Features of the structure of complex sentences. Complex Sentences: Types of Complex Sentences

The concept of a complex sentence

In linguistics, two main concepts of the essence of a complex sentence have been put forward.

According to the first of them (going back to the works of A. M. Peshkovsky and A. A. Shakhmatov), a complex sentence is understood as a connection, combination, concatenation of sentences, each of which retains its semantic and structural independence. Considering that a simple sentence included in a complex sentence does not lose its essential features, supporters of this point of view come, in particular, to deny the existence of a complex sentence as a syntactic unit.

According to the second concept of the essence of a complex sentence (substantiated in the works of V. A. Bogoroditsky, N. S. Pospelov, V. V. Vinogradov), its components, constituting a single syntactic unit, lose their independence. This point of view is most widespread. However, its supporters are faced with the question of what is the difference between a complex sentence and a simple one. There are certain disagreements between linguists on this issue.

A number of authors believe that a complex sentence is a combination of predicative units based on a syntactic connection, built according to one or another structural scheme and intended to function as a single communicative whole. The components of a complex sentence have the formal and semantic organization characteristic of simple sentences, but lack communicative independence. Other authors take a different position on this issue, believing that in order to create a complex sentence, its components not only must be deprived of communicative independence, but must differ from the corresponding simple independent sentences in structure and function.

Still others believe that simple sentences become components of a complex sentence, undergoing certain changes under the influence of syntactic connections, but the components of a complex sentence are characterized by varying degrees of similarity to simple sentences. Some may differ in both structure and function, while others may be distinguished only by the lack of communicative independence.

Some features of the use of complex sentences

complex sentence legal speech

Among the errors and shortcomings associated with the use of complex sentences, direct and indirect speech, the most common are the following: incorrect construction of the sentence structure itself, the use of unnecessarily cumbersome constructions.

1. One of the most common shortcomings is cluttering a complex sentence with subordinate clauses.

Wed: A statement by representatives of foreign circles, ignoring the fact that trade relations, which have been steadily developing in recent years and are showing a tendency to further increase, indicates that someone is still interested in preserving the atmosphere of the Cold War and eliminating the mass desire for friendship that has embraced the peoples of Europe and America, and this cannot but affect the actions of our state, which continues to count on the success of the negotiations, although it understands that achieving progress in such negotiations will not be easy, but we are accustomed to overcoming difficulties.

· It is also inappropriate to string together the same type of syntactic constructions of a compound or complex sentence.

2. In some cases, the same situation can be expressed using both complex and complex sentences.

Wed: He came inAnd we got up;When he entered, we stood up.

· At the same time, cases of “structure failure” are often observed in speech: a sentence that begins as a complex sentence ends as a complex sentence, and vice versa. This is unacceptable!

Wed: When Murka was tired of messing with kittens,And she went somewhere to sleep.

3. Grammatical errors also include the use of different types of parts of a complex sentence.

For example: The representative of our delegation put forward two points: 1) without Russia, the Council of Europe cannot fully function; 2) the need to stabilize the situation in the Caucasus. In this non-union sentence, when explaining in the first case, a two-part sentence is used ( The council cannot function, in the second - denomination sentence with one main member - subject necessity(this part can also be characterized as a phrase rather than a sentence).

4. A speech defect when constructing a complex sentence is the so-called construction shift.

For example: The last thing I will talk about is cost overruns. In this case, in the main clause ( One last thing...it's about cost overruns.) there was a shift in the construction under the influence of the subordinate clause ( what will I say). A more grammatically correct construction would be: The last thing I'll say is cost overruns..

5. Errors and shortcomings associated with the incorrect use of conjunctions and allied words are very common in speech:

A) using several conjunctions, allied words, extra particles at the same time would at the union to .

b) inappropriate insertion or, on the contrary, illegal omission of demonstrative words: that, that, such etc.

V) inappropriate use of one conjunction or allied word instead of another:

G) inappropriate use of both a conjunction and an allied word with homogeneous subordination:

6. In some types of complex sentences, infinitive sentences can be used (the predicate is expressed in them by an independent infinitive). This is only possible if the main and subordinate clauses talk about the same character:

To avoid missing the train, I had to take a taxi.

· You cannot use infinitive constructions in cases where different subjects act in the main and subordinate clauses.

· It is also not recommended to use target clauses with a conjunction to (especially in the position - after the main sentence!) in the event that the main sentence expresses not an active action, but a passive state, attitude, etc.:

7. The lack of expression of an essential link of thought associated with the perception of a phenomenon or its assessment often leads to speech defects that look like logical errors:

8. When using attributive clauses, the following errors and omissions are typical:

A) subordinate clauses are separated from the word they define:

b) allied words mistakenly agree with the wrong noun, which is being defined:

V) a conjunctive word that is unlawfully transferred to the middle of the subordinate clause:

G) The qualified word in the main clause is illegally omitted.

· In addition, it should be borne in mind that allied words which, which, whose replace the noun closest to them. It is especially important to take this into account if the subordinate clause comes after a phrase that includes several nouns of the same gender or are in the plural.

For example: Horses rushed aheadCossacks who were covered with foam. With this order of words, it should be concluded that the Cossacks, and not their horses, were covered with foam. To correct a statement, you can put a participial phrase in front of the word to which the action of the participle refers (cf.: Foam-covered Cossack horses rushed ahead).

· In general, when constructing a complex sentence, you must ensure that the thought unfolds logically accurately! Otherwise, not only logical, but also grammatical errors may appear.

In business speech, constructions with complex sentences are widely used, since this allows you to assemble a large number of words into a whole, emphasize semantic shades, and express a more complex thought.

The use of complex sentences allows you to accurately determine semantic relationships - causal, conditional, target, temporary, etc.

D. But document writers often complicate sentences. As a result, the text is difficult to perceive and loses its semantic significance. Such an error arises as a result of the saturation of a sentence with the same type of subordinate clauses, long enumerations, extensive quotations, and the use of complex intercalary constructions.

Text with such errors should be simplified. This can be done by:

1) direct abbreviation of the text,

2) text processing,

3) by breaking down complex periods into simpler structures, paragraphs, etc.,

Stylistically unsuccessful designs include:

1) complex sentences in which the subordinate part replaces the predicate of the main part of the sentence:

Our goal is when all workers can complete the task.

2) designs like:

Shop workers who were noted in the order took part in the competition.

A union word that refers simultaneously to both workers and workshops. Should have:

Employees of workshop No. 15, who were noted in the order, took part in the competition.

3) constructions with consistent subordination of similar subordinate clauses and obsessive repetition of conjunctions and allied words are unsuccessful:

We inform you that according to available information, you are systematically disrupting production assignments.

4) complex sentences with heterogeneous parts are unsuccessful:

2. Every employee must take care of the cleanliness of the workplace.

3. All cases of violation of labor discipline must be discussed at a team meeting.

Prevent is a verb, every is an adjective, everything is a pronoun. There should be uniformity:

The general meeting of the team decided:

1. Avoid violation of the work schedule.

2. Take care of the cleanliness of the workplace.

3. Discuss all cases of violation of labor discipline at a team meeting.

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and complex

A sentence is the basic syntactic unit of any language. It is with the help of them that people not only talk, but also think and write. Syntax is the study of sentences. This part of language science determines simple and complex sentences, types of complex sentences. This section also shows how words are linked into syntactic units.

By studying syntax, a person develops his speech: it becomes rich, precise, harmonious and expressive. Indeed, one can speak using simple sentences, but it is completely different to use ones colored with comparisons and extended metaphors.

Punctuation is closely related to syntax. The center of her knowledge is the ability to correctly use punctuation marks. This is very important, because in this way the writer’s thoughts become clear and understandable.

Types of offers

Sentences in Russian are divided into simple and complex. The main determining factor here is the number of grammatical bases. If she is alone, the offer is simple. For example: “Autumn has painted the streets with colorful leaves.” (the subject is autumn, the predicate is colored, respectively, the sentence is simple). It is a completely different matter if the sentence has more than one basis. In this case, it refers to the complex: “Autumn has painted the streets with colorful leaves, but this riot will not last long.” Subject No. 1 - autumn, predicate No. 1 - colored; subject No. 2 - riot, predicate No. 2 - will last. Thus, in this example the sentence is complex.

There is no need to confuse a complex and a complicated sentence. Often a homogeneous predicate is taken as the second grammatical basis. For example: “Autumn has come and painted the streets with colorful leaves.” This sentence is simple, complicated by homogeneous predicates: stepped on, painted.

Simple sentences: differences and characteristics

All types of simple and complex sentences are distinguished by two parameters: the purpose of the statement and intonation. The first involves narrative, interrogative and incentive syntactic units. Non-exclamatory and exclamatory sentences are distinguished intonationally.

Simple sentences, in turn, are differentiated according to several parameters.

Common and non-common. Here we pay attention to the presence of minor members. "Kittens are playing." - "Cute kittens playing on the front lawn." The first here is only the subject (kittens) and the predicate (playing). In the second case, with the same grammatical basis, there are circumstances (on the lawn, in front of the house) and a definition (cute).
One-piece and two-piece. The first have only one of the main members: “I can’t leave the house.” Here, only the predicate exit is available.
Complicated or not. A simple sentence can be complicated by a separate definition, addition or circumstance: “A person who reads books will always be interesting conversationalist". "Reading books" is a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase. In addition, homogeneous members, introductory words and constructions also make the sentence complicated.
Complete and incomplete. The latter do not have any member, major or minor. Out of context, their meaning is unclear.

Dividing complex sentences depending on the type of connection

Types of connections between parts of a complex sentence and words in a phrase - coordinating and subordinating. Let's consider them in the context of a complex sentence.

If two parts of a sentence are equivalent, no question arises between them - we have a coordinating connection. It is expressed using coordinating conjunctions and intonation.

If one of the parts depends on the other, we can easily ask a question between them, then there is a subordinating relationship. It is realized with the help of subordinating conjunctions and intonation.

Only parts that contain non-union complex sentences are connected intonationally. We will consider the types of complex sentences in detail below.

Complex sentence

Accordingly, the following types of complex sentences will be distinguished:

BSC with connecting conjunctions. The most common are and, yes, yes and, a (equal in meaning and), also, too. These sentences often convey the meaning of time, simultaneity or sequence of actions. For example, the sentence: “A black cloud appeared in the sky, and only a minute later lightning flashed.” Here the sequence of events is not simply framed using the conjunction And, it is further strengthened by the circumstance of time: in a minute. Also, BSCs with connecting conjunctions can denote the meaning of cause or effect: “I harden myself every morning, and therefore illnesses are alien to me.” Causal meaning is strengthened by circumstance That's why.
In SSPs with adversative conjunctions (but, a, yes (equal in meaning but), but, however) one event or phenomenon is opposed to another. “We all speak different languages, but people express grief and happiness in the same way.” In such sentences, particles are often added to the coordinating conjunction same, only or particle same generally used without a conjunction: “Only a song needs beauty, but beauty doesn’t need songs” (I. Bunin).
Dividing unions or, either, something and others form another type of compound sentence. They express the meaning of alternation or the possibility of an event: “Either I am dreaming, or is everything really happening” (event variability). “Now it’s snowing, now the wind is howling, now a storm is blowing.”

Complex sentence

Complex sentences are a completely different matter. The types of complex sentences of this type are varied. However, they are all united by the existence of two unequal parts: the main and subordinate parts. From the first we can easily ask a question to the other. “You need to read only those works that educate and teach you to think.” The first part is the main one. Let's ask the question: “Which” books? The answer will be the second part, accordingly, it is a subordinate clause.

It is noteworthy that the subordinate clause does not always come after the main clause. It can also stand in front of him: “If we leave early, we will have time to occupy best places". Also, a subordinate clause can get “lost” inside the main one. “The willow branches, which were slightly touched by frost, were beautiful in autumn.” It should be remembered that the subordinate clause is always separated from the main clause by commas.

