From a letter from D.S. Likhachev “On the art of words and philology”

“The reasoning of D. S. Likhachev is reminiscent of diary entries: pure, sincere, devoid of feigned intricacy and empty admiration for words, they deeply reveal inner world author. At the same time, reading Dmitry Sergeevich’s texts, we do not at all feel like passive observers: using a technique such as (A)______ (sentences 5–6), the author involves the reader in the process of reflection, making him a participant in the conversation about eternal values. In his vocabulary, trying to emphasize the importance of certain concepts, Likhachev very actively uses (B)_____ (good - evil, past - future). Probably, for the same purpose, the author uses such a lexical-syntactic device as (B)_____ (in sentences 25–27). In syntax, D. S. Likhachev invariably gives preference simple sentences, however, in order to avoid “chopped” phrases, it enriches them with (G)______ (for example, sentences 3, 11, 16).”

List of terms:

2) antonyms

3) parcellation

4) vernacular

7) question-and-answer form of presentation

9) anaphora

(1) A person must radiate kindness and live in the realm of goodness. (2) This sphere of good is largely created by himself. (3) It is created from his good deeds, good feelings, good influences on environment, good memories.

(4) An evil deed is forgotten faster than a good one. (5) Maybe this happens because remembering good things is more pleasant than bad things? (6) Of course, it’s more pleasant! (7) But the point is different. (8) Evil fragments society. (9) It is “separate” in nature. (10) Good is social in the broad sense of the word. (11) It connects, unites, brings together. (12) It evokes sympathy, friendship, love. (13) Therefore, evil associations are short-lived. (14) They are based on a commonality of temporary interests.

(15) “The wolf pack,” angry, wild, cruel, merciless, baring its teeth, with raised fur, with bloodshot eyes, sooner or later ends in a fight of wolves. (16) Unification on the basis of a good deed, good feelings, kindness lives even when the good deed itself, which served as the reason for its creation, is completed. (17) Good unification lives in the souls of people even when the practical need for such unification is completed and forgotten.

(18) Good is higher than practical needs! (19) Therefore, in life, goodness and, accordingly, kindness are perhaps the most valuable, and at the same time, kindness is smart, purposeful. (20) Intelligent kindness is the most valuable thing in a person, the most attractive to him and, ultimately, the most faithful on the path to personal happiness. (21) Happiness is achieved by those who strive to make others happy and are able to forget about their interests and themselves, at least for a while. (22) This is an “unchangeable ruble”.

(23) Here we turn our attention to another feature of the sphere of good. (24) It is closely connected with the traditions of the native culture, with the culture of humanity in general, with its past and future. (25) The sphere of good is large. (26) The sphere of good is strong, indestructible, although it is more difficult to achieve than the sphere of evil is formed. (27) The sphere of good is closer to eternity.

(28) That is why the sphere of good requires each of us to pay attention to history – our own and the world’s, to the cultural values ​​accumulated by all humanity, to humanitarian values ​​in the first place. (29) art, literature, music, architecture, urban planning and the natural landscape created by nature alone or nature in union with man - the study of all these humanitarian values ​​multiplies, strengthens, and improves the morality of the individual and the entire society. (30) And without morality, in turn, social and economic, historical and any other laws that create the well-being and self-awareness of humanity do not apply.

(31) And this is a huge practical result of a good that is “impractical” in nature.

(32) That is why the job of everyone individually and all together is to increase goodness, honor and preserve traditions, know and respect their native history and the history of all humanity. (33) Knowing this, remembering this always and following the paths of goodness and kindness is very, very important.

(By D. S. Likhachev*)

* Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev (1906–1999) - Soviet and Russian philologist, cultural critic, art critic, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

1) No matter how pleasant it is to remember the good, it is forgotten faster than the bad.

2) Good is the basis for the emergence of sympathy, friendship, love.

3) According to the observations of zoologists, fights often occur among wolves over their place in the hierarchy of the pack.

4) A good deed is the result of practical necessity, and as soon as this necessity disappears, the good deed loses its meaning.

5) Likhachev considers fine arts, literature, music, architecture, urban planning and the natural landscape to be humanitarian values.

Explanation.

1) No matter how pleasant it is to remember the good, it is forgotten faster than the bad. No, sentence 4 refutes this idea.

2) Good is the basis for the emergence of sympathy, friendship, love. Yes, that's right. Suggestion 12.

3) According to the observations of zoologists, fights often occur among wolves over their place in the hierarchy of the pack. There is no such information.

4) A good deed is the result of practical necessity, and as soon as this necessity disappears, the good deed loses its meaning. There is no such information; Proposition 18 states the opposite.

5) Likhachev considers fine arts, literature, music, architecture, urban planning and the natural landscape to be humanitarian values. Yes, that's right. Proposition 29.

Answer: 2, 5.

Answer: 25|52

Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers. Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Sentences 1–2 provide a description.

