Environmental environmental factors. Environmental environmental factors and their impact on the body

Ecology -

the science of the relationships of living organisms and their communities with each other and with the environment

The term " ecology"proposed in 1866 by E. Haeckel.

Objects ecology there may be populations of organisms, species, communities, ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole

Ecological tasks

Studies the impact environment on plants and animals, populations, species and ecosystems

Studies the structure of the population and their numbers

Studies the interaction of living organisms with each other

Studies the influence of environmental factors on humans

Studies the productivity of ecosystems

Biotic are types of influence on organisms from other animals

Biotic factors

Direct

Indirect

A predator eats its prey

One organism changes the environment of another organism

Anthropogenic factors –

these are forms of human activity that have an impact on living nature (every year these factors increase

The influence of environmental factors on the body

Environmental factors are constantly changing

Variability of factors

Regular, periodic (seasonal temperature changes, low tides)

Irregular

(weather change, flooding, forest fires)

The body is simultaneously influenced by numerous and varied factors.

Each species has its own limits of endurance

Wide range endurance Animals living in high latitudes are susceptible to temperature fluctuations. Thus, arctic foxes in the tundra can tolerate temperature fluctuations within 80 ° C

(from +30 to -45)

Lichens can withstand temperatures from

-70 to +60

Some species of oceanic fish are able to exist at temperatures from -2 to +2

EFFECT OF ECOLOGICAL FACTOR ON THE ORGANISM

Endurance range

body

the value of the factor that is most favorable for the vital activity of growth and reproduction called the optimum zone

oppression

normal

vital activity

DEATH

Between the optimum zone and the extreme points there are zones of oppression or stress zones, what makes people's lives worse

The extreme value of the factor beyond which conditions become unsuitable for life and causes death - these are the limits of endurance

Liebig (Liebig), Justus, famous German chemist, 1803-73, professor of chemistry from 1824 in Giessen, from 1852 in Munich

Subject ecology Ecology is the science of the relationships of organisms with each other and with the surrounding environment (Greek oikos - dwelling; logos - science). The term was introduced in 1866 by the German zoologist E. Haeckel. Currently, ecology is a branched system of sciences: autecology studies relationships in communities; population ecology studies the relationships between individuals of the same species in populations, the influence of the environment on populations, the relationships between populations; Global ecology studies the biosphere and issues of its protection. Another approach in the ecology department: ecology of microorganisms, ecology of fungi, plant ecology, animal ecology, human ecology, space ecology.

The objectives of ecology are to study the interrelationships of organisms; - study the relationships between organisms and the environment; - study the effect of the environment on the structure, vital activity and behavior of organisms; - trace the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of species and the change of communities; - develop a system of measures for nature protection.

The meaning of ecology - helps to determine the place of man in nature; - provides knowledge of environmental patterns, which allows one to predict consequences economic activity human rights, correct and rational use of natural resources; - environmental knowledge is necessary for the development of agriculture, medicine, and for the development of environmental protection measures.

Principles of ecological classification Classification helps to identify possible ways of adaptation to the environment. Ecological classification can be based on various criteria: feeding methods, habitat, movement, attitude to temperature, humidity, pressure, light, etc.

Autotrophs are organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones. Phototrophs are autotrophic organisms that use the energy of sunlight to synthesize organic substances. Chemotrophs are autotrophic organisms that use chemical energy to synthesize organic substances; connections. Heterotrophs are organisms that feed on ready-made organic substances. Saprophytes are heterotrophs that use solutions of simple organic compounds. Holozoans are heterotrophs that possess a complex of enzymes and can consume complex organic compounds, decomposing them into simple ones: Saprophages feed on dead plant debris; Phytophagous consumers of living plants; Zoophagi eat living animals; Necrophages eat dead animals.

History of ecology The development of ecology was greatly influenced by: Aristotle (BC) - an ancient Greek scientist, described animals and their behavior, the association of organisms with their habitats. K. Linnaeus () - Swedish naturalist, emphasized the importance of climate in the life of organisms, studied the relationships between organisms. J. B. Lamarck () - French naturalist, author of the first evolutionary doctrine, believed that the influence of external circumstances is one of the most important reasons for evolution. C. Roulier () - Russian scientist, believed that the structure and development of organisms depends on the environment, emphasized the need to study evolution. Charles Darwin () - English naturalist, founder of the doctrine of evolution. E. Haeckel () German biologist, in 1866 he introduced the term ecology. Ch. Elton (1900) - English scientist - founder of population ecology. A. Tansley () English scientist, in 1935 introduced the concept of ecosystem. V. N. Sukachev () Russian scientist, in 1942 introduced the concept of biogeocenoses. K. A. Timiryazev () is a Russian scientist who devoted his life to the study of photosynthesis. V.V. Dokuchaev () - Russian scientist - soil scientist. V.I. Vernadsky () Russian scientist, founder of the doctrine of the biosphere as a global ecosystem.

