but did not convert to Islam, did not condemn Russian policies, and did not give the code for calling helicopters. In a night battle in March 2000, the militants, fearing tripwires and booby traps, placed a prisoner in front of them as a shield, but Russian troops freed Alexander and took him to the hospital.

In conclusion I would like to note the following: we treat the heroes with respect and remember that we ourselves must be ready for the selfless defense of the Fatherland at any moment. (423 words.)

TEXT FOR ANALYSIS.

(1) It was almost impossible to imagine that only a week ago he defended his dissertation on the topic “The Ancient Tales of European Peoples.” (2) And now? so that a person could not exist on it.
(4) On one side of this piece of land lay, hidden behind clay mounds, the Nazis, who had come to a foreign, distant country on the orders of their Fuhrer, destroying and burning everything in their path. (5) Not far from them, on this side of the dead rye field, lay only one - candidate of philological sciences, junior lieutenant Lev Nikolsky.
(6) He was surrounded and, according to all the rules of war, had to put down his weapons and surrender to the victors. (7) But he did not consider himself defeated: the machine gun was still working, and if it had fallen silent, a rifle and grenades would have been used. (8) However, he was not alone. (9) Twelve dead comrades, who just yesterday, together with him, defended this bare piece of land with a lonely birch tree, lay along the trench.
(12) Now he lay, wounded in the chest, and looked at the sky, autumn, but clear, with rare clouds illuminated from below. (13) The birch tree trembled from the shots, and yellow leaves fell on the wounded man from time to time. (14) One leaf fell on Petya’s face, but Petya did not brush it off or move. (10) The thirteenth turned out to be alive. (11) This was scout Petya Danilov, the favorite of the entire regiment, a talented and intelligent guy who wrote poetry and read them aloud in the hottest moments of the battle.
(15) During one of the rare pauses of silence, Nikolsky crawled up to Petya and, brushing off the leaf,
took him by the hand.
- (16) How are you, huh?
“(17) Nothing,” Petya answered barely audibly, “it’s hard to breathe.” (18) Listen... - he paused, then began to hardly take papers out of his tunic pocket.
- (19) My poems are left here, send them along with the letter, okay?
(20) He must have spent no more than five minutes with Petya, and the Germans, taking advantage of the fact that the machine gun had fallen silent, advanced much further to the trench.
(21) Nikolsky gave a burst, then another - they lay down. (22) Then they began to approach again, hiding between the rare bunches of rye sticking out in the field. (23) The bad thing was that to the left, about two hundred meters from the birch tree, there was a gun. (24) True, it did not shoot at the trench, but into the depths, to where the dark, still smoking ruins of the burnt village were visible on the horizon. (25) But at any moment it could strike the trench, which was defended by a unit consisting of twelve killed, one seriously wounded and one alive. (26) Oh, I wish I could get close to this weapon! (27) And there was a path - right there, where, behind the outcrops of the dug-up brown earth, a swamp with tall grass began. (28) But there was nothing to think about! (29) He understood that the Germans would capture the trench as soon as the machine gun fell silent...
(30) Nikolsky listened, and for the first time his heart trembled, and he clenched his teeth, eyes, and whole face tightly to cope with his involuntary excitement. (31) Petya read poetry, he was delirious, but his voice was clear and sonorous:
There is a street in our capital,
There is a house, and in that house
You've been in Ognevitsa for the fifth night
You're lying on your deathbed...
(32) Petya read with his eyes closed, and every word came out clearly and smoothly. (33) He had a darkened scary face when, putting his hand into a mug of water, he began to move it over his face and eyes. (34) Then he poured water on his head and, leaning heavily on Nikolsky, crawled towards the machine gun.
-(35) Yes! (Z6) Go,” he said, grabbing the handles of the machine gun...
(37) Making his way along the path to the swamp, Nikolsky heard Petya’s ringing voice,
reciting poetry between machine gun bursts:
Don't you dream about our meetings?
Outside, in the bitter cold.
Or our love speeches
And caresses, and caresses to the point of tears?
(38) Drawing his head into his shoulders, he gently sank into the grass and crawled silently, guessing rather than seeing the slightly crushed path that crossed the swamp. (39) He approached the gun from behind and lay for some time, listening to the Germans talking in sharp, confident voices. (40) He waited for the entire crew to gather near the gun...
(41) The Germans who occupied the trench were taken by surprise, and Nikolsky immediately killed about twenty people with the first shell from an already loaded gun. (42) 3 and the poems that Petya read between machine-gun bursts! (43) 3 and the smoking ruins of a burned village! (44)3a of robbed women and children wandering through the forests without shelter or food. (45)3and the grief of every family, for separation from loved ones, for Anya and her little son, whom he may never see again...

(According to V. A. Kaverin)

War is the most difficult and difficult time for all people. These are experiences, fear, mental and physical pain. The hardest thing at this time is for the participants in the war and hostilities. They are the ones who protect the people at risk own life.

