Homogeneous definitions examples from the literature. Homogeneous definitions

In this lesson you will get acquainted with homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, learn to distinguish between them, learn the rules for determining homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, consider interesting examples proposals.

2. Definitions that characterize one subject, but according to different criteria, will be homogeneous.

For example:

Scary, tragic, an incredible set of circumstances did not allow me to fulfill homework in Russian(Fig. 2) .

Each of these definitions refers directly to the word being defined, and a coordinating conjunction can be inserted between them:

scary And tragic,

scary And incredible

Rice. 2. The boy is doing his homework ().

3. As a rule, artistic definitions, i.e. epithets, are homogeneous.

For example:

bright, gentle sun(Fig. 3)

gloomy, evil neighbor

important, arrogant look

funny, optimistic disposition

Rice. 3. Bright, gentle sun ().

4. Definitions will be homogeneous if they form a semantic gradation, that is, each subsequent definition strengthens the expressed characteristic.

For example:

Light, joyful , Maxim, who had finally returned home, was filled with a festive mood.

5. If after a single definition there is a participial phrase, then such definitions are homogeneous and are separated by a comma.

For example:

It's been a long time , a months-long return(Fig. 4) .

Do not forget that the participial phrase that comes before the word being defined is not isolated. Therefore, after the word months there is no comma.

1. Definitions will not be homogeneous if the previous definition does not refer to the word being defined directly, but to a combination following definition with a defined word.

For example:

Bigsquare chocolate candy(Fig. 5) .

If you carefully examine the sentence, it becomes clear that the word big refers to the combination square chocolate candy, A

definition square refers to the combination chocolate candy.

These definitions characterize an object, in our case a chocolate candy, according to different criteria, according to different characteristics.

square(form)

big(size)

chocolate(material)

2. Heterogeneous definitions are very often expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. After all, different types of adjectives denote different characteristics.

For example:

I got some delicious strawberry ice cream today(Fig. 6) .

Words delicious And strawberry- these are heterogeneous definitions.

Rice. 6. Strawberry ice cream ().

There was a huge striped lollipop in a red cardboard box.(Fig. 7) .

Red And cardboard- heterogeneous definitions.

Huge And striped- heterogeneous definitions.

3. It is easy to identify heterogeneous definitions expressed by relative adjectives.

For example:

openworkcast iron gate,

summerlinguistic school,

4. If a relative adjective is combined with a participle, then these definitions will also be heterogeneous.

For example:

Decommissionedhomework.

These are all the basic rules that are needed to understand whether the definitions are homogeneous or not. However, there are even more complex but interesting cases when it is not so easy to understand whether this definition is homogeneous or not, because it is related to the meaning of the sentence.

If we recognize the definitions as homogeneous, then we want to say that these definitions have some common feature, that we unite them according to some characteristic:

• in appearance;
• according to the impression made;
• by cause and effect, etc.

For example:

Shined bright , summer sun(Fig. 8) .

We can put a comma in this sentence if we want to say that it was bright precisely because it was summer.

Rice. 8. Bright, summer sun ().

Even in the example we considered about candy:

Large square chocolate candy.

Big , square , chocolate candy.

Big+ square+ chocolate

We combine these signs general meaning- a good candy, we like everything about this candy: its size, its shape, and its composition. And, of course, such a sentence is pronounced with a completely different intonation.

Let's look at another example:

I was treated to a delicious chocolate candy.

In this sentence, the definition is expressed as a qualitative and relative adjective; it characterizes the subject according to different criteria, and, of course, they are heterogeneous. But it's not that simple. If we do add a comma, this sentence takes on a new meaning:

I was treated to a delicious , chocolate candy(Fig. 9) .

In this case, the word chocolate takes on a clarifying meaning, that is, we thus make it clear that only chocolate candy can be tasty, and all other candies are tasteless.

Rice. 9. Chocolate candy ().

Compare two sentences:

I'll order another ice cream(Fig. 10) .

I'll order another , creamy ice cream.

In the first case, the definitions are heterogeneous and it is clear that the previous ice cream was also creamy. And in the second sentence the definitions are homogeneous, a comma is placed between them, and the second definition takes on a clarifying meaning, that is, the previous ice cream was not creamy. This sentence is pronounced with clarifying intonation.

Rice. 10. Ice cream ().

In today's lesson, you learned to distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, and realized how one comma can change the meaning of a sentence.

References

1. Bagryantseva V.A., Bolycheva E.M., Galaktionova I.V., Zhdanova L.A., Litnevskaya E.I., Stepanova E.B. Russian language. Tutorial for senior classes of humanitarian schools,: Moscow University Publishing House, 2011.