Habitat Habitat is everything that surrounds an individual (population, community) and affects it. Environmental factors: abiotic – factors of inanimate nature; biotic – factors of living nature; anthropogenic – associated with human activity. The following main habitats can be distinguished: aquatic, ground-air, soil, living organisms.

Aquatic environment In the aquatic environment, factors such as salt regime, water density, flow speed, oxygen saturation, and soil properties are of great importance. The inhabitants of reservoirs are called hydrobionts, among them there are: neuston - organisms that live near the surface film of water; plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) - suspended, “floating” in the body’s water; nekton - well-swimming inhabitants of the water column; benthos - bottom organisms.

Each organism constantly exchanges substances with the environment and itself changes the environment. Many organisms live in multiple habitats. The ability of organisms to adapt to certain environmental changes is called adaptation. But different organisms have different abilities to withstand changes in living conditions (for example, fluctuations in temperature, light, etc.), that is, they have different tolerances - the range of resistance. For example, there are: eurybionts - organisms with a wide range of tolerance, that is, capable of living under different environmental conditions (for example, carp); stenobionts are organisms with a narrow range of tolerance that require strict certain conditions environment (for example, trout).

The intensity of the factor that is most favorable for the life of the body is called optimal. Environmental factors that negatively affect the life activity and complicate the existence of a species are called limiting. The German chemist J. Liebig () formulated the law of the minimum: the successful functioning of a population or community of living organisms depends on a set of conditions. A limiting or limiting factor is any state of the environment that approaches or goes beyond the stability limit for a given organism. The totality of all factors (conditions) and environmental resources within which a species can exist in nature is called its ecological niche. It is very difficult, often impossible, to fully characterize the ecological niche of an organism.
Morphological adaptations Morphological adaptations are manifested in changes in the shape and structure of organisms. For example, the development of thick and long fur in mammals when they are raised at low temperatures; Mimicry is the imitation of one species by another in color and shape. Organisms with different evolutionary origins are often endowed with common structural features. Convergence is a convergence of characteristics (similarity in structure) that arose under the influence of relatively identical conditions of existence in different organisms. For example, the shape of the body and limbs of a shark and a dolphin.

Physiological adaptations Physiological adaptations are manifested in changes in the vital processes of the body, for example, the ability for thermoregulation in endothermic (warm-blooded) animals that are able to obtain heat through biochemical reactions 25 Many adaptations have been developed in organisms under the influence of seasonal and daily rhythms, for example leaf fall, night and day lifestyle. The reaction of organisms to the length of daylight hours, which has developed in connection with seasonal changes, is called photoperiodism. Under the influence of environmental rhythms, organisms have developed a kind of “biological clock” that provides orientation in time and preparation for expected changes. For example, flowers bloom at a time when it is usually observed optimal humidity, illumination and other conditions for pollination: poppy - from 5 to pm; dandelion - from 5-6 to pm; calendula - from 9 to 1; rose hips - from 4-5 to 1 p.m.

Ecology subject

Ecology – the science of the relationships of organisms with each other and with the surrounding environment (Greek oikos - dwelling; logos - science). The term was introduced in 1866 by the German zoologist E. Haeckel.
Currently, ecology is a branched system of sciences:

autecology studies relationships in communities;

population ecology studies the relationships between individuals of the same species in populations, the influence of the environment on populations, relationships between populations;

global ecology studies the biosphere and issues of its protection.

A different approach in the ecology department : ecology of microorganisms, ecology of fungi, plant ecology, animal ecology, human ecology, space ecology .

Ecological tasks

Study the relationships between organisms;

Explore the relationships between organisms and the environment;

Study the effect of the environment on the structure, life activity and behavior of organisms;

To trace the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of species and the change of communities;

Develop a system of measures for nature protection.

The importance of ecology

Helps determine man's place in nature;

Provides knowledge of environmental patterns, which allows one to predict the consequences of human economic activity and to use natural resources correctly and rationally;

Environmental knowledge is necessary for the development of agriculture, medicine, and for the development of environmental protection measures.