Depending on the meaning, various complex sentences are distinguished. The types of complex sentences with a subordinating connection will be determined by the subordinate clauses included in its composition:

Subject clauses.
Predicate clauses.
Determinative clauses.
Additional clauses.

Non-union complex sentence

There are types of connections between parts of a complex sentence when their dependence on each other is conveyed only through meaning and intonation. In this case, we are talking about non-union complex sentences. From the definition it is clear that there are no subordinates here. Punctuation marks, as well as various types of complex impersonal sentences, are determined only by semantic meanings.

Commas are used extremely rarely in such syntactic units. More often - a colon and a dash. The first is put if there is a reason in the second part. “I’ll go on foot: it will be better for everyone.” You should also include a colon if there is an explanatory or additional meaning. A dash is placed if the second part denotes opposition: “The tree grows - the man chops it down.” Let’s compare: “The tree grows, and the man chops it down.” Either time, condition, consequence.

Offer with various types of communication

There is another type of complex sentence that includes those listed above - this is a complex sentence with different types of connection. It consists of several blocks connected by a coordinating connection or without a union.

To better understand this type of syntactic units, let's look at an example. "Some people say that the desire for memories comes with age - I think they are wrong." Let's look at the types of connections in a complex sentence. There are two blocks here, representing complex sentences. Between them there is a non-union connection, expressed by the meaning of opposition, therefore a dash is placed. So the first block ends with the word age, then the second block.

COMPLEX SENTENCE SYNTAX

Lecture No. 1. Complex sentence.

The concept of a complex sentence

Plan

Structure of a complex sentence (SP).

Grammatical meaning of a complex sentence

The structure of complex sentences.

Compound sentences that are free and not free in structure.

Typology of complex sentences.

I. Complex sentence structure. Complex sentence (SP)- a unit of speech communication that consists of two or more parts that have separate predicative centers and connected to each other unions or non-union connection into a holistic structural-semantic and intonational unity. For example:

Still in the Tartar Straitice piled up , deepsnow morelying on the hills and in the hollows, wildwinds morehowled over the island, butspring after allwas approaching ...When it's sunnythe rays dispersed fog in the air at oncefelt headysmell spring is coming. (A. Chakovsky.)

In the first complex sentence, the structural and semantic unity includes four parts with predicative centers: the ice piled up, the snow lay, the winds howled, spring was approaching ; in the second there are two parts with predicative centers: the rays dispersed, the smell was felt . Between these parts there is a non-union, as well as an allied connection.

The predicative parts of complex sentences are similar in structure to simple sentences, but do not have independence and completeness. In addition, in the predicative parts of some complex sentences there are structural components that are not characteristic of simple sentences, for example, demonstrative-correlative words in the main part and relative-conjunctive pronouns and subordinating conjunctions in the subordinate part of complex sentences: What a person will forget to doThat nature will catch up for him(I. Brodsky); I justThat I love the flowerwhich rooted in the ground(S. Yesenin); Who afraid and avoids love,That not free(A. Chekhov); I returned home withlike this feeling,as if I had a good dream(A. Chekhov). Therefore, they can only conditionally be considered simple sentences. It is more correct to call parts of a complex sentence not simple sentences, but predicative parts (centers). The difference between a simple and complex sentence is structural: in a simple sentence there is one organizing predicative center, consisting of two or one main members: Through the drawn curtainsdidn't penetrate solarrays (A. Chekhov); A little in the skyit dawned on me (A. Chekhov) and others; in a complex sentence there are two or more predicative centers: The night was cloudy , but behind the cloudsthe moon was shining ( A. Chekhov); Rudin said This last word somehow strange: not thathe was jealous Natalya, not sohe was sorry about her(I. Turgenev), etc.

Complex sentences consisting of two predicative parts are called binomial, and sentences consisting of three or more predicative parts - polynomial: The night was full deep silence anddarkness herseemed velvety and dark (A. Kuprin); The morning was nice and bright ; small motleythere were clouds lambs on pale clear azure; smallthe dew poured out on leaves and herbs,shone silver on cobwebs; damp, darkEarth it seemed stillkept the ruddy trace of dawn; from all over the skythe songs of the larks rained down ( I. Turgenev).

Thus, the difference between a complex sentence and a simple one is not quantitative, but qualitative. A complex sentence has its own grammatical meaning and grammatical form, and its own structural indicators.

II. The grammatical meaning of a complex sentence. Grammatical meaning complex sentence - these are typical semantic relationships between predicative parts, characteristic of complex sentences of the same structure.

The grammatical meaning of a complex sentence depends on its structure. For example, sentences To repel, throw back the enemy rampart, The city endured such trials... (V. Inber). I sat down under a larch tree,to rest filled with different specific content, but have the same grammatical meaning - they express target relationships. The same grammatical meaning of these sentences is due to their identical structure: in both sentences the subordinate part refers to the entire main part and is connected to it by a target conjunction to. Another example, Slept in Riga, because it was stuffy in the hut (S. Sergeev-Tsensky); Because it was stuffy in the hut , slept in Riga. In connection with the change in the position of the subordinate clause, the relationships between the parts of the complex sentence change (in the first sentence there are effect-causal relationships, in the second - cause-and-effect relationships).

III. The structure of complex sentences. Complex sentences are built according to certain patterns - structural diagrams. “A structural diagram is an abstract pattern according to which minimal structures of complex sentences of one type or another are built” (Beloshapkova V.A. Modern Russian language. M., 1989, p. 727.) The structural diagram includes the most essential elements of the structure of a complex sentences that distinguish one type (variety) of joint ventures from another.

TO building elements The joint ventures include:

1) first of all, the main means of connecting predicative parts: semantic and asemantic coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, allied words, index words;

2) structural features of parts of the joint venture;

3) a certain relative position of the parts of the joint venture.

Structural elements in various combinations form the structural diagram of the joint venture. Moreover, some building elements directly determine the grammatical meaning of a sentence, others play a secondary role in creating the grammatical meaning of a sentence, and others are only a formal indicator of the syntactic connection between parts of a complex sentence.

1. a) Semantic and assemantic coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. Semantic- conjunctions that have a specific meaning. For example, the adversative conjunction A . They are a means of connecting predicative parts and determine the grammatical meaning of complex sentences. For example, the adversative conjunction A creates the meaning of opposition in a sentence One is workingA another; adversarial union But creates a mapping value: April has comeBut it was still cold at night; with a conditional conjunction If– conditional relations in a sentence: If it won't rain, we'll go out of town; in sentences with temporary conjunctions when, while there are temporary relations: Everyone was worriedBye the plane was boarding;When dawn, we left the city.

Assemantic– conjunctions of broad meanings, which serve only as a means of connecting predicative parts and do not affect the grammatical meaning of the joint venture. For example, in the sentence Lightning flashes, And thunder roarsAnd it's raining union And matters transfers, and in the sentence The sun was setting, And the shadows grew longer– cause-and-effect meaning, i.e. the same conjunction has a different meaning. The grammatical meaning of sentences with assemantic conjunctions is created by the specific content of the parts and intonation.

b) Conjunctive words, in the role of which relative pronouns and pronominal adverbs are used and serve as a means of connecting parts of complex sentences and at the same time are constructive members of the subordinate clause. For example, in the sentence From raspberries, spruce branches,which the floor was covered, there was a cheerful, thick smell... (B. Polevoy) the allied word acts as an addition, etc.

V) Demonstrative words. They do not always determine the grammatical meaning of the SP. Thus, in indicative and substantive-attributive (attributive) complex sentences (CPS), demonstrative words are not pronouns and serve only as a means of connecting the subordinate part with the supporting word of the main part, for example: I tookthat book , which I needed; To mereported about that that he left.

Demonstrative words, in interaction with conjunctions and allied words, determine grammatical meaning only when they form pronominal-conjunctive or pronominal-correlative pairs ( so - what, then - what, such - such, that - who, as much - as etc.). For example, in the sentence Oh stoneSo enough of themWhat only the splashes sparkled(I. Krylov) by the relationship of the demonstrative word with the conjunction that the meanings of degree and consequence are expressed; The battle will be wonthe one who I was determined to win it(L. Tolstoy), etc.

2. Features of the structure of parts of the joint venture. The structural features of the parts of the SP are: the ratio of aspectual and modal forms of predicate verbs in the predicative parts of the SP; greater or lesser structural independence of parts of the joint venture; lexical elements, intonation.

In SP, the semantics of which is associated with the expression of time, is of particular importance correlation between aspectual and modal forms of predicate verbs in the predicative parts of the joint venture. So, for example, Refreshing wind,fades night(A. Fet) the use of imperfect verbs in parts of this SP is associated with the relation of simultaneity; broke out lightning, andthundered thunder – Perfective verbs convey the meaning of the sequence of listed phenomena and events; Heknew a person whocould help to him – the predicative parts of the SP have different modal meanings; The sea is deafmurmured , and wavesfought about the shore madly and angrily(M. Gorky). In this complex sentence the conjunction And connects two simultaneous phenomena, their simultaneity is emphasized by the forms of the imperfect form of verbal predicates. sparkled lightning, and thenwas heard a sharp clap of thunder. In a sentence there is a conjunction And connects sequential phenomena; their sequence is emphasized by the forms completely Sea dullmurmured , And the waves were beating about the shore madly and angrily(M. Gorky).

Greater or lesser structural independence of parts of the joint venture. Predicative units within the SP are structurally adapted to each other and therefore often have a unique structure. Thus, the most typical feature of the structure of explanatory SPPs and non-union complex sentences (CSPs) with explanatory relations is the incompleteness of the first part, which is created by the presence in the first part of informatively insufficient words that need objective distribution: HeUnderstood (What?), that you can't go further(I. Turgenev); Suddenly Ifeel (What?) : someone takes you by the shoulder and pushes you(I. Turgenev).

Lexical elements. The grammatical meaning of the SP can be created by special words - lexical specifiers(therefore, after all, after all, that means, etc.), which clarify the semantic relationships between predicative parts. For example, in the sentence The room is stuffy, so I went out into the air semantic relations can be specified ambiguously: as relations of consequence or as cause-and-effect. And in a sentence The room is stuffy andThat's why I came up for air word That's why clearly conveys cause-and-effect relationships.

Intonation. A special means of designing parts of a joint venture is intonation: the entire joint venture is formalized as an integral communicative unit. The role of intonation in non-union sentences is especially important. Depending on the intonation, the grammatical meaning of the SP can be perceived differently. For example, a sentence It's hot here in summer, frosty in winter can be read with the intonation of enumeration and with the intonation of opposition: It's hot here in the summer(A) frosty in winter.

3. A certain relative position of the parts of the joint venture. The order of arrangement of parts in the joint venture can be free, i.e. allowing the rearrangement of parts in a sentence without changing its meaning (sentences of flexible structure): Along the edges of the road there was a faint rustling of birch trees, and there was a cold air coming from the swamps.(K. Paustovsky)); And not free, i.e., not allowing the rearrangement of parts (sentences of inflexible structure: In the evening she lit candles, sat down at the piano, and Dim was filled with ringing sounds.(K. Paustovsky).

Compound sentences that are free and not free in structure. Depending on the structure of the predicative units of the SP, the degree of their cohesion and the use of certain means of communication in them, they are distinguished free And unfree SP.

In free joint ventures, predicative parts reproduce structural diagrams simple sentences, have varying degrees of cohesion and are connected to one another by basic means of communication (conjunctions, allied words, intonation, etc.). Free sentences are the most common joint ventures.

In non-free sentences, the predicative parts do not always reproduce the structural patterns of simple sentences and are very closely related to each other. The structural and semantic integrity of non-free sentences is created along with the basic and special structural elements: particles, word forms, phrases.

Non-free joint ventures have their own structural features, their own models.

both parts of the sentence are a combination of the same names in the forms of the nominative and instrumental cases and are connected by a conjunction A : Friendship is friendship,A service by service; Rest by rest,A work work.