3) Sentence 15 contains a description.

4) Sentence 28 presents a narrative.

5) Proposition 32 presents the reasoning.

Explanation.

1) Sentences 1–2 provide a description. No, they are reasoning.

3) Sentence 15 contains a description. Yes, this is a description of the pack included in the reasoning.

4) Sentence 28 presents a narrative. No, this is reasoning.

5) Proposition 32 presents the reasoning. Yes, that's right.

Answer: 2, 3, 5.

Answer: 235

Difficulty: normal

From sentence 32, write down synonyms (synonymous pair).

Explanation.

(32) That’s why the job of everyone individually and everyone together is to increase goodness, honor and keep traditions, know and respect native history and the history of all humanity.

Answer: honor, respect.

Answer: honorrespect|respecthonor

Relevance: Used since 2015

Among sentences 28–33, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a coordinating conjunction and a demonstrative pronoun. Write the number(s) of this sentence(s).

(30) And without morality, in turn, social and economic, historical and any other laws that create the well-being and self-awareness of humanity do not apply.

(31)AND V this(=the content of sentence 30) a huge practical result of a good that is “impractical” in nature.

Answer: 31.

Answer: 31

Relevance: Used since 2015

Difficulty: normal

Rule: Task 25. Means of communication of sentences in the text

MEANS OF CONNECTING SENTENCES IN THE TEXT

Several sentences connected into a whole by theme and main idea are called text (from the Latin textum - fabric, connection, connection).

Obviously, all sentences separated by a period are not isolated from each other. There is a semantic connection between two adjacent sentences of a text, and not only sentences located next to each other can be related, but also those separated from each other by one or more sentences. The semantic relations between sentences are different: the content of one sentence can be contrasted with the content of another; the contents of two or more sentences can be compared with one another; the content of the second sentence may reveal the meaning of the first or clarify one of its members, and the content of the third - the meaning of the second, etc. The purpose of task 23 is to determine the type of connection between sentences.

The task could be worded like this:

Among sentences 11-18, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun, adverb and cognates. Write the number(s) of the offer(s)

Or: Determine the type of connection between sentences 12 and 13.

Remember that the previous one is ONE ABOVE. Thus, if the interval 11-18 is indicated, then the required sentence is within the limits indicated in the task, and answer 11 may be correct if this sentence is related to the 10th topic indicated in the task. There may be 1 or more answers. Point for successfully completing the task - 1.

Let's move on to the theoretical part.

Most often we use this model of text construction: each sentence is linked to the next one, this is called a chain link. (We will talk about parallel communication below). We speak and write, we combine independent sentences into text using simple rules. Here's the gist: two adjacent sentences must be about the same subject.

All types of communication are usually divided into lexical, morphological and syntactic. As a rule, when connecting sentences into a text, they can be used several types of communication at the same time. This greatly facilitates the search for the desired sentence in the specified fragment. Let us dwell in detail on each of the types.

23.1. Communication using lexical means.

1. Words from one thematic group.

Words of the same thematic group are words that have a common lexical meaning and denote similar, but not identical concepts.

Example words: 1) Forest, path, trees; 2) buildings, streets, sidewalks, squares; 3) water, fish, waves; hospital, nurses, emergency room, ward

Water was clean and transparent. Waves They ran ashore slowly and silently.

2. Generic words.

Generic words are words connected by the relation genus - species: genus is a broader concept, species is a narrower one.

Example words: Chamomile - flower; birch - tree; car - transport and so on.

Example sentences: It was still growing under the window birch. I have so many memories associated with this tree...

Field daisies are becoming rare. But this is unpretentious flower.

3 Lexical repetition

Lexical repetition is the repetition of the same word in the same word form.

The closest connection of sentences is expressed primarily in repetition. The repetition of one or another member of a sentence is the main feature of a chain connection. For example, in sentences Behind the garden there was a forest. The forest was deaf and neglected the connection is built according to the “subject - subject” model, that is, the subject named at the end of the first sentence is repeated at the beginning of the next; in sentences Physics is a science. Science must use the dialectical method- “model predicate - subject”; in the example The boat moored to the shore. The shore was strewn with small pebbles- model “circumstance - subject” and so on. But if in the first two examples the words forest and science stand in each of the adjacent sentences in the same case, then the word shore has different forms. Lexical repetition in Unified State Examination tasks will be considered the repetition of a word in the same word form, used to enhance the impact on the reader.

In texts of artistic and journalistic styles, the chain connection through lexical repetition often has an expressive, emotional character, especially when the repetition is at the junction of sentences:

Aral disappears from the map of the Fatherland sea.

Whole sea!

The use of repetition here is used to enhance the impact on the reader.

Let's look at examples. We are not yet taking additional means of communication into account; we are looking only at lexical repetition.