What is war? How to overcome fear during combat? These and other questions are raised by Viktor Aleksandrovich Kurochkin in his text. However, the author examines in more detail the problem of the manifestation of heroism in war.

To attract the attention of readers to the problem posed, the writer talks about the heroic act of Sanya Maleshkin in the war. The hero, to help the tank driver overcome his fear, ran in front of the self-propelled gun, not even thinking that he could easily be killed.

He knew that the order to drive the Nazis out of the village must be carried out, no matter what. The author also draws our attention to the fact that Sanya did not give up his driver and when asked why he was running in front of the tank, he answered: “He was very cold, so he ran to warm up.” It is in performing courageous and risky actions that true heroism lies. It was no coincidence that Maleshkin was nominated for the title of Hero.

V.A. Kurochkin believes that a true hero is a person who will defend his homeland, his people and comrades, no matter what. And even danger and risk of his own life will not prevent him from fulfilling his duty.

Reflecting on the problem posed, I remembered M. A. Sholokhov’s work “The Fate of a Man.” His main character During the war he faced not only physical but also moral difficulties. He lost his entire family, his closest people. However, this man, like a true Russian hero, found the strength to continue to defend his homeland, his people. Along with the heroic, Andrei Sokolov performs a moral feat: he adopts a child who lost his parents in the war. This man is an example of a true hero who cannot be broken by war and its terrible consequences.

A person who loves his homeland will never betray it. Even if it entails dire consequences. Let us recall V. Bykov’s work “Sotnikov”. His main character, along with a friend, was sent to search for food for the detachment. However, they were captured by the fascist police. Sotnikov endured all the torture and torment, but never gave out information to the enemies. However, his friend Rybak not only told everything, but also agreed to go serve with the Nazis, in order to save his life, he personally killed his comrade. Sotnikov turned out to be a true patriot, a man unable to betray his homeland even in the face of death. It is such a person that can be called a true hero.

Thus, true heroism can only be shown by a person who will fight for his homeland, risking his life and being in danger. And no obstacles can stand in the way of a true hero.

In the text proposed for analysis, Yu. Ya. Yakovlev raises the problem of feat, heroism and selflessness. This is exactly what he is thinking about.

This problem of a social and moral nature cannot but worry modern people.

The writer reveals this problem using the example of a story about one history teacher who had the opportunity to save his life, but upon learning that the inhabitants of Kragujevac were dying, among whom were his students, he decided to be with the children in their dying hour, so that they would not it was so scary and softened the picture of horror that unfolded before them: “He was afraid of being late and ran all the way, and when he got to Kragujevac, he could barely stand on his feet.

He found his class and gathered all his students. And many more children joined this fifth grade, because when the teacher is nearby, it’s not so scary.”

And the writer also shows the teacher’s courage, fearlessness and dedication, his love for children, how he inspired them by teaching them his last lesson: “Children,” said the teacher, “I told you how real people died for their homeland. Now

our turn has come. Let's go! Your final history lesson begins." And the fifth grade followed their teacher.”

The author's position is clear: Yu. Ya. Yakovlev believes that a feat can be understood not only as saving the lives of other people, but also as help in the hour of death, for example, becoming a role model and support, especially if this means sacrificing your life.

This problem is reflected in fiction. For example, in F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment,” Sonya Marmeladova sacrifices herself, living on a “yellow ticket” in order to feed her stepmother, who is sick with consumption, her young children and her drunkard father. Sonya helps Raskolnikov overcome himself, shares his fate, following him to hard labor. Throughout the entire novel, Sonya performs repeated feats, trying to save and saving the lives of people dear and close to her, which characterizes her as a highly moral person, strong in spirit.

Another example is Maxim Gorky’s story “The Old Woman Izergil,” in particular, the legend of Danko, which is told by the old woman Izergil. Danko, to prove his love for people, tore open his chest, took out his burning heart and ran forward, holding it like a torch, thereby leading people out of the dark forest. Danko is the embodiment of selfless, sublime and sacrificial love for people; he accomplished a feat by sacrificing himself for their salvation.

Thus, we can draw the following conclusion: feat means not only saving the lives of others, but also help and self-sacrifice.

The problem of selfless labor

* Osip Dymov, hero of the story by A.P. Chekhov's "The Jumper", fully aware of the danger and the risk he is taking, decides to save a boy suffering from diphtheria. The patient recovers, but the doctor dies. The author believes that the ability to follow one’s professional duty even under dangerous circumstances is a gift without which society will not survive.

In the story “The Photograph in which I am not”, V. Astafiev talks about young teachers who made repairs at the school, found textbooks, etc. One day one of them rushed to save children from a snake. Probably, such a person will become a worthy example for his students.

The problem of heroism during the Great Patriotic War

*We learn about the heroism of soldiers from A. Fedorov’s book “Nightingales”.

*The cruel truth of the war is shown in B. Vasilyev’s story “And the Dawns Here Are Quiet.”

*Looking back, we have no right to forget the countless sacrifices. E. Yevtushenko was right when he wrote in the story “Fuku”:

The one who will forget yesterday's victims,

Maybe tomorrow's victim will be.