The parts are connected by a comparative conjunction; the obligatory element of the first part is the word combination another with pronoun words: What else? , but there are enough worries;Where in another place, but it’s quiet here.

The first part uses particles only or Not and the past tense form of the verb be on time , the parts are connected by a union How : Just had time I enter the houseHow a thunderstorm began.Didn't have time she's leaving,How felt homesick.

The first part uses a combination of words as for with the word form of the genitive case of a name or pronoun, at the beginning of the second part - a particle That : Regarding me then I am not discouraged;As for my brother, then he was pleased.

The connection between the parts is ensured by the use of certain word forms (the form of the imperative mood in the meaning of the subjunctive in the first part and the form of the subjunctive mood in the second part): Pinches of fox hairNot have pity , I would have stayed she has a tail(I. Krylov); Come he was earlier than thiswouldn't have happened .

As can be seen from the examples, non-free sentences are built according to “frozen” models. The structure of non-free sentences is so unique that in SPPs of this kind it is often difficult to determine which part is the main part and which is the subordinate clause.

V. Typology of complex sentences. Taking into account the indicated means and expressed relationships, complex sentences are divided into two structural type: allied complex and .

For example: The trees rustled, and pieces of clouds rushed across the sky above them(M. Gorky); The night was cloudy, but the moon was shining behind the clouds(A. Chekhov); The wind howled with such ferocious expressiveness that it seemed animated(A. Pushkin). The forest we entered was extremely old(I. Turgenev); It was a hot day all day, a thunderstorm was brewing somewhere(L. Tolstoy); We didn’t see the sun during the day on the road - the weather was stormy(M. Svetlov), etc.

Allied complex sentences, in turn, are divided into two structural-semantic subtypes: compound And complex.

The structure of conjunctive clauses is determined by the number of predicative parts and their structure, and the grammatical form is represented by conjunctive means ( with staples). Parts of complex sentences are connected to each other coordinating conjunctions, and parts of complex complexes – subordinating conjunctions And allied words. For example: Below the river there was dark smoke,A the ship was visible through it(A. Chekhov); There were several willows on the shore,But their shadow fell not on the ground, but on the water ( A. Chekhov); I don't rememberto Has there ever been such a quiet, such a clear morning(M. Gorky). Especially a lot of this deciduous noisy gold accumulated in the ravines,Where the wind didn't penetrate(K. Paustovsky), etc.

Parts of a complex sentence can be correlated in form not only with simple sentences, but also with various types of complex sentences. For example: To me I wanted him to talk again and again, // eachthe word that was spoken Andrey Fedorovich , gave give me strength. (A. Chakovsky.)

The given example is a non-union complex sentence, consisting of two parts, each of which is a complex sentence in form.

The types and means of communication between the parts of a complex sentence can be presented in the table (see Appendix Table 2).

QUESTIONS:

What is a complex sentence and what are the similarities and differences between predicative units as part of a complex sentence and independent simple sentences?

What is the grammatical meaning of SP, what does it depend on?

What is the structural diagram of a joint venture, what structural elements does it include?

What is the peculiarity of the structure of the joint venture parts?

What could be the order of arrangement of the parts of the joint venture, how is it determined?

What words are involved in creating the grammatical meaning of the SP?

What features are characteristic of joint structures that are free in structure?

What are the structural features of non-free joint ventures?

What types of complex sentences are distinguished in the Russian language?

complex sentence; predicative units (parts) of the SP; block diagram; conjunctions, allied words, intonation, demonstrative words, correlative words; flexible or inflexible structure of the joint venture; free and non-free joint ventures; union connection, non-union connection; conjunctional complex sentences (complex and complex sentences), non-conjunctive complex sentences.

Lecture 2. Compound sentence

Plan

SSP open and closed structure.

Structural and semantic types of compound sentences:

a) BSC with connecting unions;

b) BSC with dividing unions;

c) BSC with adversative conjunctions;

d) BSC with explanatory conjunctions.

I. SSP open and closed structure. Complex is a complex sentence whose parts are syntactically equal and are connected to each other by coordinating conjunctions.

Coordinating conjunctions create the grammatical form of the SSP, therefore they do not belong to any of the predicative parts: The whole sky is covered with clouds,And a sparse, fine rain began to fall(A. Chekhov).

In addition to coordinating conjunctions, the following can serve as accompanying means of connecting parts of a complex sentence: the correlation of aspectual and tense forms of predicate verbs, a certain word order, and some lexical elements that directly indicate the relationship of the parts. For example:

His fox-shaven face is pleasantsmiled , And eyessquinted , looking around at everyone gathered(L. Tolstoy) – here the correlation of verbal forms of the imperfect form of the past tense expresses the relationship of simultaneity.

Gavrikpushed kick the gate, and friendsclimbed in a dry front garden(V. Kataev) – here the correlative forms of past tense perfective verbs express relations of opposition.

Based on the coordinating connection, BSCs are formed open And closed structures that differ in quantitative composition. SSP open structures consist of two or more predicative parts, the number of which can potentially be increased. An open coordinating connection is typical for sentences with the meaning of enumeration (with connecting and disjunctive conjunctions): The transparent forest alone turns black,And the spruce turns green through the frost,And the river glitters under the ice(A. Pushkin); That the sun was shining,That it was raining.

SSPs of a closed structure are always binomial; it is impossible to increase the number of parts in them: Zuev wanted to know a lot about her,But he didn't dare ask(K. Paustovsky); He has a lot of work ahead of him.but it will be easier in winter(K. Paustovsky); The winter was snowy, and therefore everyone was expecting a strong flood.

In the structure of a complex sentence, its individual parts are often themselves complex sentences in form (the so-called complicated BSC), For example: It was raining, And the trees rustled from the strong wind, // But in the darkness neither rain nor trees were visible(A. Chekhov).

II. Structural and semantic types of compound sentences.

Since the 19th century, BSNs have been classified according to their semantics.

The semantics of the BSC is created by the lexical filling of parts and allied means. According to semantics, connective, adversative, disjunctive, explanatory and gradational SSPs are distinguished.

Consequently, compound sentences are divided into: 1) compound sentences with connecting unions: and, yes (meaning "And" ), neither – nor, too, also; 2) compound sentences with adversative conjunctions: ah, but, yes (meaning " but”, but, however; 3) compound sentences with dividing unions: or, or, then - that, not that - not that, either - either, or - or, whether - whether; 4) SSP with explanatory unions: that is, namely ; 5) SSP with gradational unions:yes and, not only - but also, not that - but .

Complex sentence with connecting conjunctions

Connecting unions and, yes, neither... nor, too, also various shades of connecting relationships between parts of a complex sentence are expressed.

The most common conjunction And, which expresses:

relationship simultaneity phenomena, events: In deep humility the stars looked from the sky,And Startsev’s steps rang out so sharply and inappropriately(A..Chekhov);

relationship partial match long-term and short-term action: The blind man was still sitting on the shore, And I thought I heard something similar to sobbing(M. Lermontov);

relationship sequences phenomena, events: The door swung open without knocking,And A slender, thin girl entered the room, illuminated from behind from the hallway.(A. Tolstoy);

relationship rapid, sudden change of events or unexpected result: The crack of a torn shirt -And Gavrila was lying on the sand, his eyes widening madly.(M. Gorky);

cause-and-effect relationship: I realized that I am a child in her eyes- And it became very difficult for me(I. Turgenev); The first star sparkled brightly in the sky,And lights flashed in the windows of the houses(I. Goncharov).

connecting relationship: Let me talk about your love, don't drive me awayAnd this alone will be my greatest happiness(A. Chekhov)

Union Yes serves as a synonym for union And when expressing relations of simultaneity and gives the statement a touch of conversationality, ease: The young leaves babbledYes finches sang here and there,Yes two turtle doves were all cooing on the same tree... (I. Turgenev)

Union neither... nor used instead of a conjunction And in the case when parts of a complex sentence are negative sentences in form: Dilapidated the crosses crowded into a heap.Neither viburnum does not grow between them,neither the grass doesn't turn green(N. Gogol.); Neither I can't see the light of the sun,neither there is no room for my roots(I. Krylov), etc.

Unions too, also are used very rarely. They usually occur in the second part of a complex sentence: Mother looked out the window, girlSame looked down the street. (A. Gorky.)

Parts of a complex sentence with connecting conjunctions may have a common minor member: ... AND it was stuffyin the gorge dark, And it smelled rotten.(M. Gorky)

In terms of its composition, a complex sentence with connecting conjunctions can be either binomial or polynomial: Rumors about me will spread throughout Great Rus',And Every tongue in it will call me...(A. Pushkin) – two-term construction; She talked a lotAnd her questions were abrupt, And she immediately forgot what she was asking(A. Chekhov.) – polynomial construction.

Compound sentence with disjunctive conjunctions

In a compound sentence dividing unions or (or), either.. or, whether....li, then... that, not that... not that, either... or show:

1) that out of all the listed events or phenomena, one thing can happen at a given moment;

2) that two or more events or phenomena alternately replace each other;

3) that the speaker is not sure which of all the listed events or phenomena is happening at the moment.

For example: Il the plague will catch me,Il the frost will ossify,Il A barrier will hit my forehead with a slow disabled person(A. Pushkin); Or they'll kill me, or I'll clip someone's wings(A. Tolstoy); Dumawhether soaring anxiously and incoherently, cryingwhether heart in chest... (A. Fet); That A wet shoe will get stuck in the fragile snow,That she will drop her handkerchief...(A. Pushkin); Not that he was jealous of Natalya,not that he regretted her(I. Turgenev); Either the rustle of the ear, the flutter of the breeze,Either strokes hair warm hand(A. Surkov); Only occasionally does a timid deer run through the desert,or horses herd playful silence from a distance will outrage(M. Lermontov); That smells like heatThat will smell the blizzard(V. Soloukhin), etc.

Compound sentences with dividing unions are most often multi-membered. Therefore, disjunctive conjunctions are usually repetitive. Only conjunctions can be non-repeating or, or .

Complex sentence with adversative conjunctions

Between parts of a complex sentence, they can be used as means of communication. adversative unions a, but, yes, but, however, same etc.: There was no more than half an hour left until evening, A dawn was barely breaking(I. Turgenev); The root of the teaching is bitter,Yes its fruit is sweet(Proverb), etc. With the help of these unions, various shades of relationships are expressed comparisons And contraindications.

Due to the fact that the indicated relations can only include two of any phenomena, compound sentences with adversative conjunctions are always only binomial.

Union A expresses comparative relationships based on the signs of contrast, inconsistency or simple comparison of facts: He wasn't joking, A I was angry(A. Pushkin) – contrast; He is an awkward, disheveled, ragged man,A his face is almost beautiful(M. Gorky) – inconsistency; Memories of the performances were festive,A the city theater was awe-inspiring(K. Fedin) – comparison of related facts.

Union But expresses relations of opposition or some inconsistency: Here in the city absolutely no one understands music, not a single soul,But I, I understand(A. Chekhov) – opposition; Sidorin was waiting for her to leave any moment,But Daria hesitated for some reason(M. Sholokhov) – inconsistency.

Union however synonymous with union But . It can give a tinge of concession to oppositional relationships. For example: Oleg grinned -however the brow and gaze were darkened by thoughts(A. Pushkin).

Union but introduces a shade of retributiveness into comparative relations: He never didn't crybut at times a wild stubbornness came over him(I. Turgenev).

Union same the meaning of opposition is close to union A . However, it also has the meaning of an intensifying particle and is placed after the first word of the second predicative part of a complex sentence: Study and lunch made the days very interesting, yesterdaysame it was a bit boring(A. Chekhov); My sister knew neither mountains, nor forests, nor fields; Isame traveled five hundred miles(S. Aksakov).

Unions and then, and not that, not that contrasts have a meaning with a touch of convention. Sentences with these conjunctions are characteristic of a conversational style of speech: You should talk to your father today,otherwise he will worry about you leaving(A. Pisemsky); It doesn’t hurt to show off in front of Boris Petrovich,otherwise I'll let you know!(M. Lermontov); Wait for her hereA not that she'll get lost.