(36) I heard a very brave man who went through the war once say: “ It was scary, very scary." (37) He spoke the truth: he it was scary.

(15) As a teacher, I had the opportunity to meet young people yearning for a clear and precise answer to the question about higher values life. (16) 0 values, allowing you to distinguish good from evil and choose the best and most worthy.

note: different forms of words refer to a different type of connection. For more information about the difference, see the paragraph on word forms.

4 Similar words

Cognates are words with the same root and common meaning.

Example words: Homeland, be born, birth, generation; tear, break, burst

Example sentences: I'm lucky be born healthy and strong. The story of my birth unremarkable.

Although I understood that a relationship was necessary break, but couldn't do it myself. This gap would be very painful for both of us.

5 Synonyms

Synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are close in meaning.

Example words: be bored, frown, be sad; fun, joy, jubilation

Example sentences: In parting she said that will miss you. I knew that too I'll be sad from our walks and conversations.

Joy grabbed me, picked me up and carried me... Jubilation there seemed to be no boundaries: Lina answered, finally answered!

It should be noted that synonyms are difficult to find in the text if you need to look for connections only using synonyms. But, as a rule, along with this method of communication, others are also used. So, in example 1 there is a conjunction Same , this connection will be discussed below.

6 Contextual synonyms

Contextual synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are similar in meaning only in a given context, since they relate to the same object (feature, action).

Example words: kitten, poor fellow, naughty; girl, student, beauty

Example sentences: Kitty has been living with us for quite some time. My husband took it off poor guy from the tree where he climbed to escape the dogs.

I guessed that she student. Young woman continued to remain silent, despite all efforts on my part to get her to talk.

These words are even more difficult to find in the text: after all, the author makes them synonyms. But along with this method of communication, others are also used, which makes the search easier.

7 Antonyms

Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings.

Example words: laughter, tears; hot Cold

Example sentences: I pretended that I liked this joke and squeezed out something like laughter. But tears They choked me, and I quickly left the room.

Her words were hot and burned. Eyes chilled cold. I felt like I was under a contrast shower...

8 Contextual antonyms

Contextual antonyms are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings only in a given context.

Example words: mouse - lion; home - work green - ripe

Example sentences: On work this man was gray with the mouse. At home woke up in it a lion.

Ripe The berries can be safely used to make jam. And here green It’s better not to put them in, they are usually bitter and can spoil the taste.

We draw attention to the non-random coincidence of terms(synonyms, antonyms, including contextual ones) in this task and tasks 22 and 24: this is one and the same lexical phenomenon, but viewed from a different angle. Lexical means can serve to connect two adjacent sentences, or they may not be a connecting link. At the same time, they will always be a means of expression, that is, they have every chance of being the object of tasks 22 and 24. Therefore, advice: when completing task 23, pay attention to these tasks. You will learn more theoretical material about lexical means from the reference rule for task 24.

23.2. Communication using morphological means

Along with lexical means of communication, morphological ones are also used.

1. Pronoun

A pronoun connection is a connection in which ONE word or SEVERAL words from the previous sentence are replaced by a pronoun. To see such a connection, you need to know what a pronoun is and what categories of meaning there are.

What you need to know:

Pronouns are words that are used instead of a name (noun, adjective, numeral), designate persons, indicate objects, characteristics of objects, the number of objects, without naming them specifically.

Based on their meaning and grammatical features, nine categories of pronouns are distinguished:

1) personal (I, we; you, you; he, she, it; they);

2) returnable (self);

3) possessive (my, yours, ours, yours, yours); used as possessives also forms of personal: his (jacket), her work),their (merit).

4) demonstrative (this, that, such, such, such, so much);

5) definitive(himself, most, all, everyone, each, other);

6) relative (who, what, which, which, which, how many, whose);

7) interrogative (who? what? which? whose? which? how many? where? when? where? from where? why? why? what?);

8) negative (nobody, nothing, nobody);

9) indefinite (someone, something, someone, anyone, anyone, someone).

Do not forget that pronouns change by case, therefore, “you”, “me”, “about us”, “about them”, “no one”, “everyone” are forms of pronouns.

As a rule, the task indicates WHAT category the pronoun should be, but this is not necessary if in the specified period there are no other pronouns that act as LINKING elements. You need to clearly understand that NOT EVERY pronoun that appears in the text is a connecting link.

Let's look at the examples and determine how sentences 1 and 2 are related; 2 and 3.

1) Our school has recently been renovated. 2) I finished it many years ago, but sometimes I went in and wandered around the school floors. 3) Now they are some strangers, different, not mine....

There are two pronouns in the second sentence, both personal, I And her. Which one is the one paperclip, which connects the first and second sentence? If it's a pronoun I, what it is replaced in sentence 1? Nothing. What replaces the pronoun? her? Word " school" from the first sentence. We conclude: connection using a personal pronoun her.