2. Barkhudarov S.G., Kryuchkov S.E., Maksimov L.Yu.. Cheshko L.A.. Russian language . 8th grade. Textbook for general education institutions,: Education, 2013

3. Russian language: textbook for 8th grade general education. institutions / T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.T. Baranov, L.A. Trostentsova and others - M.: Education, OJSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2008.

1. Website videotutor-rusyaz.ru ()

Homework

1. List the cases in which the definitions will not be uniform.

2. Indicate which sentences contain homogeneous definitions.

There was wet, loose and dazzling snow in the fields.

We walked through the quiet, star-lit taiga.

Heavy cold clouds lay on the tops of the mountains.

A dry, hot wind was blowing.

The rain-washed young grass smelled intoxicating.

The old country park is quiet.

Everything fell asleep in a sound, healthy sleep.

3. Copy the text, adding the missing commas:

Meanwhile, the sun rose a little more above the horizon. Now the sea no longer shone entirely, but only in two places. On the very horizon, a long shining strip was burning, and dozens of bright, eye-catching stars flashed in the slowly approaching waves. Throughout the rest of its vast expanse, the sea shone with the gentle, sad blue of the August calm. Petya admired the sea. No matter how much you look at the sea, you will never get tired of it. It is always different, new and unprecedented. It changes every hour before our eyes. Then it is quiet light blue in several places covered with silvery almost white stripes of calm. Then it is bright blue fiery sparkling. Then, under a fresh wind, it suddenly becomes dark indigo wool, as if it were being ironed against the pile.

Homogeneous these are called members of the proposal, which are interconnected by a coordinating connection, are subordinate to the same member of the sentence (or are subordinate to the same member of the sentence) and perform the same function in the sentence.

The problem of homogeneity/heterogeneity of sentence members is one of the most difficult. From homogeneous definitions, which are separated by commas in writing must be distinguished heterogeneous definitions, between which there is no comma.

One of the main criteria for distinguishing homogeneity / heterogeneity of definitions is the meaning of definitions. Homogeneous definitions characterize one object or different ones on the same basis, while heterogeneous definitions characterize from different aspects.

Homogeneity of definitions may increase morphological indicators. Should be taken into account way of expressing definitions(a number of homogeneous members are represented, as a rule, either only by qualitative or only by relative adjectives), position in relation to the defined noun, as well as general character context.

Definitions are homogeneous if:

1 . indicate the distinctive features of different objects;

Her clothes combined white, red, lemon, and yellow tones (the tones were white, the tones were red, etc.).

2. denote various characteristics of one object, characterize the object from one side (when describing appearance, furnishings, when evaluating);

The devastated, burned city was empty.

3. under contextual conditions, synonymous relationships are created between definitions (contextual synonyms are formed);

Luck rarely looks upon a strong, prosperous person (in this context, the forms strong and prosperous, which are not synonyms in the language, act as synonyms, that is, as words close in meaning).

4. with each definition, the characteristic it expresses intensifies (a gradation is formed);

The mountain was fraught with some unknown, alarming, terrible danger.

5. the first definition is expressed by an adjective, and the second by a participial phrase - a participle with a dependent word;

An elderly man with a bushy beard, beginning to turn grey, greeted us.

Please note that the participle should not be single, but with a dependent word (participial phrase), and the participial phrase should be in second place (the single definition precedes the common one). In this case, a comma is placed between the adjective and the participial phrase, and not after the participial phrase.

6. stand after the word being defined (usually in a position of isolation);

A trio of greyhounds are running along a boring winter road.

7. definitions act as epithets - artistic definitions.

She really looked like a young, white, slender birch tree.

As homogeneousperform definitions, contrasted with a combination of other definitions with the same defined word: Not long ago there were low, wooden houses in this area, but now there are tall, stone ones.

Let us pay attention to the definitions that are interconnected by explanatory relationships: the second definition specifies the first (usually conjunctions can be inserted between them, namely, that is). In this case, a comma is placed between the definitions:

Give me another, interesting book.

I need a different, better freedom...

Definitions are heterogeneous if:

1. characterize an object from different sides (express characteristics that relate to different generic (general) concepts);

Large _ white clouds floated across the sky (large - “size”, white - “color”).

2. they are represented by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives;

A fur coat made of thick _ fox fur.