Compound conjunctions with explanatory conjunctions

A special group consists of explanatory conjunctions that is, namely , expressing the relation of explanation. In complex sentences with explanatory relationships, the second predicative part serves to reveal and clarify the content of the first predicative part: We were sleepingthat is my sister was sleeping, and I lay with my eyes open and thought(V. Korolenko); The time was most favorable,that is it was dark, slightly freezing and completely quiet(S. Aksakov); Male room servants were reduced to a minimum,namely there were no more than two footmen for the whole house(M. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

QUESTIONS:

What sentences are called compound sentences?

What conjunctions connect parts in a complex sentence?

By what means, besides conjunctions, are semantic relationships between parts of a complex sentence expressed?

What are the main types of compound sentences in modern Russian?

What meanings do compound sentences with connecting conjunctions have?

What meanings are expressed by compound sentences with disjunctive conjunctions?

What meanings do compound sentences with adversative conjunctions have?

What meanings are created in complex sentences with explanatory conjunctions?

What punctuation marks are used between parts of a complex sentence?

Key words and phrases: coordinating conjunctions: connecting, disjunctive, explanatory, adversative, aspectual and tense forms of predicate verbs; predicative parts of complex sentences.

Lecture No. 3. Complex sentence (SPP)

Plan

The concept of a complex sentence.

SPP of flexible and inflexible structure.

Structural and semantic types of complex sentences:

a) SPP of undivided structure; b) SPP of dismembered structure.

I. The concept of a complex sentence. Difficult to subordinate is a complex sentence in which one of the parts is syntactically subordinate to another part using subordinating conjunctions or allied words. In this case, the subordinating (independent) part is called main, and subordinate (dependent) subordinate clause. Both parts form a structural-semantic unity, expressing a certain type of relationship. For example: , What I love painfully and very much; Nikolay Ivanovich was surrounded by a crowd of women leaving the court, which they threw flowers, they squealed and kissed his hands(A. Tolstoy).

In the first example the main part is I just had to say (about what?); subordinate part - that I love you painfully and very much , attached to the main union What . In the second example, the main part is Nikolai Ivanovich was surrounded at a crowd of women leaving the court (which ones?); subordinate part - who threw flowers, squealed and kissed his hands , attached to the main allied word which . The main means of connecting parts of complex sentences are subordinating conjunctions And allied words.

Subordinating conjunctions (what, so that, as, as if, for, since, if, although etc.), being in the subordinate part, are not its members, they only connect the subordinate part with the main one. For example: We wantto rationality prevailed in education(N. Dobrolyubov); I'm very I realized early, What a person is created by his resistance to the environment(M. Gorky); If life will deceive you, don't be sad, don't be angry(A. Pushkin).

In these examples the conjunctions so that what And If serve only to connect the subordinate part with the main part. Being in the subordinate clause, they themselves are not members of the sentence.

Unlike unions allied words not only connect the subordinate part with the main one, but also answer some question and are members of the subordinate part of a complex sentence. Pronouns are used as allied words ( who, what, which, which, whose etc.) and pronominal adverbs ( where, to where, from where, when, why etc. For example: The air was full of sharp freshness,which happens after a thunderstorm(K. Stanyukovich) - union word which stands in the subordinate clause, refers to the word freshness the main part and is the subject; Village, Where I missed you Evgeny, it was a lovely corner(A. Pushkin) – union word Where stands in a subordinate clause, refers to a noun village the main part and is a circumstance of place.

In the main part of a complex sentence, demonstrative words ( that, such, there, there, from there, so, then, so etc.), which indicate the presence of a subordinate part. For example: OnlyThat worthy of life and freedom, who fights for them day after day(Goethe); It often happens to us that we see both work and wisdomthere , where you just have to guess just get down to business(I. Krylov); Oh stoneSo I just had enough of them the splashes sparkled(I. Krylov); That what I want to tell you was in the forties(L. Tolstoy); Who lives without sadness and anger, That doesn't love his homeland(N. Nekrasov), etc. If there is a demonstrative word in the main part, the connection between the main and subordinate parts of a complex sentence is closer. In some complex sentences the use of a demonstrative word is obligatory, in others it is not. For example: Lights onlyThat who is burning himself(P. Pavlenko); Lopatin noticedThat that the regimental commissar was one run behind them(K. Simonov).

In the first case, the use of a demonstrative word is mandatory, since without it the subordinate clause is impossible. In the second case, the demonstrative word can be omitted without affecting the overall meaning of the sentence.

In a complex sentence, the function of demonstrative words can also be performed by parts of a complex conjunction, when, breaking into two parts, one is included in the main sentence as a demonstrative word, and the second plays the role of a conjunction. Wed: All the cartsbecause (A. Chekhov) – Belikov only visited usThat's why , What considered it his comradely duty(A. Chekhov); Thanks to the fact that the summer was very hot and dry, every tree had to be watered(A. Chekhov) – Within a few minutes this small, fragile face it seemed lovely, exactlythanks to the fact that it was so wrong(A. Karavaeva); Raskolnikov was silent and did not resist,despite the fact that felt in I have enough strength to stand up(F. Dostoevsky) – Even though wind... free rushed over the sea, the clouds were motionless(M. Gorky).

Complex sentences with demonstrative words and subordinating conjunctions must not be mixed with complex sentences whose predicative parts are connected by double conjunctions: if...then, once...then, since...then etc. For example: If you will successfully choose work and put your soul into it,That happiness will find you on its own(K. Ushinsky); When I think about my callingThat I'm not afraid of life(A. Chekhov); Because we have gathered here for a celebration of scientific thought,That I found it appropriate to choose the subject of our conversation about thinking(I. Sechenov).

The second component of double conjunctions is used in the main part, which follows the subordinate clause. Unlike double conjunctions, complex conjunctions are entirely contained in the subordinate clause. For example: The apple trees are gone, because mice ate all the bark around(L. Tolstoy); In the evening the guests have left,because there was no room in the house to fit(S. Aksakov), etc.

A distinctive feature of complex sentences is that the subordinate part can be located: a) before the main part ( in preposition): That wolves greedy everyone knows(I. Krylov); When I was still a child , he put me on your horse(A. Pushkin); b) inside the main part ( in interposition): Rumorsthat the Germans launched an offensive turned out to be false(A. Tolstoy); In that roomwhere was our bedroom , a mechanic lives with his wife(A. Chekhov); c) after the main part (in postpositions): Nothing disturbed that distantly echoing silence,what happened around ( K. Fedin); He involuntarily feels trapped,from which there is no way out (A. Chekhov), etc.

II. SPP of flexible and inflexible structure. In some SPP parts can be swapped, in others they cannot. The first ones are classified as SPP flexible structure (That wolves are greedy , everyone knows; Everyone knowsthat wolves are greedy etc.), the second - to the SPP inflexible structure (All things exude that strange smellwhich flowers dried up by time give etc.) .

Structural and semantic types of complex sentences.

Structurally, all complex sentences are divided into two groups: 1) with subordinate clauses that relate to any one word or phrase in the main part and are called single-member, or undivided; 2) with subordinate parts that relate to the entire main part as a whole and are called binomial, or dismembered.

The subordinate clauses of the first group are more closely related to the main part than the subordinate clauses of the second group. For example, in the sentence You pleasedon't think that I'm your fan What I'm your fan refers to the predicate don't think about it and makes up for its semantic deficiency. And in a sentence When went outside, suddenly cheerfully and smelled sweetly of frost(A. Tolstoy) subordinate clause When went outside refers to the entire main clause, which has complete semantic sufficiency.

Included monomial constructions, complex sentences with attributive (subsubstantive-attributive), explanatory (explanatory-objective) and pronominal-correlative and pronominal-conjunctive clauses are distinguished; and among binomial– various circumstances complex sentences: temporary, causal, conditional, concessional etc.

The structural elements of single-member structures can be the so-called correlative words(demonstrative and attributive pronouns and adverbs), which are in the main part and to which a subordinate part is directly attached, revealing their specific content. For example: Both havesuch feeling,What nothing was achieved by this conversation. - I was sitting nowwhere you left me.(A. Tolstoy)

QUESTIONS:

What features characterize complex sentences?

What are the characteristics of the difference between one-member and two-member complex sentences?

What parts do complex sentences consist of and by what means are these parts connected?

What could be the order of the parts of complex sentences?

How are subordinate parts of a complex sentence separated from the main part?

Key words and phrases: complex sentence; main part, subordinate part; subordinating conjunctions, allied words, demonstrative words; preposition, interposition, postposition; single-term (undivided) and two-term (divided) sentences.

Lecture No. 4. Single-term SPPs

Plan

Determinative (subsubstantive-attributive) complex sentences.

Explanatory-objective complex sentences.

Complex sentences of manner of action, measure and degree.

I. Determinative (subsubstantive-attributive) complex sentences. Definitive are those complex sentences in which the subordinate part refers to any noun of the main part, performs a defining function in relation to it and is joined by allied words which, which, whose, when, where etc. and answers the question Which?. For example: I ordered to go to an unfamiliar object,which immediately and began to move towards us(A. Pushkin); There was noise coming from the street,Which only happens during the day(A. Chekhov); Isn't that Gese you're talking about?whose Is the ship called "Running on the Waves"?(A. Green); I went down into a brightly lit room,Where there was no one except the two of us(A. Green); The minute has come, When I realized the full value of these words(I. Goncharov).

Demonstrative pronouns can be used with a defined noun that one , which especially emphasize the attribution of the subordinate clause specifically to this noun and highlight the phenomenon it denotes. For example: Disappeared alsoThat mood,what morning has begun. - I walked along the embankment toTogo places,Where the ship stopped yesterday(A. Green.).

Conjunctive words of adverbial type where, where, from, when are used only with nouns with spatial or temporal meaning ( ...room,Where ...; ...city,Where ...; ...from the other sidewhere ...; ...time,When ...; ...evening time,When ...).

The subordinate part of substantive sentences can perform either a purely defining function, or contain an additional message. For example: On the eve of the dayfrom which a lot has started, my morning walk along the embankments took a little longer(A. Green) – the subordinate clause performs a purely defining function; Ekaterina Dmitrievna was putting things in order in the mirrored closet,Where there were gloves, pieces of lace, veils(A. Tolstoy) – the subordinate clause contains an additional message.

In substantive sentences, the subordinate part always comes after the noun of the main part, i.e. in post position. Sometimes the subordinate clause may be in the middle (interposition) of the main clause. For example, Smallthe house where I live in Meshchora , deserves description(K. Paustovsky); In largefarms , where they mowed with machines , the wheat lay not in heaps, but in heaps(A. Chekhov), etc.

II. Explanatory complex sentences. Explanatory are those complex sentences in which the subordinate part compensates for the semantic and structural insufficiency of the main part and is joined to it by explanatory conjunctions what, to, how and is distinguished by allied words. Explanatory clauses answer all case questions, so they can be likened to an object or a subject.

The subordinate part “explains” the main part of the word with the meaning of speech, thought, perception, feeling, state or assessment. Such words can be verbs, nouns, adjectives and words of the state category.

For example: Makar anddidn't notice earlier,What it seemed to be dawning on the plain( V. Korolenko) – the subordinate part refers to the verb of perception didn't notice; This letter and the money came backwith the news , What Petrukha was killed in the war(L. Tolstoy) – the subordinate clause refers to a noun with the meaning of a message with news; This Vankaglad , What now the house is in turmoil(L. Tolstoy) – the subordinate clause refers to a short adjective glad with the meaning of feeling.

The subordinate clause can also fill with specific content definitive or index fingers pronouns through which it is associated with the “explanatory” word.

For example: Approaching the Kremlin, he began to careabout that , to he wasn't pushed(L. Tolstoy) – here such a pronoun is about that; Asya understood the necessity of our separation; but I startedsince then , What got sick and almost died(I. Turgenev) – here such a pronoun is since then.