There are three pronouns in the third sentence: they are somehow mine. The second is connected only by a pronoun They(=floors from the second sentence). Rest do not correlate in any way with the words of the second sentence and do not replace anything. Conclusion: the second sentence connects the third with the pronoun They.

What is the practical importance of understanding this method of communication? The fact is that pronouns can and should be used instead of nouns, adjectives and numerals. Use, but not abuse, since the abundance of words “he”, “his”, “their” sometimes leads to misunderstanding and confusion.

2. Adverb

Communication using adverbs is a connection, the features of which depend on the meaning of the adverb.

To see such a connection, you need to know what an adverb is and what categories of meaning there are.

Adverbs are unchangeable words that denote an action and refer to a verb.

Adverbs of the following meanings can be used as means of communication:

Time and space: below, on the left, next to, at the beginning, long ago and the like.

Example sentences: We got to work. At the beginning it was hard: I couldn’t work as a team, I had no ideas. After got involved, felt their strength and even got excited.note: Sentences 2 and 3 are related to sentence 1 using the indicated adverbs. This type of connection is called parallel connection.

We climbed to the very top of the mountain. Around There were only the treetops of us. Near The clouds floated with us. A similar example of a parallel connection: 2 and 3 are connected to 1 using the indicated adverbs.

Demonstrative adverbs. (They are sometimes called pronominal adverbs, since they do not name how or where the action takes place, but only point to it): there, here, there, then, from there, because, so and the like.

Example sentences: Last summer I was on holiday in one of the sanatoriums in Belarus. From there It was almost impossible to make a call, let alone surf the Internet. The adverb “from there” replaces the whole phrase.

Life went on as usual: I studied, my mother and father worked, my sister got married and left with her husband. So three years have passed. The adverb “so” summarizes the entire content of the previous sentence.

It is possible to use other categories of adverbs, for example, negative: B school and university I didn’t have good relationships with my peers. Yes and nowhere did not fold; however, I didn’t suffer from this, I had a family, I had brothers, they replaced my friends.

3. Union

Communication using conjunctions is the most common type of connection, thanks to which various relationships arise between sentences related to the meaning of the conjunction.

Communication using coordinating conjunctions: but, and, and, but, also, or, however and others. The assignment may or may not indicate the type of union. Therefore, the material on alliances should be repeated.

More details about coordinating conjunctions are described in a special section.

Example sentences: By the end of the day off we were incredibly tired. But the mood was amazing! Communication using the adversative conjunction “but”.

It's always been like this... Or that's how it seemed to me...Connection using the disjunctive conjunction “or”.

We draw attention to the fact that very rarely only one conjunction is involved in the formation of a connection: as a rule, lexical means of communication are used simultaneously.

Communication using subordinating conjunctions: because, so. A very atypical case, since subordinating conjunctions connect sentences within a complex sentence. In our opinion, with such a connection there is a deliberate break in the structure of a complex sentence.

Example sentences: I was in complete despair... For I didn’t know what to do, where to go and, most importantly, who to turn to for help. The conjunction for has the meaning because, because, indicates the reason for the hero’s condition.

I didn’t pass the exams, I didn’t go to college, I couldn’t ask for help from my parents and I wouldn’t do it. So There was only one thing left to do: find a job. The conjunction “so” has the meaning of consequence.

4. Particles

Particle Communication always accompanies other types of communication.

Particles after all, and only, here, there, only, even, same add additional shades to the proposal.

Example sentences: Call your parents, talk to them. After all It's so simple and at the same time difficult - to love....

Everyone in the house was already asleep. AND only Grandma muttered quietly: she always read prayers before going to bed, asking the heavenly forces for a better life for us.

After my husband left, my soul became empty and my house deserted. Even the cat, who usually rushed like a meteor around the apartment, just yawns sleepily and keeps trying to climb into my arms. Here whose arms would I lean on...Please note that connecting particles come at the beginning of the sentence.

5. Word forms

Communication using word form is that in adjacent sentences the same word is used in different

• if this noun - number and case
• If adjective - gender, number and case
• If pronoun - gender, number and case depending on the category
• If verb in person (gender), number, tense

Verbs and participles, verbs and gerunds are considered different words.

Example sentences: Noise gradually increased. From this growing noise I felt uneasy.

I knew my son captain. With myself captain fate did not bring me together, but I knew that it was only a matter of time.

note: the assignment may say “word forms”, and then it is ONE word in different forms;

“forms of words” - and these are already two words repeated in adjacent sentences.

There is a particular difficulty in the difference between word forms and lexical repetition.

Information for teachers.

Let's consider as an example the most difficult task of the real Unified State Exam 2016. Here is the full fragment published on the FIPI website in the “Guidelines for Teachers (2016)”

Difficulties for examinees in completing task 23 were caused by cases where the task condition required distinguishing between the form of a word and lexical repetition as a means of connecting sentences in the text. In these cases, when analyzing language material, students should pay attention to the fact that lexical repetition involves the repetition of a lexical unit with a special stylistic task.