3. one of them is directly related to the word being defined, forming a phrase with it, and the other refers to the entire phrase;

We looked at punctuation with agreed upon definitions. Inconsistent definitions As a rule, they are homogeneous: A gentleman wearing glasses, with amazed eyes, wearing a blue velvet beret and a long coat drove up to the porch.

Usually are homogeneous combinations of agreed and inconsistent definitions: A young man of about twenty-five entered, well dressed, with laughing cheeks, lips and eyes.

The main task of all communicative qualities of speech is to ensure the effectiveness of speech.

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If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a series of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?

Homogeneous definitions characterize an object from one side (by color, shape, size) or create a holistic picture of the object.

Homogeneous definitions connected by a coordinating connection; they equally directly relate to the defined noun and are pronounced with enumerative intonation.

Between homogeneous definitions you can usually insert a conjunction And .

For example: She ran into the room cheerful, loud laughing girl. (Cheerful, laughing– homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state, a conjunction can be placed between them And .) They stood in a vase red, orange And yellow flowers. (Red, orange And yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting a common feature - color.)

Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles. In this case, only the closest definition directly relates to the word being defined, and the other refers to the combination of the defined noun with the first definition.

Between heterogeneous definitions there is no coordinating connection, they are pronounced without enumerative intonation and do not allow the insertion of a conjunction And .

As a rule, heterogeneous definitions are expressed by adjectives of different categories (for example, high quality And relative ).

For example: She ran into the room small loud laughing girl. (Small, laughing– heterogeneous definitions, it is impossible to put a union between them And .)

They stood in a vase large red fragrant flowers.(Large, red, fragrant - adjectives denoting different characteristics: color, shape, smell; these are heterogeneous definitions.)

To differentiate homogeneous And heterogeneous definitions, it is necessary to take into account a whole complex of characteristics. When parsing and arranging punctuation marks, pay attention to the meaning, method of expression and order of definitions in the sentence.

Signs of homogeneity of definitions

Indicate signs of homogeneous objects: blue, yellow, red balls;
denote characteristics that are interdependent in context (= since, therefore): lunar, clear evening (= clear, because lunar);
denote artistic images, metaphors: lead, extinguished eyes;
there is a semantic gradation: joyful, festive, radiant mood;
the single definition is placed before the common one: empty, covered with snow field;
located after the defined word: woman young, beautiful, kind, intelligent, charming ;
denote a subjective characteristic (optional attribute): small, golden cloud; long, narrow carpet;
in the position after the word being defined: clouds round, high, golden gray, with delicate white edges .
denote features that are synonymous in the context, while in the context they are united by some common feature (the similarity of the impression they make, appearance, etc.): He handed me red, swollen, dirty hand; Heavy, cold clouds lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains; IN thick, dark gray strands glistened in her hair; pale, strict face; funny, good-natured laughter; deserted, unfriendly house; affectionate, alive eyes; proud, brave view; dry, cracked lips; heavy, evil feeling; grey, continuous, small rain etc.

Between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions, a comma is added.

For example: Reds, white, pink, yellow carnations made a beautiful bouquet. Strange, cutting, painful the cry suddenly rang out twice in a row over the river.

Signs of heterogeneity of definitions

Designate shape and material: n narrow walnut bureau;
indicate color and shape: white round clouds;
indicate size and material: large stone Houses;
indicate quality and location: gloomy Siberian river.

Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous.

For example: At the end of November it fell first easy snowball.(Words first And easy first– numeral, easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members). My old one house.(Words "my" And " old" refer to different parts speeches: my– pronouns, old– adjective, they also do not form a series of homogeneous members). A neglected orchard.(Words " running" And "fruit" refer to different parts of speech: running- single participle, fruit- adjective).

We draw your attention to the fact that a single participle will be heterogeneous, and a participle with a dependent word (participial phrase) is included in a number of homogeneous definitions, and the participial phrase should be in second place.

For example: black combed hair(heterogeneous definitions); black, smoothly combed hair(homogeneous definitions). A comma is placed only between homogeneous members; after the participial phrase, if there are no special conditions for isolation, a comma is not placed.

Between heterogeneous definitions no comma.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications

1. Depending on the meaning, applications not connected by conjunctions can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Applications that appear before the word being defined and denote similar features of an object, characterizing it on the one hand, are homogeneous and are separated by commas.

For example: Laureate Nobel Prize, academician HELL. Sakharov– honorary titles; Doctor of Philology, Professor S.I. Radzig– academic degree and title; World Cup winner, champion Europe – sports titles; Olympic champion, holder of the “golden belt” of European champion, one of the most technical boxers, candidate of technical sciences, professor- listing of different titles.