When consumed allied words(relative pronouns and adverbs), as well as particles whether the explanatory clause receives meaning indirect question. For example: They arrived at the hut,ask , Where here to find the economic part(D. Furmanov.); Youdidn't tell us , Why don't go to school(K. Fedin); Difficultsay , waswhether he is offended by such treatment(V. Korolenko).

The subordinate part of an explanatory sentence is always located after the main part.

III. Complex sentences of manner of action, measure and degree

Monomial sentences also include complex sentences with subordinate clauses of manner of action, measure and degree. They answer those questions How? how? how much? to what extent? To what extent? and contain an indication of the image and method of performing the action, the degree of quality referred to in the main sentence; attached to it with the help of conjunctions what, to, as if, exactly and a union word How . The main part may contain indicative words so, so much, so much, so much so etc. For example: Unclesang like the common people sing (L. Tolstoy) – Yesterday we are upTogo weretired that didn't even look around properly(V. Arsenyev); The shout seemed to Aksinyaso loud that she fell face down on the ground(M. Sholokhov); Necessary onlybecome in such a way that The polar star found itself just above the bell tower of St. George(A. Kuprin), etc.

The subordinate part of the manner of action, measure and degree follows the main part of the sentence.

Single-member complex sentences include the so-called pronominal correlatives proposals that are based on mandatory interaction correlative words(pronouns or adverbs) located in the main part, and union word or union, included in the subordinate clause, which creates a structural and semantic balance of these parts. Moreover, the correlative words in the main part can be its various members, the meaning of which is specified by the entire content of the subordinate part, since these words themselves, being demonstrative, do not express a specific meaning.

Thus, in a pronominal-correlative sentence, the subordinate part in relation to the correlative word of the main part can reveal:

meaning subject:Isn't itwhat belongs to me, doesn't it also belong to you?(L. Tolstoy);

meaning noun part predicate: Ithe one whom no one likes...(M. Lermontov);

meaning additions: We get upset more oftenthose who is especially dear and close to you(V.Sayanov);

meaning definitions: That is a doctor,which came to the hussar, treated him too(A. Pushkin);

meaning places: Where wind,from there and happiness(M. Lermontov);

meaning course of action: The fox was digging in the snow with its clawsbecause she had seen him before(V. Korolenko);

meaning degree of action, state, sign: These disputes occupied meto the point that I took up Hegel with renewed fervor(A. Herzen); WasSo dark,What Varya had difficulty distinguishing the road ( A. Fadeev); SavelichSo I was amazed by my wordsWhat clasped his hands and was dumbfounded( A. Pushkin), etc.

So, within the framework of a pronominal-correlative sentence, it is possible to identify separate semantic-syntactic varieties that correspond to the syntactic role of correlative words in the main part.

In a school course on syntax, pronominal correlative complex sentences are not distinguished as separate types, but belong to one or another similar type.

QUESTIONS:

By what structural features are single-member complex sentences classified?

What is the structure of substantive sentences?

How are explanatory sentences constructed?

How are sentences of manner, measure, and degree constructed?

Key words and phrases:

one-term and two-term sentences; demonstrative (correlative) words; subsubstantive, attributive sentences; mode of action, measures and degrees

Lecture No. 5. Binomial (dismembered) SPPs

Plan

Temporal complex sentences.

Complex sentences with subordinate clauses.

Causal complex sentences.

Complex sentences with subordinate clauses

Complex sentences with subordinate clauses.

Concessive complex sentences

Comparative complex sentences

Complex sentences with subordinate clauses

Comparative complex sentences

Connective complex sentences.

I. Temporary joint ventures. Temporary is a complex sentence that expresses the relationship of simultaneity or multi-temporality between events and phenomena, which are reported by the main and subordinate parts, connected to each other temporary unions: when, while, only, while, since, before, as soon as, just etc., and answering questions when?, how long?, since when?, until when?, for how long?

Relationship simultaneity may be:

A) complete coincidence long-term actions (states) in time: She felt warm and pleasantWhen Grisha's black eyes caressed her heavily and frantically(M. Sholokhov);

b ) repetition actions (states): Every time,When I came, Olesya greeted me with her usual reserved dignity(A. Kuprin);

V) partial match actions (states): short-term action (main part) occurs against the background of long-term action (subordinate part): Bye they were pawning the horses, Ibrahim entered the Yamskaya hut(A. Pushkin).

Relationship different times may mean the following:

a) action (state) subordinate clause parts precedes action (state) of the main part: After the clock struck midnight, hurried footsteps were heard(A. Chekhov);

b) action (state) main parts precedes action (state) of the subordinate clause: Before they reached the city, people were already running towards them(V. Panova).

The relations of simultaneity and multi-temporality are conveyed not only by numerous temporary unions, but also by a certain ratio species-temporal forms predicates of the main and subordinate parts.

Temporary proposals in structure can become monomial, if the main part includes a correlative word or adverbial tense, specified by the subordinate part. For example: Only then She raised her trembling gaze at the man who had come,When he stopped next to her(I. Turgenev) – In childhood, when My father beat me, I had to stand straight, hands at my sides...(A. Chekhov).

Among complex sentences with temporary meanings, there are sentences whose parts are mutually conditioned, as a result of which neither the main nor the subordinate part can be distinguished. For example: Barely he left the yard,How her father came in(A. Pushkin); Not five minutes have passed, How fires crackled and began to breathe from all sides(L. Tolstoy); Already he wanted to jumphow suddenly the horse stopped in full swing...(N. Gogol), etc.

These complex sentences say that after the first action, the second quickly and unexpectedly began.

The subordinate part of temporary sentences in relation to the main part occupies a threefold position: preposition, interposition and postposition. For example: As soon as the bright sun came out from behind the mountain and began to illuminate the valley, wavy clouds of fog have cleared(L. Tolstoy); On the blue waves of the ocean,only the stars will shine in the sky, the lonely ship is rushing, rushing with all sails(M. Lermontov); Work hardfor now the hands serve (N. Nekrasov), etc.

II. Complex sentences with subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses indicate the place or direction of action and answer questions Where? Where? where? They are attached to the main sentence using allied words where, where, where.

Subordinate clauses can directly explain the predicate of the main sentence. For example: He laughed andwent wherever he wanted (M. Gorky) But more often they correlate with the circumstances of the place, expressed by pronominal adverbs there, there, from there. For example: Iwas where none of us have been (B. Gorbatov); The aunt shuddered andI looked to where they were shouting (A. Chekhov); Where the wind comes from, from there and happiness(M. Lermontov), etc.

Subordinate clauses can have a clarifying meaning: in this case they refer to circumstances of place in which there can be demonstrative words ( ahead, below, above, away etc.). For example: Ahead, where the grove remains, there were birch trees(A. Chekhov); Onlyin the east, where the sun was now emerging in a fiery glow, the bluish dawn clouds are still crowding, turning pale and melting with every minute(A. Kuprin), etc.

In relation to the main sentence, subordinate clauses in their basic, spatial meaning usually occupy a postposition in relation to the predicate they extend with the demonstrative word. For example: He wrotewherever he was driven by a passion to write(K. Paustovsky); He leftfrom where one after another the horses rode into the yard(A. Tolstoy), etc.

With the preposition of a subordinate clause, the relationship between the main and subordinate clauses changes. Standing after the subordinate clause, the main clause is perceived as its necessary constructive and semantic continuation; The main and subordinate clauses turn out to be interconnected. For example: Where fast, noisy waters recently flowed freely, Today pedestrians passed, carts with goods passed(N. Nekrasov); Wherever I turn my gaze, the gloomy forest all around is blue(A. Fet) and others.

When interposing a subordinate clause, the same relationships can appear as during its preposition. For example: Even there for uswhere there is nothing , there will be something(M. Gorky) (spatial-comparative relationships with an additional concessive shade of meaning that arises due to the particle even), etc.

III. Causal SPPs. Causal is a complex sentence in which the subordinate part explains the reason for what is reported in the main part and is joined to it by conjunctions since, because, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, for etc. and answers questions why?, why?, as a result of what? For example: The doctor did not understand a single word from the text,because it was some kind of foreign language, apparently English(A. Chekhov); Chichikov had to close his eyes for a minute,because the shine from the candles, lamps and ladies' dresses was terrible(N. Gogol).

The subordinate part can not only “explain the reason”, but also substantiate the consideration expressed in the main part. For example: Because you look at things from their funny side, then you can’t be relied upon(I. Turgenev).

Unions because And because are used mainly in colloquial speech. Everyone else expresses different shades scientific and business speech.

Subordinate clause with conjunctions since, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that and similar ones can appear both before and after the main part. Subordinate clause with conjunctions because, for usually occupies a position after the main part. It is also possible to include a subordinate part in the middle of the main part. For example: Because Kashtanka squealed and fell under his feet, then he could not help but pay attention to her(A. Chekhov); Due to the fact that Gratsiansky was so obviously unwell, he could not be at the beginning of the meeting(L. Leonov); You can't live only for today,for it is most often unfinished from yesterday(P. Pavlenko); All the cartsbecause there were bales of wool lying on them, they seemed very tall and plump(A. Chekhov).

Depending on the meaning, intonation, logical emphasis of the subordinate clause, the presence of certain lexical elements in the complex sentence and other conditions, a compound (complex) conjunction can break up into two parts: the first is part of the main sentence as a correlative word, and the second plays the role of a conjunction. Wed: He didn't comebecause got sick(the emphasis in the message is on the very fact of non-appearance, the reason for it is not emphasized). – He didn't comebecause got sick(an indication of the reason for non-appearance comes to the fore). Wed. Also: The horse could not move the cart,because rear wheel came off(L. Tolstoy); He (Belikov) only visited usbecause considered it his comradely duty(A. Chekhov), etc.

The conditions for dismembering a compound conjunction include the presence of a negative particle in front of the conjunction Not or enhanced particle restrictions only, only, especially etc.; introductory words, introductory combinations. For example: Moscow looked a bit emptynot because there was less life in her, but because the war swept away from her everything extraneous that prevented her from concentrating on the main thing(L. Leonov); He is holding Eupraxeyushkaonly because that thanks to her, household chores go on without straying from the once planned track(M. Saltykov-Shchedrin); This winter Natasha began to sing seriously for the first time andespecially because that Denisov admired her singing(L. Tolstoy); All this has an indescribable charm for me,maybe because that I won't see them again...(N. Gogol); The young grouse did not respond to my whistle for a long time,probably because What I didn't whistle naturally enough(I. Turgenev), etc.

Provided that the causal conjunction is dismembered and the relative words thus formed are included in the main part ( due to the fact... that, due to the fact... that, due to the fact... that ) a causal sentence can be transformed from a two-term one into a one-term one. For example: That's why we are not having fun and we look at life so gloomily,What we don't know labor(A. Chekhov); Tushin's battery continued to fire and was not taken by the Frenchjust because the enemy could not imagine the audacity of firing four unprotected guns(L. Tolstoy).

IV. IPP with clauses of purpose. WBS goals is a complex sentence in which the subordinate part explains the purpose of the active actions described by the main part and is joined to it by conjunctions so that, in order to, then that, in order to, in order to etc. and answers questions why?, for what?, for what purpose? For example: Coal had to be carried upstairs and thrown away,to didn't roll on his head(N. Ostrovsky); I tried to appear cheerful and indifferent,so that do not give any suspicion and avoid annoying questions(A. Pushkin).

The subordinate part in the target sentence can be located before the main part, after it, as well as in the middle of the main part. In this case, the predicate of the subordinate clause usually takes the form of a subjunctive mood, or the subordinate clause itself is correlated with the infinitive sentence. For example: To Nikita's hair did not fall on his face, he tied it with a birch branch(M. Gorky); Petya went to the cabin,in order to be the first to notify your aunt about the sight you saw.(V. Kataev); I lived in a fog of stultifying melancholy and,to To overcome it, I tried to work as hard as possible.(M. Gorky).