Ecological methods

observation
comparison
experiment
mathematical modeling
forecasting

Principles of environmental classification

Classification helps to identify possible ways of adaptation to the environment.
Ecological classification can be based on various criteria: feeding methods, habitat, movement, attitude to temperature, humidity, pressure, light, etc.

Classification of organisms by nature of nutrition

1.Autotrophs: 2. Heterotrophs:

A). Phototrophs a) saprophytes

B). Chemotrophs b) holozoans:

- saprophages

- phytophages

- zoophagi

- necrophages

Autotrophs- organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones.
Phototrophs– autotrophic organisms that use the energy of sunlight to synthesize organic substances.
Chemotrophs– autotrophic organisms that use chemical energy to synthesize organic substances; connections.
Heterotrophs- organisms that feed on ready-made organic substances.
Saprophytes- heterotrophs that use solutions of simple organic compounds.
Holozoans– heterotrophs, which have a complex of enzymes and can eat complex organic compounds, decomposing them into simple ones:
Saprophages feed on dead plant debris;
Phytophagous consumers of living plants;
Zoophagi eat live animals;
Necrophages eat dead animals.

History of ecology

The following had a great influence on the development of ecology:

Aristotle (384-322 BC) - ancient Greek scientist, described animals and their behavior, the association of organisms with their habitats.

C. Linnaeus (1707-1778) - Swedish naturalist, emphasized the importance of climate in the life of organisms, studied the relationships between organisms.

J.B. Lamarck (1744-1829) - French naturalist, author of the first evolutionary doctrine, believed that the influence of external circumstances is one of the most important causes of evolution.

K.Roulier (1814-1858) - Russian scientist, believed that the structure and development of organisms depends on the environment, emphasized the need to study evolution.

Charles Darwin (1809-1882) - English naturalist, founder of the doctrine of evolution.

E. Haeckel (1834-1919) German biologist, in 1866 he introduced the term ecology.

C. Elton (1900) - English scientist - founder of population ecology.

A. Tansley (1871-1955) English scientist, in 1935 introduced the concept of ecosystem.

V.N.Sukachev (1880-1967) Russian scientist, in 1942 introduced the concept of biogeocenoses.

K.A.Timiryazev (1843-1920) - Russian scientist, devoted his life to the study of photosynthesis.

V.V.Dokuchaev (1846-1903) - Russian soil scientist.

V.I.Vernadsky (1863-1945) Russian scientist, founder of the doctrine of the biosphere as a global ecosystem.

Habitat

Habitat – this is everything that surrounds an individual (population, community) and affects it.
Environmental factors:

abiotic – factors of inanimate nature; biotic – factors of living nature; anthropogenic - related to human activities.

The following main habitats can be distinguished: aquatic, ground-air, soil, living organisms.

Aquatic environment

In the aquatic environment, factors such as salt regime, water density, flow speed, oxygen saturation, and soil properties are of great importance. The inhabitants of bodies of water are called hydrobionts, among them there are:

Neuston – organisms living near the surface film of water;

plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) - suspended, “floating” in the body’s water;

nekton - well-swimming inhabitants of the water column ;

benthos - bottom organisms.

Soil environment

The inhabitants of the soil are called edaphobionts, or geobionts, for them structure is of great importance, chemical composition and soil moisture.

Ground-air environment

Living organism

Adaptations to the environment

Adaptations can be morphological, physiological and behavioral.

Morphological adaptations

Morphological adaptations manifest themselves in changes in the shape and structure of organisms.
For example, the development of thick and long fur in mammals when they are raised at low temperatures ; mimicry- imitation of one species by another in color and shape.
Organisms with different evolutionary origins are often endowed with common structural features.
Convergence- convergence of characteristics (similarity in structure), which arose under the influence of relatively identical conditions of existence in different organisms. For example, the shape of the body and limbs of a shark and a dolphin.

Physiological adaptations

Physiological adaptations manifest themselves in changes in the vital processes of the body, for example, the ability for thermoregulation in endothermic (warm-blooded) animals that are able to obtain heat through biochemical reactions

Behavioral adaptations

Behavioral adaptations often associated with physiological ones, such as suspended animation, migration.