If applications indicate different characteristics of an object, characterize it from different sides, then they are heterogeneous and are not separated by commas.

For example: First Deputy Minister of Defense General of the Army – position and military rank; chief designer of the design institute for construction mechanical engineering for precast reinforced concrete engineer – position and profession; general manager production association candidate of technical sciences – position and academic degree.

2. When combining homogeneous and heterogeneous applications, punctuation marks are placed accordingly: Head of the Interuniversity Department of General and University Pedagogy, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor; Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, two-time World Cup winner, student of the Institute of Physical Education; Honored Master of Sports, absolute world champion, student at the Institute of Physical Education.

The same word in a sentence can have several definitions, which can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. With non-union communication commas separate only homogeneous definitions, and between heterogeneous definitions no comma.

I. The definitions are uniform:

1. if indicated distinctive signs of different objects, characterizing them on the one hand.

• ...at a great distance the city lay out and quietly flamed and sparkled blue , white , yellow lights.(V. G. Korolenko)
• (Some lights are blue, others are white, others are yellow.)

2. if indicated various signs of the same object, characterizing it on one side.

• Loved Chapaev strong , decisive , hard word.
• (D. A. Furmanov)

3. if they characterize an object either only with positive sides and they can be assessed with a “+” sign, or only with negative sides and they can be assessed with a “-”.

• ... I saw a woman young , beautiful , kind , intelligent , charming.
• (A.P. Chekhov)
• Has arrived rainy , dirty , dark autumn.
• (A.P. Chekhov)

4. if they represent figurative definitions (epithets).

• Dry , metal His inflamed gray eyes sparkle.
• (According to D. A. Furmanov)

• Met us empty , abandoned house. (Adj. + adverb.)
• I love strong mornings, hot , awakening coffee. (Adj. + adverb.)
• That was first , not clouded by any fears the joy of discovery. (Adj. + proverb.)
• (D. A. Granin)

6. if they are standing after defined word.

• On both sides of the clearings there were pine trees high , ship .
• (Wed: high ship pines.)

7. when describing appearance .

• She met us almost at the house modest , shy , rustic girl about eight years old.

8. if are opposed other definitions related to the same defined word.

• We were passing through then small , deserted stations, then nodal , lively.

Each of the homogeneous definitions is directly related to the word being defined.

II. Definitions are heterogeneous:

1. if include not directly to what is being defined, but to noun combination with the definition in front of it.

• Can you imagine bad southern county small town?
• (A.I. Kuprin)
• (Cf.: county town - southern county town - nasty southern county town.)
• Holly dressed up in amazing tight lace dress.
• (S. Ahern)

2. if they characterize an object With different sides.

• Blueberry is a shrub with small round fresh black and blue berries. (Size - shape - taste - color.)

Heterogeneous definitions can become homogeneous if they acquire some common feature in the context.

• Started small , pricking rain. (The common feature of these definitions is an unpleasant sensation.)

• Bought as a gift Beautiful silk handkerchief.
• While working here, he acquired huge political experience.

III. Some cases allow ambiguity:

• Wed: She dressed new , mink fur coat
• She dressed new mink fur coat

Comma placement V first case means that second definition explains the first(She put on a new one, namely a mink coat).

Missing comma in second case means that the definition of new refers to the combination of a mink coat (She wore a new mink coat, although there is another mink coat, apparently already old).

We continue to explore the levels of the language system, relying on the book "Russian language: I understand - I write - I check." We will talk about homogeneous members of the sentence.

Lesson 28. Homogeneous members of the sentence. Homogeneous members connected only by intonation. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Homogeneous are members of a sentence that are interconnected by a coordinating connection and have the following characteristics:

1) often appear as the same parts of speech, used in the same grammatical form;

2) are interconnected by a coordinating connection, therefore they are equal and do not depend on each other, unlike the components of a phrase;

3) if these are minor members, then they extend one member of the sentence and define it lexically in the same way;

4) in speech they are often connected with each other by a special enumerative intonation.

Exercise. Read two sentences and determine in them: a) grammatical basis; b) guided by signs of homogeneity, which members of the sentence are homogeneous.

1) It was necessary to sell furniture, horses, and a dacha.(A. Chekhov)

2) The earth, air, month, stars are chained together, riveted by frost.(A. Pushkin)

The listed signs of homogeneity and the completed task show that:

a) each of the homogeneous members and all together act as identical members of the sentence: in the first example as additions, in the second as subjects and predicates;

b) any members of a sentence can be homogeneous - both main and secondary.