Here is the condition of task 23 and a fragment of the text of one of the versions of the Unified State Exam 2016:

“Among sentences 8–18, find one that is related to the previous one using lexical repetition. Write the number of this offer."

Below is the beginning of the text given for analysis.

- (7) What kind of an artist are you when you don’t love your native land, eccentric!

(8) Maybe that’s why Berg wasn’t good at landscapes. (9) He preferred a portrait, a poster. (10) He tried to find the style of his time, but these attempts were full of failures and ambiguities.

(11) One day Berg received a letter from the artist Yartsev. (12) He called him to come to the Murom forests, where he spent the summer.

(13) August was hot and windless. (14) Yartsev lived far from a deserted station, in the forest, on the shore of a deep lake with black water. (15) He rented a hut from a forester. (16) Berg was driven to the lake by the forester’s son Vanya Zotov, a stooped and shy boy. (17) Berg lived on the lake for about a month. (18) He was not going to work and did not take oil paints with him.

Proposition 15 is related to Proposition 14 by personal pronoun "He"(Yartsev).

Proposition 16 is related to Proposition 15 by word forms "forester": prepositional case form, controlled by a verb, and non-prepositional form, controlled by a noun. These word forms express different meanings: the meaning is object and the meaning of belonging, and the use of the word forms in question does not carry a stylistic load.

Proposition 17 is related to sentence 16 by word forms (“on the lake - to the lake”; "Berga - Berg").

Proposition 18 is related to the previous one by personal pronoun "he"(Berg).

The correct answer in task 23 of this option is 10. It is sentence 10 of the text that is connected with the previous one (sentence 9) using lexical repetition (the word “he”).

It should be noted that there is no consensus among the authors of various manuals, What is considered a lexical repetition - the same word in different cases (persons, numbers) or in the same one. The authors of the books of the publishing house “National Education”, “Exam”, “Legion” (authors Tsybulko I.P., Vasilyev I.P., Gosteva Yu.N., Senina N.A.) do not give a single example in which the words V various forms would be considered lexical repetition.

At the same time, very complex cases in which words in different cases have the same form are treated differently in the manuals. The author of the books N.A. Senina sees this as a form of the word. I.P. Tsybulko (based on materials from a 2017 book) sees lexical repetition. So, in sentences like I saw the sea in a dream. The sea was calling me the word “sea” has different cases, but at the same time it undoubtedly has the same stylistic task that I.P. writes about. Tsybulko. Without delving into the linguistic solution to this issue, we will outline the position of RESHUEGE and give recommendations.

1. All obviously non-matching forms are word forms, not lexical repetition. Please note that we are talking about the same linguistic phenomenon as in task 24. And in 24, lexical repetitions are only repeated words in the same forms.

2. There will be no matching forms in the tasks on RESHUEGE: if the linguist specialists themselves cannot figure it out, then school graduates cannot do it.

3. If you come across tasks with similar difficulties during the exam, we look at those additional means of communication that will help you make your choice. After all, the compilers of KIMs may have their own, separate opinion. Unfortunately, this may be the case.

23.3 Syntactic means.

Introductory words

Communication with the help of introductory words accompanies and complements any other connection, adding shades of meaning characteristic of introductory words.

Of course, you need to know which words are introductory.

He was hired. Unfortunately, Anton was too ambitious. On the one side, the company needed such individuals, on the other hand, he was not inferior to anyone or anything, if something was, as he said, below his level.

Let us give examples of the definition of means of communication in a short text.

(1) We met Masha several months ago. (2) My parents had not seen her yet, but did not insist on meeting her. (3) It seemed that she also did not strive for rapprochement, which upset me somewhat.

Let's determine how the sentences in this text are connected.

Sentence 2 is related to sentence 1 using a personal pronoun her, which replaces the name Masha in sentence 1.

Sentence 3 is related to sentence 2 using word forms she her: “she” is a nominative case form, “her” is a genitive case form.

In addition, sentence 3 also has other means of communication: it is a conjunction Same, introductory word it seemed, series of synonymous constructions didn't insist on getting to know each other And didn't try to get closer.

Andrey Dimitriev 20.01.2019 12:17

what about sentence 29?

Tatiana Statsenko

The connection with the previous one is not carried out in it with the help of a coordinating conjunction and a demonstrative pronoun.

Read an excerpt from the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“Prose D.S. Likhacheva has her own style, distinguished by its recognizable brevity of form and unique depth of content. The author in the presented text, as in most of his works, uses very few tropes. And this is quite natural. He talks about complex things - eternal values ​​- and strives to make his reflections accessible, understandable, honest, and devoid of excessive formal pathos. Of the tropes found in the text, perhaps only (A)_____ (in sentence 15) is worth noting. But the text very often contains such a lexical device as (B)_____ (good, kind in sentences 1–3), and a syntactic device such as (B)______ (in sentences 3, 24, 29, etc.) . In the syntax it is also worth noting (D)_____(sentences 6, 18): this adds expression and conveys the author’s emotions.”