When the target conjunction is dismembered, the target sentence becomes single-membered. For example: It's all saidin order to to arouse attention to the lives of thousands of aspiring writers.(M. Gorky); I invited you gentlemen,so that give you some bad news. (N. Gogol), etc.

V.SPP with subordinate conditions. Conditional is called such a complex sentence, the subordinate part of which indicates real or presumptive condition, necessary to accomplish what is said in the main part, is joined to it by conjunctions if, if, if, when, times etc. and answers the question under what condition? For example: If the sun is shining and there are no clouds in the sky,That singing and the smell of hay is felt more strongly(A. Chekhov) – real condition; A true gentlemanIf I'd lose my entire fortune, I shouldn't worry(F. Dostoevsky) – presumptive condition; Then her father would have struck her with a dagger and killed her,If they wouldn't take it away(L. Tolstoy) – a presumptive condition.

As can be seen from the examples given, when indicating a real condition, the predicates of both parts have the form of the indicative mood, and when indicating a presumptive condition, the form of the subjunctive mood.

The examples given also show that the subordinate part in relation to the main part can occupy any position and that the main part can contain a correlative word That (so, then).

Unions if, once have a conversational tone. Union if is obsolete. Union When used when conditional and temporary meanings are brought closer together.

For example: If a person without roots, without soil, without his place is an unfaithful person(F. Gladkov); If what do you need,That come to me...(L. Tolstoy); When if I had a hundred eyes,That everyone would be looking at you(A. Pushkin).

Conditional relations can be expressed by an infinitive or an imperative mood, used in the meaning of the subjunctive. In this case, there is no conditional conjunction. For example: Be she is with her son, she would be calmer(N. Ostrovsky) – Listen you, so we are outside humanity, outside its laws(I. Turgenev).

VI. Concessional SPPs. A concessive sentence is a complex sentence, indicating with its subordinate part those circumstances that could interfere, but did not prevent the accomplishment of what is discussed in the main part. In this case, the subordinate part is connected to the main part by conjunctions although (even though), let (let), despite the fact that, despite the fact that and allied words with the particle neither . For example: Although I already went to Churasovo once, but the terrain the whole way was completely unknown to me(S. Aksakov); Work was in full swingdespite What night has fallen(I. Goncharov); And then sayno matter how Tchertop-hanov’s upbringing was bad, yet, in comparison with Tikhon’s upbringing, it could seem brilliant.(I. Turgenev).

From the above examples it is clear that the subordinate part can be located in front of the main part, behind it, as well as in the middle of the main part. At the beginning of the main part there may be adversative conjunctions but, however, still .

Concessive sentences with allied words in which there is a particle neither (no matter what, no matter what etc.), express a generalized concessive meaning.

II.Comparative SPPs. A comparative sentence is a complex sentence in which the subordinate clause contains comparison with something for a more visual or figurative-emotional characterization of what is said in the main part, and is connected with it by comparative conjunctions as, as if, as if, exactly, as if etc. For example: Samghin walked carefully,How in the spring they walk on the fragile ice of the river(A. Gorky) – clarity of the image; With dull soundsas if someone hits a cardboard box with their palm, grenades explode(A. Perventsev) – clarity of the image; Golden foliage swirled in the pinkish water of the pond,as if a light flock of butterflies flies breathlessly towards a star(S. Yesenin) – figurative and emotional characteristics; How sometimes the bright moon emerges from behind the clouds,So alone in the night of the past shines a ray of joy for me(F. Tyutchev) – figurative and emotional characteristics.

The subordinate part, as can be seen from the examples, can occupy any position in relation to the main part, but most often it is located after the main part.

If there are correlative words in the main part, as well as when the subordinate part is attributed to one of the main words, the comparative complex sentence becomes monomial.

Comparative proposals are similar to designs with than... the and correlative forms of the comparative degree in the main and subordinate parts. For example: How the fire burned out sooner,those The moonlit night became more visible(A. Chekhov).

VIII. SPP with subordinate clauses of consequence. A corollary clause is a complex sentence in which the subordinate part indicates the result (consequence) of what is reported in the main part and is joined to it by a conjunction So . For example: I looked at her from the side,So I began to see the clean, gentle profile of her slightly tilted head(A. Kuprin); Brown's office was located on the embankment, very closeSo shouldn't have taken the car(A. Green).

Union of Investigation So does not allow dismemberment. Therefore, corollary sentences cannot become pronominal correlative monomials.

Consequences should not be mixed with sentences in structure. pronominal correlatives constructions in which the subordinate part, although it has a connotation of a consequence, but mainly indicates degree of action (state) or manifestations of the symptom. For example: ChineseSo lost in his thoughtsWhat, seemed to completely forget about our presence(V. Arsenyev) – Then Vera Ivanovna got angry and said a few words to meso strong,What my ears became bloodshot and began to grow(M. Gorky).

IX. Comparative SPPs. Comparative is a complex sentence in which the subordinate part is compared in content with the main part and is joined to it by conjunctions if, then how, while etc. For example: If While in the division and corps Travkin’s data were perceived as events of special importance, for the army headquarters they were... not at all decisive(Em. Kazakevich) – She can read and write, whereas Marya Porfiryevna is completely illiterate.(M. Saltylkov-Shchedrin) – ... She hasn’t seen Alexei yet,meanwhile all the young neighbors were talking about him(A. Pushkin).

As can be seen from the examples, the subordinate part in a comparative sentence always comes after the main one.

X. Connecting SPP. Connection is a complex sentence in which the subordinate part expresses an additional remark or conclusion and is connected to the main part by a conjunctive word What. At the same time, this word, indicating the general content in the main part, transforms this content into the meaning of that member of the subordinate part, which is played by the allied word What. This word can be used in any case, without or with a preposition, and can be transformed into relative adverbs why, why, why etc. For example: The coachman decided to ride along the river,What should have shortened our path by three miles(A. Pushkin) – Having destroyed the fish in some area, the otter moves up or down the river,For what walks along the shore(V. Arsenyev); The goose took another string in its beak and pulled it, why immediately a deafening shot rang out(A. Chekhov).

As can be seen from the examples, the subordinate clause in the connecting sentence is usually in postposition.

At night, almost all Evenkis seem to sing in their sleep, and so,What one starts singing, and the other pulls up(M. Prishvin).

Conjunctions may or may not be dismembered depending on the logical emphasis of a particular proposal. For example: Each of us, becoming a participant in life for our time, goes through a unique path in it, acquires a purely individual experience, which, however, is of interest to others,because the strength of people, their faith in the future is based on the experience of each(V. Chivilikhin.) - when the emphasis shifts to the word That's why (if a comma is placed before the conjunction that) the meaning of causal justification will manifest itself in full and become the main one in this statement (cf.: Each of us... acquires a purely individual experience, which, however, is of interest to othersbecause power of people...).

As a result of shifting accents and rearranging punctuation marks, the semantics of the subordinate clause may change. In particular, the union has this property So. For example: He swayed in three steps, and suddenly, having described a full circle with the whole body so that for one moment his legs were directly above his head , he pushed off with force from the bars, flew in an elastic arc one and a half fathoms forward, turned over in the air and deftly, like a cat, sat down on the ground. (A. Kuprin) – subordinate part of the investigation; ... having described a complete circle with his whole body so that for one moment his legs were directly above his head – subordinate image actions with a hint of the degree of this quality (the word So became correlative due to the transfer of emphasis to it). However, such a transfer is not always possible. This is prevented by the lexical organization of the sentence, which does not allow changes in meaning. For example: It was a completely black, impenetrable night outside, so at first Romashov had to feel the road in front of him, like a blind man(A. Kuprin) – in this sentence the degree of quality is already indicated in the main part, and therefore the subordinate part cannot be transformed; in addition, quality is thought not of the action, but of the naming (subject). Wed: possible transformation: It was a completely black, impenetrable night outside, that at first Romashov had to feel the way.

IN lately there is a tendency not to dismember the union if the subordinate part comes before the main one: As the snow in the pot turned gray and turned into a milky, cloudy liquid, Pavel added snow from a bucket(O. Bergolz). The indivisibility of the conjunction in such a situation is explained by the fact that the last part of the sentence is usually emphasized, while accents are rare at the beginning. Wed: Here's what happened at the last minutebefore he followed Elizaveta Alexandrovna into the hallway (A. Fadeev).

The division of the conjunction is mandatory in the presence of words adjacent to the first part of the conjunction and logically highlighting it: when using negation, intensifying, restrictive and other particles, introductory words, adverbs. All these words “pull” the emphasis on the first part of the conjunction, contributing to its transition into a correlative word: The windows in the house were open,apparently because it was very stuffy . Conjunctions are also divided in cases where the first part of the conjunction as a correlative word is included in a homogeneous series of members of the sentence: Romashov blushed to real tears from his powerlessness and confusion, and from pain for the insulted Shurochka, andbecause he couldn’t get a single word in through the deafening sounds of the quadrille (A. Kuprin).

The union can also be broken when opposed: Melodies, mixed with tears, flow straight along your nerve to your heart, and you crynot because you are sad, but because the path to you inside has been guessed so correctly and insightfully (B. Pasternak).

QUESTIONS:

What role do conjunctions play in organizing two-part complex sentences?

What types of subordinate clauses are distinguished in two-part complex sentences?

Key words and phrases:

two-term sentence; complex sentences with subordinate clauses: temporary, place, reason, purpose, concession, condition, concessive, comparison, consequence, juxtaposition, connecting; preposition, interposition, postposition.

Lecture No. 6. Complex sentence

with several subordinate parts (polynomial SPPs)

Plan

SPP with sequential subordination of subordinate parts.

SPP with subordination: a) homogeneous subordination,

b) heterogeneous subordination (parallel).

SPP with mixed (combined) subordination.

Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are called polynomial. Polynomial complex sentences are built according to the structural patterns of binomial sentences and have the same grammatical meanings as binomial sentences. Nevertheless, polynomial sentences also have their own specifics: for example, they may contain a combination of two conjunctions or omission of conjunctions.

Based on the nature of the relationships between subordinate clauses and the main clause and among themselves, the following types of polynomial complex sentences are distinguished:

) consistent submission, in which the first subordinate clause is subordinated to the main clause, the second – to the first subordinate clause, the third – to the second subordinate clause, etc., for example: Bobrov remembered poetry he had read in some magazine,in which the poet told his sweetheart,What they will not swear to each other,because oaths would insult their trusting and ardent love(A. Kuprin):

[... noun ], (in which... verb.), (that...), (because...);

2) subordination, with in which two or more subordinate parts are subordinated to the main part as homogeneous or heterogeneous units:

A) homogeneous subordination- this is such a subordination of subordinate clauses when they relate to one common main clause and are identical in meaning. For example: I remember,How we ran through the forestHow bullets buzzedHow the branches they tore off fell,How we made our way through the hawthorn bushes(V. Garshin) – homogeneous subordination: subordinate clauses refer to the same word of the main sentence and are the same in meaning (expository):

[... verb.], (as...), (as...), (as...), (as...).

homogeneous subordinate clauses can have coordinating conjunctions, which are preceded by the same punctuation marks as for homogeneous clauses. For example: It was obviousWhat Savelich was right before meSo what I needlessly insulted him with reproach and suspicion(A. Pushkin):

[... verb], (that...) and (that...).

In the main clause there are two homogeneous subordinate clauses connected by a single conjunction And .

Yegorushka was walking, How little by little the sky darkenedAnd darkness fell to the ground,How the stars lit up one after another(A. Chekhov):

[

... verb], (as...) and (...), (as...).

With the main part there are three homogeneous subordinate clauses (explanatory); in the second subordinate clause the conjunction is omitted How .

Onechka wrote, What the mood is heavy, but don’t worry about them(V. Panova):

[

... verb], (that...), but (to...).

b) Heterogeneous subordination (parallel)– such a subordination of the subordinate parts of a complex sentence, when the subordinate clauses relate to one common sentence and are different in meaning:

when the whole valley was filled with the golden rays of the setting sun, I realizedWhat the day is over(V. Arsenyev):

(

when...), [... verb.], (that...).