I. Homogeneous members connected only by intonation. Members of the sentence that are not homogeneous

When homogeneous members are connected by intonation, the punctuation marks commas, semicolons and dashes are used in writing.

1. Comma- the most common punctuation mark, separating homogeneous members from each other, connected by the intonation of enumeration (a connecting conjunction can be inserted between them And), For example:

They're crowding along the embankment steamships, schooners, barges . (A. Serafimovich)

Sentences with homogeneous members can be complicated by isolated secondary members. When placing punctuation marks, watch the intonation of the statement, and then analyze the structure of the sentence, for example:

Books are a spiritual testament from one generation to another, advice from a dying old man to a young man beginning to live, an order passed on to a sentry going on vacation to a sentry taking his place.(A. Herzen)

Exercise. Explain all the punctuation in this sentence. Which parts of the sentence are homogeneous?

2. Semicolon common homogeneous members connected by the intonation of enumeration are separated, especially if there are commas inside them. As a rule, this happens if the speech is divided into clear parts-pictures, for example:

Along the ravine on one side are neat barns, cages with tightly closed doors; on the other side five-six pine hut with plank roofs.(I. Turgenev)

Exercise. Prove that this is an incomplete sentence. Which part of the sentence is missing?

3. Dash is placed if homogeneous members are connected by adversarial relations, that is, they are opposed to each other, and unions can be inserted between them A or But. In speech, an intonation pause is made in place of the adversative conjunction, for example:

Not fishing sail small - ships I'm dreaming.(N. Nekrasov)

Compare the synonymous sentence with the conjunction: Not a fishing sail, but (but) I dream of ships.

Exercise. Remember the figure of speech of non-union. What is its essence?

4. There are words and expressions that are not homogeneous members, are used mainly in colloquial, artistic and artistic-journalistic functional styles and give imagery to speech. Such words and expressions can generally be used without punctuation marks, separated by a comma and a hyphen.

No signs punctuation is not separated:

1) two verbs included in a complicated simple verbal predicate. The predicates in this case represent a single semantic whole, for example:

I'll go horse with oatsI'll feed you ;

2) repeating identical forms of words included in the complicated predicate, connected by particles no, that’s true (believe it or not, like it or not, write it like this, you have to write it like that), For example:

Like it or not , but you will have to make a concession.

Comma is placed between repeated words used to emphasize the multitude of objects, the duration of an action, etc. These words act as one member of a sentence, for example:

White fragrant chamomile flowers run under his feet back, back. (A. Kuprin)

Hyphen put:

1) between repeated words, if the repetition is intended to strengthen an action or attribute; Moreover, they are pronounced with a single intonation, different from the intonation of the enumeration, for example:

By blue-blue Clouds are floating in the sky.(A. N. Tolstoy);

2) between paired synonymous combinations (find out the truth), antonym combinations (conditions of purchase and sale), combinations of associative nature (collect mushrooms and berries), which represent single concept, For example:

We called a neighbor on the other side and went there more than once, this and that we tasted it, but everything was sober.(N. Leskov)

II. Homogeneous and heterogeneous single consistent definitions

Before you start studying this paragraph, remember:

a) which adjectives are qualitative and which are relative;

b) what definitions are called consistent;

c) reasons for separating agreed definitions.

When single agreed definitions, expressed by adjectives and participles, are adjacent, it is quite difficult to establish their homogeneity and heterogeneity, since a comma is placed between homogeneous definitions, but not between heterogeneous ones.

Exercise. Homogeneous definitions-epithets serve to form a stylistic figure of gradation. What is the stylistic significance of gradation?

From the examples in the table it is clear that homogeneous definitions are most often expressed by qualitative adjectives. Heterogeneous definitions are usually expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives, since they denote different characteristics.

A comma between definitions expressed by adjectives of different categories is placed if there is similarity of lexical meanings, and refers to optional punctuation marks, for example:

It was ending summer, warm night.(I. Sokolov-Mikitov) - Here, in the author’s opinion, the concept warm is an integral part of the concept summer.

Exercise. Read the sentences in which the definitions come after the word being defined and are therefore homogeneous. Rewrite each sentence so that the definitions come before the word being defined. Analyze phrasal intonation in both cases and evaluate the stylistic meaning of word order.

1. Katya quickly took off the beautiful velvet glove from her hand. 2. The women rushed to the wounded soldier walking in front. 3. After a few steps, a large tree, looking like a huge giant, blocked our path. 4. Near the road there stood an oak tree, gnarled, old, squat. 5. The boys, untanned, who had just arrived on vacation, were fishing from a boat.