List of terms:

1) epithets

2) antonyms

3) parcellation

4) spoken words

5) series of homogeneous members of the sentence

6) exclamatory sentences

7) lexical repetition

9) alliteration

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Explanation (see also Rule below).

“Prose D.S. Likhacheva has her own style, distinguished by its recognizable brevity of form and unique depth of content. The author in the presented text, as in most of his works, uses very few tropes. And this is quite natural. He talks about complex things - eternal values ​​- and strives to make his reflections accessible, understandable, honest, and devoid of excessive formal pathos. Of the tropes found in the text, it is perhaps worth noting only epithets(in sentence 15). But the text very often contains such lexical means as lexical repetition(good, kind in sentences 1–3), and such a syntactic device as rows of homogeneous members(in sentences 3, 24, 29, etc.). It is also worth noting in the syntax exclamation sentences(sentences 6, 18): this adds expression, conveys the author’s emotions.”

Let's write down the numbers in the answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Answer: 1756

Relevance: Used since 2015

Difficulty: normal

Rule: Task 26. Language means of expression

ANALYSIS OF MEANS OF EXPRESSION.

The purpose of the task is to determine the means of expression used in the review by establishing correspondence between the gaps indicated by letters in the text of the review and the numbers with definitions. You need to write matches only in the order in which the letters appear in the text. If you do not know what is hidden under a particular letter, you must put “0” in place of this number. You can get from 1 to 4 points for the task.

When completing task 26, you should remember that you are filling in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it semantic and grammatical connection. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates consistent with the omissions, etc. It will make it easier to complete the task by dividing the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence. You can carry out this division, knowing that all means are divided into TWO large groups: the first includes lexical (non-special means) and tropes; secondly, figures of speech (some of them are called syntactic).

26.1 TROPIC WORD OR EXPRESSION USED IN A FIGUREABLE MEANING TO CREATE AN ARTISTIC IMAGE AND ACHIEVE GREATER EXPRESSIVENESS. Tropes include such techniques as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes they include hyperbole and litotes.

Note: The assignment usually states that these are TRAILS.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in parentheses, like a phrase.

1.Epithet(in translation from Greek - application, addition) - this is a figurative definition that marks an essential feature for a given context in the depicted phenomenon. An epithet differs from a simple definition artistic expression and imagery. The epithet is based on a hidden comparison.

Epithets include all “colorful” definitions that are most often expressed adjectives:

sad orphaned land(F.I. Tyutchev), gray fog, lemon light, silent peace(I.A. Bunin).

Epithets can also be expressed:

-nouns, acting as applications or predicates, giving a figurative characteristic of the subject: winter sorceress; mother is the damp earth; The poet is a lyre, and not just the nanny of his soul(M. Gorky);

-adverbs, acting as circumstances: In the wild north stands alone...(M. Yu. Lermontov); The leaves were tensely stretched downwind (K. G. Paustovsky);

-participles: waves rush thundering and sparkling;

-pronouns, expressing the superlative degree of a particular state of the human soul:

After all, there were fighting fights, Yes, they say, still which! (M. Yu. Lermontov);

-participles and participial phrases: Nightingales in vocabulary rumbling announce the forest limits (B. L. Pasternak); I also admit the appearance of... greyhound writers who cannot prove where they spent the night yesterday, and who have no other words in their language except the words not remembering kinship(M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

2. Comparison is a visual technique based on the comparison of one phenomenon or concept with another. Unlike metaphor, comparison is always binary: it names both compared objects (phenomenon, sign, action).

The villages are burning, they have no protection.

The sons of the fatherland are defeated by the enemy,

And the glow like an eternal meteor,

Playing in the clouds frightens the eye. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Comparisons are expressed in various ways:

Instrumental case form of nouns:

Nightingale vagrant Youth flew by,

Wave in bad weather Joy fades away (A.V. Koltsov)

Comparative form of an adjective or adverb: These eyes greener sea ​​and our cypress trees darker(A. Akhmatova);

Comparative phrases with conjunctions like, as if, as if, etc.:

Like a predatory beast, to the humble abode

The winner breaks in with bayonets... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

Using the words similar, similar, this is:

On the eyes of a cautious cat

Similar your eyes (A. Akhmatova);

Using comparative clauses:

Golden leaves swirled

In the pinkish water of the pond,

Like a light flock of butterflies

Flies breathlessly towards a star. (S. A. Yesenin)

3.Metaphor(in translation from Greek - transfer) is a word or expression that is used in a figurative meaning based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena for some reason. Unlike a comparison, which contains both what is being compared and what is being compared with, a metaphor contains only the second, which creates compactness and figurativeness in the use of the word. A metaphor can be based on the similarity of objects in shape, color, volume, purpose, sensations, etc.: a waterfall of stars, an avalanche of letters, a wall of fire, an abyss of grief, a pearl of poetry, a spark of love and etc.