Many adaptations have been developed in organisms under the influence of seasonal and daily rhythms, for example, leaf fall, nocturnal and diurnal lifestyle.
The reaction of organisms to the length of daylight hours, which has developed in connection with seasonal changes, is called photoperiodism .
Under the influence of environmental rhythms, organisms have developed a kind of “biological clock” that provides orientation in time and preparation for expected changes.
For example, flowers bloom at a time when optimal humidity, light and other conditions for pollination are usually observed: poppy - from 5 to 14-15 hours; dandelion - from 5-6 to 14-15 hours; calendula - from 9 to 16-18 hours; rose hips - from 4-5 to 19-20 hours.

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Completed by a 9th grade student: Olga Sidorova. Teacher: S.V. Staroverova. Municipal educational institution "Ardatovskaya secondary school No. 1" Ardatov

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Ecology science. Ecology is a science that studies the relationships of living organisms between themselves and the environment; it is a science that studies the conditions of existence of living organisms, the relationships between the environment in which they live. The word “ecology” was first introduced into scientific terminology by the German scientist Haeckel in 1866

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Over time, this science began to be divided into theoretical or general ecology and applied. General ecology examines the biological aspects of ecology. It consists of the following main sections: autecology, population ecology (demecology), synecology. For all these areas, the main thing is the study of the survival of living beings in the environment. Applied ecology is based on knowledge of production technology, studies the mechanisms of destruction of the biosphere by humans, ways to prevent this process, and develops principles for the rational use of natural resources. Applied ecology includes engineering, industrial, agricultural ecology, and energy ecology.

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The object of ecology research is natural ecological systems and man-made systems (ecological systems are unified natural complexes formed by living organisms and their habitat).

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Environmental problems. Problems of general ecology. Problems of applied ecology. Study of connections in ecosystems, assessment of their condition; Study of processes occurring in the biosphere in order to maintain its stability; Modeling the state of ecosystems and global biological processes. forecasting and assessing possible negative consequences in the environment under the influence of human activities; Conservation, reproduction and rational use of natural resources.

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Environmental factors. Living things are inseparable from their environment. Each individual organism, being an independent biological system, is constantly in direct or indirect relationships with various components and phenomena of its environment or, in other words, habitat, affecting the state and properties of the organism. This influence manifests itself in the form of environmental factors. Ecological factors are properties of the habitat that have any effect on the body.

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Classification of environmental factors. By the nature of the impact. By origin. By spending. By direction.

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Environmental factors by nature of impact. Directly acting. Indirectly acting. directly affecting the body, mainly metabolism. affecting the body through changes in directly acting factors (relief, exposure, altitude).

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Abiotic. Climatic. Edaphic. Topographical. - annual amount - mechanical - relief; temperatures; soil composition; - average annual height above sea level - air permeability of the sea; temperature; soil; - slope and exposure humidity; - soil acidity; air pressure - soil mechanical composition Chemical. Physical. gas composition of air; - noise; salt composition of water; - magnetic fields; concentration; - thermal conductivity; acidity; - radioactivity;

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Biotic. Phytogenic – influence of plants. Mycogenic – the influence of fungi. Zoogenic - the influence of animals. Microbiogenic – the influence of microorganisms. The main forms of relationships between living organisms are symbiosis, antibiosis, and neutralism. Symbiosis is a form of relationship from which both partners, or at least one, benefit.

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Anthropogenic. Physical – the use of nuclear energy, travel on trains and airplanes, the effects of noise and vibration. Biological – food products, organisms for which a person can be a habitat or a source of nutrition. Social – factors related to people’s relationships with life in society. Chemical - the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, pollution of the Earth's shells with industrial and transport waste.

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Environmental factors. By spending. By direction. Resources are elements of the environment that the body consumes, reducing their supply in the environment (water, carbon dioxide, light). Conditions are elements of the environment that are not consumed by the body (temperature, air movement, soil acidity). Vectorized – directionally changing factors: waterlogging, soil salinization. Long-term cyclical - with alternating long-term periods of strengthening and weakening of a factor (for example, climate change in connection with the 11-year solar cycle. Oscillatory - fluctuations in both directions from a certain average value (daily temperature fluctuations).

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Action of environmental factors. Environmental factors usually act not individually, but as a whole complex. The action of one factor depends on the level of others. The action of one factor is not replaced by the action of another. However, in the nature of their impact on the body and in the responses of living beings, a number of general patterns, which fit into a certain general scheme of the action of an environmental factor on the life activity of an organism.