With the main clause, there are two subordinate clauses, where the first (temporal) refers to the entire main clause, and the second subordinate clause – to the predicate verb of the main part;

se, What built on the land, belongs to thoseWho built(M. Gorky):

[

... place., (that...), ... those ], (who...)

The two subordinate clauses refer to different words in the main clause.

) Mixed (combined) submission with sequential subordination and subordination, for example: Only in the eveningWhen the sun had already begun to set, my father caught a huge bream,whom left it in my boat,to do not scare away the approaching fish(S. Aksakov):

[..., (when...),... noun], (which...), (to...).

This is a complex sentence with heterogeneous and consistent subordination of subordinate clauses;

at first it seemed scary to Vakula, When he rose from the ground to such a height,What I could no longer see anything below, and flew over the month itself,what if If I hadn't leaned over a little, I would have caught him with my hat(N. Gogol):

[ ... ], (when... , (what...), ...), (what (if...), ...).

This is a complex sentence with sequential and heterogeneous subordination of four subordinate clauses.

There are many options for constructing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses based on all possible combinations of sequential subordination and subordination.

QUESTIONS:

What are the characteristics of polynomial complex sentences?

How are sentences with sequential subordination constructed?

How are sentences with homogeneous and non-homogeneous subordination constructed?

What punctuation marks are used in polynomial complex sentences?

Key words and phrases: polynomial complex sentences; subordination; homogeneous subordination; heterogeneous (parallel) subordination; consistent submission; mixed (combined) subordination, etc.

Lecture No. 7. Non-union complex sentence

Plan

The concept of a non-union complex sentence

Non-union complex sentence of open structure (polynomial)

A non-union complex sentence of a closed structure (two-term).

I. The concept of a non-union complex sentence

Non-union a complex sentence is such a complex sentence, the parts of which are connected with each other in meaning, using intonation, the order of the parts, the relationship between the forms of verbs and predicates.

In non-conjunctive complex sentences, sentences are highlighted open And closed structures.

Non-union complex sentences open structures form an open row, consisting of two, three or more parts, the number of which can potentially be increased by adding new parts.

For example: The air brightens, the road becomes clearer, the sky becomes clearer, the clouds turn white, the fields turn green(I. Turgenev); The knives are knocking, the dishes are clanking, the oil is sizzling.(A. Chekhov), etc.

Non-union complex sentences closed the structures form a closed series, always consist of two parts and do not allow the spread of the third and subsequent parts. For example: The graves are overgrown with grass - the pain is overgrown with age. (M. Sholokhov); We were very cold: the nights were already cold(N. Chukovsky), etc.

II. Unconjunct complex sentence of open structure (polynomial)

open structure it's called this polynomial a construction, parts of which list any similar events (phenomena) occurring simultaneously or sequentially. These designs allow the connection of new parts. For example : The sky was already breathing autumn, the sun was shining less often, the days were getting shorter(A. Pushkin); Noise, laughter, running, bowing... (A. Pushkin); Ears of corn quietly hit you in the face, cornflowers cling to your legs, quails scream all around(I. Turgenev) – the meaning of simultaneity of phenomena . Meanwhile, the tea was ripe, I pulled out two traveling glasses from my suitcase and placed one in front of him.(M. Lermontov); A strong wind suddenly began to hum overhead, the leaves splashed, lightning flashed, thunder struck, a thunderstorm broke out(I. Turgenev); The horses started moving, the bell rang, the wagon flew...(A. Pushkin) - the meaning of the sequence of events ..

III. A non-union complex sentence of a closed structure (two-term).

A non-union complex sentence closed the structure is called this binomial a construction that expresses the following types of relationships: comparative, conditional, cause-and-effect, explanatory, subject-object, explanatory-definitive and explanatory.

At comparative In relationships, the meanings of contrasting an action and its result or comparison are observed. For example: You are rich - I am Verypoor . Ts prose writer -I poet...(A. Pushkin.) - opposition; Youspread it apart wet bush - youit will do so the accumulated warm smell of the night...(I. Turgenev) - action and its result; Molvit word - nightingalesings . (Proverb) - comparison.

In a relationship conditionality the first part of the design means direct or reverse condition in relation to what is discussed in the second part. For example: You will do it in my opinion - marry youI'll go out ! (P. Bazhov) - direct condition; ...Chinfollowed him - he suddenly servesleft ... (A. Griboyedov) - the opposite condition (concession).

When expressing cause and effect relations, the second part of the construction explains the reason for what is reported in the first part. For example: ...INot could fall asleep : in front of me, everything is in the darkspun boy with white eyes(M. Lermontov).

At explanatory subject-object relations, the second part denotes the subject or object in relation to the content of the first part. For example : From their storiesit was clear: life worker everywhereis the same (A. Gorky) - subject relations; Ifelt : allblood myV face to merushed ... (A. Pushkin) - object relations.

At explanatory-definitive relations the second part “defines” any member of the first part, clarifying it attributive-predicative or adverbial sign. For example: Here are mineconditions : you are public nowrefuse from his slander andyou will ask I have apologies...(M. Lermontov) - attributive characteristic; Like all Moscow residents, your fatheris this: I would like a son-in-law he is with stars and with ranks...(A. Griboyedov) - predicative characteristic; We met Thomas at homesolemnly : the father gave the boy a heavy silver spoon with an intricate monogram, and the aunt gave him a scarf of her own knitting(M. Gorky) - adverbial characteristic.

At explanatory relations in the second part are precisely characterized action or sign, which are reported without specification in the first part. For example : Immediatelythere was a commotion : to mestarted scratching head, wash your face, hands(F. Dostoevsky); And sure enough, sheshe was pretty: tall, thin, black eyes like a mountain chamois... (M. Lermontov).

QUESTIONS:

What complex sentences are called non-union sentences?

On what basis are non-union complex sentences distinguished?

What non-conjunctive complex sentences are called open structures?

What non-conjunctive complex sentences are called closed structures?

What punctuation marks are used in non-union complex sentences?

Key words and phrases:

non-union complex sentence; closed structure; open structure; polynomial sentence; two-part sentence.

Lecture No. 8. Polynomial complex sentence

Plan

SMEs with a complex structure.

Complication of a complex sentence.

Compound sentences with a complicated structure.

Unconjunct complex sentences with a complicated structure.

Complex, complex and non-union complex sentences can have complicated structure. The complication of the structure is expressed in the fact that one, several or all parts of a complex sentence, in turn, turn out to be some kind of complex sentence in their structure.

Complication of a complex sentence

Complication of a complex sentence observed in cases of sequential subordination, subordination and a combination of these methods. In addition to these cases, complication of the structure of a complex sentence occurs when some complex sentence also acts as the main part. For example: When Anya was escorted home,it was already dawn and the cooks were going to the market (A. Chekhov).

Examples complex sentences with a complex structure:

1) It was unthinkable, impossible, but she insisted, And, maybe, in fact, it was necessary to immediately rush to the search, and then it would be possible to correct something, prevent something(F. Koluntsev).

There are two parts here, each of which, in turn, is in shape complex sentence:

[, but], and [, and ].

2) Victor has now finished his work,When the sun was just beginning to set behind the flat roofs of the huge new houses, and there was no longer the feeling that all life was spent in this plywood booth(F. Koluntsev).

There are two parts here, each of which, in turn, is shaped like falsely subordinate sentence:

[, (when...)], and [[... noun], (what...)].

Examples non-conjunctive complex sentences with a complicated structure:

1) Lyusya stopped near the crossing: the green light flashed, and a whole flock of cars took off.(F. Koluntsev).

Here non-union binary sentence, in which the first part in form is simple proposal, and the second complex:

: [, And ].

2) The water, of course, tastes bad,But it’s still a pleasure: gas bubbles tingle your tongue, they give you wet change for change, and all this together means,What summer is almost here(F. Koluntsev).

Here non-union binomial sentence, the first part of which is in form complex proposal, and the second, being also complex the sentence, in turn, has two parts: the first - non-union polynomial sentence, second - complex sentence:

[, but ]: [[, ], [[... ch], (what...)]].

Thus, some special “type” of complex sentence “with composition and subordination” doesn't exist- there are only all kinds, extremely varied cases of complications complex, complex and non-union complex sentences due to the use of such constructions as their parts, which themselves, in their structure, are various complex sentences.

QUESTIONS:

What is the complication of the structure of a complex sentence?

What are the different types of connections in complex syntactic structures?

What punctuation marks are used in complex syntactic constructions?

Key words and phrases:

complicated structure; compound sentence with a complicated structure; coordinating and non-conjunctive communication; composing; subordinating and non-union connections.

COMPLEX SYNTACTIC WHOLE

Complex syntactic whole(supraphrasal unity) is a unit of a monologue utterance that reveals one of its particular themes and consists of a number of sentences united by a parallel or chain connection. At parallel sentence connections have homogeneous character, independent in meaning, they have correlative forms. At chain connection proposals heterogeneous and their meaning is revealed only in context.

An example of syntactic unity with parallel connection of sentences: The father wakes up early, fills the entire room, already stuffy, with acrid tobacco smoke, then shouts into the corridor, demanding a samovar, drinks tea and smokes again, and Sasha sleeps and sleeps on the sofa, feeling that he can sleep as much as he wants, that in There is no need to go to gymnasium. Finally, the father gently wakes Sasha up, jokingly pulling off the blanket from him. Sasha begs to be allowed to sleep for at least one minute, and then immediately comes to his senses, sits down on the sofa and, happily looking around, says that he dreamed that he had a Latin lesson, but not in the gymnasium, but somewhere in a dovecote(I. Bunin).

This complex syntactic whole reveals a particular theme (“awakening”); the sentences included in it are independent in meaning, although they paint a general picture of awakening; they have similar verb forms of the imperfect present tense.

An example of syntactic unity with a chain connection of sentences: Streshnev turned and drove back without a road, along the stubble. The dog accompanied him from afar, clearly visible among the golden fields. He stopped and threatened her with his arapnik. She also stopped and sat down. - “Where will I go? - she seemed to ask. And, as soon as he started moving, she again ran after him at a leisurely trot. He thought about the distant station, the shiny rails, the smoke of the departing train...(I. Bunin).

This complex syntactic whole also reveals a particular topic. But here all the sentences are “chained” and connected to each other through pronouns, and all, except the first, have full meaning only in mutual connection with each other.

Parallel and chain communication of sentences usually operates in unity, intertwining with each other within one complex syntactic whole. For example: Before dawn, a candle burned on the floor near the bed. Streshnev, tall, in boots and trousers, with an unbuttoned blouse, was sleeping on his back... Vera sat next to him, leaning on her knee. Her sparkling eyes were red and swollen from tears. She was smoking and looking blankly at the floor. She crossed her legs. She really liked her small leg. But the heartache was too strong(I. Bunin).

Here the first and second sentences, as well as the last in relation to all previous ones, have a parallel connection. In all other cases, a chain connection is observed.

QUESTIONS:

What is a complex syntactic whole?

What is the nature of the connection between the components of a complex syntactic whole?

Key words and phrases: complex syntactic whole; syntactic unity; parallel connection of sentences; chain connection of sentences; means of communication

ALIEN SPEECH AND METHODS OF ITS TRANSMISSION

The concept of someone else's speech and methods of its transmission

In someone else's speech refers to the speech of a person, conveyed by the author of a given statement verbatim (literally) or on behalf of the author.

According to the method of transmitting someone else's speech, they differ: direct speech and improperly direct speech.

Direct speech. Punctuation marks for direct speech

Direct speech is called someone else's speech conveyed by the author verbatim , as if the person whose speech is being conveyed by the author is speaking. Direct speech is usually accompanied by words himself author, which informs the reader or listener about Who exactly what he says How speaks, to whom appeals, to whom answers, etc.