All metaphors are divided into two groups:

1) general language(“erased”): golden hands, a storm in a teacup, moving mountains, strings of the soul, love has faded;

2) artistic(individual author’s, poetic):

And the stars fade diamond thrill

IN painless cold dawn (M. Voloshin);

Empty skies transparent glass (A. Akhmatova);

AND blue, bottomless eyes

They bloom on the far shore. (A. A. Blok)

Metaphor happens not just single: it can develop in the text, forming entire chains of figurative expressions, in many cases - covering, as if permeating the entire text. This extended, complex metaphor, a complete artistic image.

4. Personification- this is a type of metaphor based on the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts. Most often, personifications are used to describe nature:

Rolling through the sleepy valleys, the sleepy mists lay down, And only the sound of a horse's tramp is lost in the distance. The autumn day has faded, turning pale, with the fragrant leaves folded, half-withered flowers enjoying dreamless sleep.. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

5. Metonymy(translated from Greek - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their contiguity. Adjacency can be a manifestation of connection:

Between action and the instrument of action: Their villages and fields for a violent raid He doomed to swords and fires(A.S. Pushkin);

Between an object and the material from which the object is made: ... or on silver, I ate on gold(A. S. Griboyedov);

Between a place and the people in that place: The city was noisy, flags crackled, wet roses fell from the bowls of flower girls... (Yu. K. Olesha)

6. Synecdoche(in translation from Greek - correlation) - this a type of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another based on the quantitative relationship between them. Most often, transfer occurs:

From less to more: Even a bird does not fly to him, And a tiger does not come... (A.S. Pushkin);

From part to whole: Beard, why are you still silent?(A.P. Chekhov)

7. Periphrase, or periphrasis(translated from Greek - a descriptive expression) is a phrase that is used instead of any word or phrase. For example, Petersburg in verse

A. S. Pushkin - “Peter’s Creation”, “Beauty and Wonder of the Full Countries”, “The City of Petrov”; A. A. Blok in the poems of M. I. Tsvetaeva - “a knight without reproach”, “blue-eyed snow singer”, “snow swan”, “almighty of my soul”.

8.Hyperbole(translated from Greek - exaggeration) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of any attribute of an object, phenomenon, action: A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper(N.V. Gogol)

And at that very moment there were couriers, couriers, couriers on the streets... can you imagine, thirty five thousands only couriers! (N.V. Gogol).

9. Litota(translated from Greek - smallness, moderation) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of any attribute of an object, phenomenon, action: What tiny cows! There is, right, less than a pinhead.(I. A. Krylov)

And walking importantly, in decorous calm, the horse is led by the bridle by a peasant in large boots, in a short sheepskin coat, in large mittens... and from the nails myself!(N.A. Nekrasov)

10. Irony(in translation from Greek - pretense) is the use of a word or statement in a sense opposite to the direct one. Irony is a type of allegory in which mockery is hidden behind an outwardly positive assessment: Why, smart one, are you delirious, head?(I. A. Krylov)

26.2 “NON-SPECIAL” LEXICAL VISUATIVE AND EXPRESSIVE MEANS OF LANGUAGE

Note: In assignments it is sometimes indicated that this is a lexical device. Typically, in a review of task 24, an example of a lexical device is given in parentheses, either as a single word or as a phrase in which one of the words is in italics. Please note: these are the products most often needed find in task 22!

11. Synonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, different in sound, but identical or similar in lexical meaning and differing from each other either in shades of meaning or stylistic coloring ( brave - brave, run - rush, eyes(neutral) - eyes(poet.)), have great expressive power.

Synonyms can be contextual.

12. Antonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning ( truth - lie, good - evil, disgusting - wonderful), also have great expressive capabilities.

Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.

Lies happen good or evil,

Compassionate or merciless,

Lies happen dexterous and awkward,

Prudent and reckless,

Intoxicating and joyless.

13. Phraseologisms as a means of linguistic expression

Phraseologisms (phraseological expressions, idioms), i.e. phrases and sentences reproduced in ready-made form, in which the integral meaning dominates the meanings of their constituent components and is not a simple sum of such meanings ( get into trouble, be in seventh heaven, bone of contention), have great expressive capabilities. The expressiveness of phraseological units is determined by:

1) their vivid imagery, including mythological ( the cat cried like a squirrel in a wheel, Ariadne's thread, sword of Damocles, Achilles heel);

2) the classification of many of them: a) to the category of high ( the voice of one crying in the wilderness, sink into oblivion) or reduced (colloquial, colloquial: like a fish in water, neither sleep nor spirit, lead by the nose, lather your neck, hang your ears); b) to the category of linguistic means with a positive emotional-expressive connotation ( to keep as the apple of your eye - trade.) or with a negative emotional-expressive coloring (without the king in the head is unapproved, small fry- neglected, worthless - despised.).