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If the value of at least one of the environmental factors approaches a critical value or goes beyond its limits (below the minimum or maximum), then, despite the optimal combination of other conditions, the organisms are threatened with death. Such factors are called limiting factors. The concept of limiting factors was introduced by J. Liebig, who formulated a principle called Liebig’s law of minimum: “The substance that is in the minimum controls the yield and determines the magnitude and stability over time.” To illustrate Liebig's law of minimum, a barrel is depicted, the boards forming the side surface of which have different heights. "Liebig barrel"

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Conclusions. Thus, it should be noted that: 1. In nature, environmental factors act on biological systems in a complex manner. 2. The degree of influence of a particular factor on the system is identified separately in each case. 3. In relation to each factor, one can distinguish an optimum zone (normal vitality), a pessimum zone (depression of vitality), and the limits of the body’s endurance. Beyond the limits of endurance, the existence of an organism is impossible. 4. The action of environmental factors is determined by two basic laws: A. life opportunities are limited by environmental factors, the quantity and quality of which are close to the minimum required by the ecosystem. Their reduction leads to the death of the organism - Liebig's law. B. limiting for an ecosystem (organism) can be either an insufficient action of a factor or an excessive one.

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The meaning of ecology - helps to determine the place of man in nature; - provides knowledge of environmental patterns, which allows one to predict the consequences of human economic activity and to use natural resources correctly and rationally; - environmental knowledge is necessary for the development of agriculture, medicine, and for the development of environmental protection measures.

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Ecological methods observation comparison experiment mathematical modeling forecasting

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Classification of organisms according to the nature of nutrition 1. Autotrophs: 2. Heterotrophs: A). Phototrophs a) saprophytes B). Chemotrophs b) Holozoans: - saprophages - phytophages - zoophages - necrophages

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History of ecology The development of ecology was greatly influenced by: Aristotle (384-322 BC) - an ancient Greek scientist, described animals and their behavior, the association of organisms with their habitats. C. Linnaeus (1707-1778) - Swedish naturalist, emphasized the importance of climate in the life of organisms, studied the relationships between organisms. J.B. Lamarck (1744-1829) - French naturalist, author of the first evolutionary doctrine, believed that the influence of external circumstances is one of the most important causes of evolution. K. Roulier (1814-1858) - Russian scientist, believed that the structure and development of organisms depends on the environment, emphasized the need to study evolution. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) - English naturalist, founder of the doctrine of evolution. E. Haeckel (1834-1919) German biologist, in 1866 he introduced the term ecology. C. Elton (1900) – English scientist – founder of population ecology. A. Tansley (1871-1955) English scientist, in 1935 introduced the concept of ecosystem. V.N. Sukachev (1880-1967) Russian scientist, in 1942 introduced the concept of biogeocenoses. K.A. Timiryazev (1843-1920) - Russian scientist, devoted his life to the study of photosynthesis. V.V. Dokuchaev (1846-1903) - Russian soil scientist. V.I. Vernadsky (1863-1945) Russian scientist, founder of the doctrine of the biosphere as a global ecosystem.

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Habitat Habitat is everything that surrounds and affects an individual. Environmental factors: abiotic – factors of inanimate nature; biotic – factors of living nature; anthropogenic – associated with human activity. The following main habitats can be distinguished: aquatic, ground-air, soil, and organic.

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Aquatic environment In the aquatic environment, factors such as salt regime, water density, flow speed, oxygen saturation, and soil properties are of great importance. The inhabitants of reservoirs are called hydrobionts, among them there are: neuston - organisms that live near the surface film of water; plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton) - suspended, “floating” in the water to the body; nekton - well-swimming inhabitants of the water column; benthos - bottom organisms.

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Soil environment Soil inhabitants are called edaphobionts, or geobionts, for them the structure, chemical composition and moisture of the soil are of great importance.

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Ground-air environment For the inhabitants of the ground-air environment, the following are especially important: temperature, humidity, oxygen content, and illumination.

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Each organism constantly exchanges substances with the environment and itself changes the environment. Many organisms live in multiple habitats. The ability of organisms to adapt to certain environmental changes is called adaptation. But different organisms have different abilities to withstand changes in living conditions (for example, fluctuations in temperature, light, etc.), i.e. have different tolerances - a range of resistance. For example, there are: eurybionts - organisms with a wide range of tolerance, i.e. capable of living under different environmental conditions (for example, carp); stenobionts are organisms with a narrow range of tolerance that require strictly defined environmental conditions (for example, trout).

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