Depending on the relative position of direct speech and the words of the author, they differ following structures:

1. The author’s words precede direct speech. In this case, a colon is placed after the author’s words, direct speech is written with a capital letter and enclosed in quotation marks. For example : The prince quietly stepped on the horse’s skull and said:“Sleep, lonely friend! Your old master outlived you!” (A.S. Pushkin).

2. The author's words follow direct speech. In this case, direct speech is enclosed in quotation marks. At the end of direct speech there is a comma (if the sentence is declarative), a question or exclamation mark (if the sentence is interrogative or exclamatory) and a dash. The author's words are written in small letters. For example: “Grushnitsky is angry with him because he took the princess away from him,” someone said. (M.Yu. Lermontov);

“Who knows this man?” - asked the boss, looking around everyone with a sharp, sparkling gaze. (A. Fadeev); “You’re lying, you won’t catch me!” - Metelitsa said solemnly, until the very last minute he did not believe that he could be pinned down.(A. Fadeev).

1) If the author’s words are wedged into the middle of direct speech in a place where without the author’s words there would be no sign or there would be a comma, semicolon, colon or dash, then the author’s words on both sides are highlighted with a comma and a dash, quotation marks are placed in at the very beginning and at the very end of the design.

For example, "And I heard , - Serpilin said still cheerfully, - that Colonel Klimovich’s tankers are interacting with their neighbor,” (K. Simonov),

2) If the author’s words are wedged into the middle of direct speech in the place where without the author’s words there would be a period, then after the first part of direct speech a comma and a dash are placed, and after the author’s words a dot and a dash. The second part of direct speech is written with a capital letter. Quotes are placed as in the previous case.

For example: “Without a special order, not a single shot was fired , - came the assertive voice of Ivan Gora. – Comrades, I warn you, for disobedience you will be shot on the spot...” (A.N. Tolstoy).

3) If the author’s words are wedged into the middle of direct speech in the place where without the author’s words there would be a question or exclamation mark, then after the first part of direct speech a question or exclamation mark and a dash are placed, and after the author’s words a dot and a dash. The second part of direct speech is written with a capital letter. Quotes are placed as in the previous case. For example: “You don’t know how to do anything, don’t think about it! – Krylov roared. – Now I will treat you.” (I. Ehrenburg).

4) The author’s words are cut through by direct speech. In this sentence, direct speech is usually preceded by a colon and followed by a dash. Direct speech is enclosed in quotation marks and written with a capital letter. For example: To my question: “Is the old caretaker alive?” - no one could give me a satisfactory answer. (A.S. Pushkin).

Indirect speech

Indirect speech is called someone else's speech, transmitted on behalf of the author. In this case, the form of conveying indirect speech is a complex sentence, the main part of which correlates with the words of the author, and the subordinate part - with someone else’s speech.

If direct speech - narrative sentence, then in indirect speech it is used - conjunction What. For example: He says: "I saved your life." – He saysthat saved my life (A.S. Pushkin).

If direct speech - incentive sentence, then in indirect speech the conjunction is used to. For example: Then she told me:"Go to bed." “Then she told me,so I can go to bed . (F.M. Dostoevskty).

If direct speech - interrogative sentence, then in indirect speech a construction arises with an indirect question with allied words or a conjunction whether. For example: Volyntsev did not ask:“What word was that?” - Volyntsev didn’t ask,what word was that (I.S. Turgenev). I asked rather inappropriately:“Did you stop by our side on business? " - I asked rather inappropriately,Did he come our way on business? . (A.S. Pushkin).

Personal forms of personal and possessive pronouns are used in direct and indirect speech, respectively, either “on behalf of” the speaker or “on behalf of” the author. For example: The guys shout:“Help us knit the grass!” - The guys are shouting toI helped them knit grass. (M. Sholokhov).

When translating direct speech into indirect speech, which is saturated with modal words, particles, addresses, etc., the latter are usually omitted and in indirect speech only the general meaning of the direct speech is conveyed. For example: “That’s it, look at me, you idiot, don’t expect anything more!” - Arina Petrovna said at the same time.(M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin). – Arina Petrovna said,so that the dunce doesn't wait for anything anymore .

And Averkin was happy at first,that he's at home, he's done his service (indirect speech).

Improperly direct speech, conveying the lexical and emotional-expressive originality of direct speech, is at the same time not identical to it in terms of lexical content and syntactic structure. Improperly direct speech is a stylistic synonym for direct speech. For example:… A soldier who had been in Port Arthur and Japan came in twice - in the war and in captivity. And he didn’t tell anything worthwhile either about the war or captivity...In war it’s scary, and then you don’t even think about anything, but in foreign countries everything is not humane: there’s a lot of land, but there’s nowhere to walk, there are mountains everywhere, you can’t count all kinds of people, and there’s no one to talk to… (I.A. Bunin).

Improperly direct speech

Improperly - direct speech- this is a special way of transmitting someone else’s speech, in which there is a merging of the components of direct and indirect speech: its lexical and emotional-expressive originality passes from direct speech into improperly direct speech, and from indirect speech - the forms of personal and possessive pronouns. For example: Here he is at home, serving! (I.A. Bunin.)

Wed: And Averky was still happy at first:“Here I am at home, I’ve served my service!” (direct speech).

Dialogue as a form of oral speech communication

Dialogue is a set of interrogative and incentive sentences, as well as replica sentences, united by a common topic, which is the subject of a conversation between two or more persons. Dialogue speech, although it literally conveys the speech of the persons participating in the conversation, cannot be considered as direct speech, since it is not introduced into the text by the words of the author. Sentences included in a dialogue are characterized by the fact that they are usually incomplete and each of them can be understood only in connection with the others, taking into account the situation of the conversation. For example:

And when will you die, Pankrat? I suppose you will be a hundred years old?

How would you like to speak, father?

How old are you, I ask?

I don’t know, sir, father.

Yes, do you remember Platon Apollonich?

Well, sir, father, I clearly remember.

Well, you see. That means you are no less than a hundred. (I.A. Bunin).

There may also be cases when the dialogue includes complete common sentences that have a complete meaning, and even groups of sentences included in the same segment of the dialogue. For example:

What issue are you talking about?

I'm talking about bricks. Bricks were supposed to be shipped to us. - Porozhsky construction site.

So why do you, excuse me, need a chief engineer? I can tell you even without the chief engineer that we did not ship anything to the Porozhsky construction site. And this month is unlikely...

So...

Understand. I understand everything, and I even sympathize with you very much. But I can’t help you with anything... (A. Rekemchuk).

When recording a dialogue, the speech of each of its participants is written on a red line and a dash is placed in front of it (see examples).

Another way of recording dialogue is also possible: the speech of each interlocutor is enclosed in quotation marks and separated from the speech of the other interlocutor by a dash. In this case, the recording is continuous.

The structure of a complex sentence is made up of a certain complex of the above-mentioned distinctive features. It is enough to point out the following constructive features: 1) the potential quantitative composition of a complex sentence; 2) means of connecting predicative parts of a complex sentence; 3) possibilities of the order of predicative parts.

For example, you are many years late, / But still I am glad to see you.

This is a complex sentence because it consists of two predicative parts. A means of combining predicative parts is the coordinating conjunction no. The order of the predicative parts in this complex sentence is fixed.

Symbolically, the structure of this sentence can be expressed [- = ], but [ - = ].

The structure (model, diagram) of a complex sentence reflects its main structural features.

Types of Complex Sentences

A complex sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more parts connected into one whole in meaning and intonation. Complex sentences are divided into allied (conjunctions and allied words serve as a means of connecting the parts) and non-union (the parts are connected intonationally and in meaning).

Conjunctive sentences are divided into complex (the parts are connected using coordinating conjunctions and, and, but, or, then ... then, etc.) and complex (the means of connecting the parts are subordinating conjunctions and conjunctive words that, so that, as, if, since, although etc.): In a unionless complex sentence there are no conjunctions or allied words, although in many cases it is possible to substitute a conjunction at the place of separation of simple sentences. The connection between sentences is only semantic

Classes of coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions are divided according to their meaning into connecting (and, yes in the meaning of “and”, neither... nor, also, also, as... and), disjunctive (or, or... or, either, or.. . either, then... then, either... or, not that... not that) and adversatives (a, but, however, yes in the meaning of “but”), including comparatives (not only. .. but also, not only... but and, not only not... but, not so much... as).

The conjunction is used if it is necessary to indicate the similarity of phenomena, their simultaneity or the logical connection between them: She felt a restless man’s hand on her back, and it seemed to her that some kind of silent conspiracy was going on between them, and she was happy about it and not happy (S. Antonov) - similarity of phenomena; On the very first evening, Sasha Gavrilov walked along the village as a summer resident, and curious women furtively looked at him from behind the curtains (S. Antonov) - simultaneity of actions; She was often left alone, and she got used to not being afraid of either darkness or silence (Ya. Seifullina) - a cause-and-effect relationship.

In the case of using the conjunction with some adverbs and particles, its semantic function is modified, it acquires the ability to express adverbial meanings: temporary (and then), cause-and-effect (and therefore, and therefore, and means), concessive (and yet, and nevertheless) etc.: The public had to realize their rights, and then literature would steadily move forward (N. Chernyshevsky); He is not your fiancé now, you are strangers, and therefore you cannot live in the same house (A. Ostrovsky); I could only guess about Vasil’s action and therefore could not judge whether Lelyukov (A. Perventsev) was now acting correctly or incorrectly.

If it is necessary to indicate the similarity of information in two parts of a complex sentence, conjunctions and, also, too are used. The conjunction is also placed at the beginning of the sentence: This summer was hot, and last year the summer was hot. Conjunctions are also placed before the word with which the analogy is established; These conjunctions are not used at the beginning of a sentence: This summer was hot, last year the summer was also (too) hot. The conjunction is also characteristic of the bookish, official style, and the conjunction is also characteristic of the colloquial style.

The mutual exclusion of facts, processes, signs is expressed by the conjunctions or, or... or, either, or... or, either... either, not that... not that: (Whether the leader wins or loses today’s match, he has already ensured win in competitions; Either it’s raining, or it’s snowing, or it will be, or it won’t. The logical sequence of events and facts is conveyed by the union this... that: Now the wind will blow with terrible force, then suddenly there will be an amazing silence.

If it is necessary to indicate the dissimilarity of compared phenomena, the conjunction a is used: Then he drank tea, and she looked at his light brown cowlick sticking out on the back of his head (S. Antonov).

If it is necessary to indicate a connection between phenomena in which the second phenomenon is not logically connected with the first, the conjunctions but, however are used: The mechanic repaired the car, but (however) we could not continue on our way, i.e. the inability to continue the journey is not due to the fact that the mechanic has already repaired the car. The second part of a complex sentence with the conjunction but (however) contains information that is opposite to what one would expect from the information in the first part.

If, when comparing or contrasting any objects, actions or features, it is necessary to indicate the degree of this comparison or opposition, double conjunctions are used not only... but also, not only... but and, not only not... but also (even ), not so much... as: I hastened to assure him that not only do I not smoke, but I don’t even like to see ladies smoking (A. Dostoevskaya); Not only children, but also adults, when grief visits them, become unfair to their closest people and friends (N. Pomyalovsky). These unions are also called gradational.

Coordinating conjunctions sometimes include explanatory ones (that is, namely, or, somehow), which are used to clarify: Once about ten of our officers dined at Silvio’s. They drank as usual, that is, a lot (A. Pushkin); Almost simultaneously with earthenware production, products of a different kind began to appear in Egypt, namely purely glass (N. Kachalov); Why shouldn’t I become a teacher, or, to put it simply, a teacher (I. Turgenev).

Features of the structure of complex sentences. Complex Sentences: Types of Complex Sentences

The concept of a complex sentence

Some features of the use of complex sentences

More on the topic Features of the composition and structure of complex sentences:

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Simple sentences: differences and characteristics

Dividing complex sentences depending on the type of connection

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Complex sentence

Non-union complex sentence

Offer with various types of communication