The problem of heroism of people of peaceful professions during the Great Patriotic War

Breeders besieged Leningrad in conditions of wild famine, they managed to preserve priceless varieties of selective wheat for a future peaceful life.

E. Krieger, a famous modern prose writer, in the story “Light” tells how during the hostilities the power plant workers decided not to evacuate with the residents of the village, but to work. The “light-emitting power plant,” as the author called it, not only generated electricity, but also inspired the soldiers and helped them remember what they were fighting for.

The cycle of stories by A. Krutetsky “In the steppes of Bashkiria” shows the hard work of collective farmers living with the slogan “Everything for the front, everything for victory!”

F. Abramov’s novel “Brothers and Sisters” tells about the feat of Russian women who spent the best years of their lives on the labor front during the Great Patriotic War.

Teacher Ales Moroz, the hero of V. Bykov’s story “Obelisk,” in occupied Belarus, risking his life, instilled in his students hatred of the invaders. When the guys are arrested, he surrenders to the fascists in order to support them in a tragic moment.

School education is coming to an end. Now the focus of all students' attention It is no secret that a very large number of points can be obtained by writing an essay. That is why in this article we will write in detail a plan for the essay and discuss the most common topic in the exam, the problem of courage. Of course, there are quite a lot of topics: the attitude towards the Russian language, the role of mother, teacher, childhood in a person’s life and many others. Students have particular difficulty in arguing the issue of courage.

Many the most talented writers dedicated their works to the theme of heroism and courage, but they do not remain so firmly in our memory. In this regard, we will refresh them a little and give the best arguments to defend your point of view from fiction.

Essay plan

To begin with, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the plan for a correct essay, which, if all the points are present, will bring you the maximum possible points.

An essay on the Unified State Examination in the Russian language is very different from an essay on social studies, literature, and so on. This work has a strict form that is best not to be violated. So, what does the plan for our future essay look like:

Introduction. What is the purpose of this paragraph? We need to smoothly lead our reader to the main problem raised in the text. This is a short paragraph of three to four sentences, but it clearly relates to the topic of your essay.
Identification of the problem. In this part we are talking about the fact that we read the text proposed for analysis and identified one of the problems. When you state a problem, think about the arguments in advance. As a rule, there are two or more of them in the text, choose the one that is most beneficial for you.
Your comment. You need to explain and characterize it. This should take you no more than seven sentences.
Note the author’s position, what he thinks and how he feels about the problem. Maybe he's trying to do something?
Your position. You must write whether you agree with the author of the text or not, justify your answer.
Arguments. There should be two of them (from literature, history, personal experience). Teachers still suggest focusing on arguments from literature.
Conclusion of no more than three sentences. Summarize everything you said. An ending option such as a rhetorical question is also possible. It will make you think, and the essay will be completed quite effectively.

As you can see from the plan, the hardest part is the argumentation. Now we will select examples for the problem of courage, we will use exclusively literary sources.

"The Fate of Man"

The theme of the problem of courage is the main idea of Mikhail Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of Man.” Dedication and courage are the main concepts that characterize the main character Andrei Sokolov. Our character is able to step over all the obstacles that fate has in store for him, to carry his cross with his head held high. He shows these qualities not only during military service, but also in captivity.

It seemed that the worst was over, but trouble did not come alone, there was another very difficult test ahead - the death of his loved ones. Now Andrey speaks of selflessness, he has gathered his last strength fist and visited the very place where there was once a quiet and family life.

"And the dawns here are quiet"

The problem of courage and perseverance is reflected in such a work as Vasiliev’s story. Only here these qualities are attributed to fragile and gentle creatures - girls. This work tells us that Russian women can also be real heroes, fight on an equal basis with men and defend their interests even in such global senses.

The author tells about the difficult fate of several completely innocent similar friends on a friend of women who were brought together by a great misfortune - the Great Patriotic War. Although their lives had previously developed differently, they all had the same ending - death while performing a combat mission.

A story about a real person

Which is also found in abundance in “The Tale of a Real Man” by Boris Polevoy.

The work talks about the difficult fate of a pilot who loved the sky very much. For him, flying is the meaning of life, like wings for a bird. But they were cut off for him by a German fighter. Despite his injuries, Meresyev crawled through the forest for a very long time; he had neither water nor food. He overcame this difficulty, but there was more to come. He lost his legs, he had to learn to use prosthetics, but this man was so strong in spirit that he even learned to dance on them.

Despite a large number of obstacles, Meresyev regained his wings. One can only envy the heroism and dedication of the hero.

“Not on the lists”

Since we are interested in the problem of courage, we selected arguments from literature about war and hard fate heroes. Also, Boris Vasiliev’s novel “Not on the Lists” is dedicated to the fate of Nikolai, who had just graduated from college, went to serve and came under fire. He was not listed in any documents, but it never occurred to him to run away like a “rat from a ship,” he fought bravely and defended the honor of his homeland.