14. Stylistically colored vocabulary

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of stylistically colored vocabulary can be used:

1) emotionally expressive (evaluative) vocabulary, including:

a) words with a positive emotional-expressive assessment: solemn, sublime (including Old Slavonicisms): inspiration, future, fatherland, aspirations, hidden, unshakable; sublimely poetic: serene, radiant, enchantment, azure; approving: noble, outstanding, amazing, brave; endearments: sunshine, darling, daughter

b) words with a negative emotional-expressive assessment: disapproving: speculation, bickering, nonsense; dismissive: upstart, hustler; contemptuous: dunce, crammer, scribbling; abusive/

2) functionally and stylistically colored vocabulary, including:

a) book: scientific (terms: alliteration, cosine, interference); official business: the undersigned, report; journalistic: report, interview; artistic and poetic: azure, eyes, cheeks

b) colloquial (everyday): dad, boy, braggart, healthy

15. Vocabulary of limited use

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of vocabulary of limited use can also be used, including:

Dialectal vocabulary (words that are used by residents of a particular area: kochet - rooster, veksha - squirrel);

Colloquial vocabulary (words with a pronounced reduced stylistic connotation: familiar, rude, dismissive, abusive, located on the border or outside the literary norm: beggar, drunkard, cracker, trash talker);

Professional vocabulary (words that are used in professional speech and are not included in the system of general literary language: galley - in the speech of sailors, duck - in the speech of journalists, window - in the speech of teachers);

Slang vocabulary (words characteristic of youth slang: party, frills, cool; computer: brains - computer memory, keyboard - keyboard; soldier: demobilization, scoop, perfume; criminal jargon: bro, raspberry);

The vocabulary is outdated (historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the objects or phenomena they denote: boyar, oprichnina, horse-drawn horse; archaisms are outdated words naming objects and concepts for which new names have appeared in the language: forehead - forehead, sail - sail); - new vocabulary (neologisms - words that have recently entered the language and have not yet lost their novelty: blog, slogan, teenager).

26.3 FIGURES (RHETORICAL FIGURES, STYLISTIC FIGURES, FIGURES OF SPEECH) ARE STYLISTIC DEVICES based on special combinations of words that go beyond the scope of normal practical use, and aimed at enhancing the expressiveness and figurativeness of the text. The main figures of speech include: rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal, repetition, syntactic parallelism, polyunion, non-union, ellipsis, inversion, parcellation, antithesis, gradation, oxymoron. Unlike lexical means, this is the level of a sentence or several sentences.

Note: In the tasks there is no clear definition format indicating these means: they are called syntactic means, and a technique, and simply a means of expressiveness, and a figure. In task 24, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.

16.Rhetorical question is a figure that contains a statement in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer; it is used to enhance the emotionality, expressiveness of speech, and to attract the reader’s attention to a particular phenomenon:

Why did he give his hand to insignificant slanderers, Why did he believe false words and caresses, He, with youth who has comprehended people?.. (M. Yu. Lermontov);

17.Rhetorical exclamation is a figure that contains a statement in the form of an exclamation. Rhetorical exclamations enhance the expression of certain feelings in a message; they are usually distinguished not only by special emotionality, but also by solemnity and elation:

That was on the morning of our years - Oh happiness! oh tears! O forest! oh life! oh sunshine! O fresh spirit of birch. (A.K. Tolstoy);

Alas! The proud country bowed to the power of a stranger. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

18.Rhetorical appeal- this is a stylistic figure consisting of an emphasized appeal to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech. It serves not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but to express the attitude towards what is said in the text. Rhetorical appeals can create solemnity and pathosity of speech, express joy, regret and other shades of mood and emotional state:

My friends! Our union is wonderful. He, like the soul, is uncontrollable and eternal (A.S. Pushkin);

Oh, deep night! Oh, cold autumn! Mute! (K. D. Balmont)

19.Repetition (positional-lexical repetition, lexical repetition)- this is a stylistic figure consisting of the repetition of any member of a sentence (word), part of a sentence or a whole sentence, several sentences, stanzas in order to attract special attention to them.

Types of repetition are anaphora, epiphora and pickup.

Anaphora(translated from Greek - ascent, rise), or unity of beginning, is the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of lines, stanzas or sentences:

Lazy the hazy noon breathes,

Lazy the river is rolling.

And in the fiery and pure firmament

Clouds are melting lazily (F.I. Tyutchev);

Epiphora(translated from Greek - addition, final sentence of a period) is the repetition of words or groups of words at the end of lines, stanzas or sentences:

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal - humanely.

What is a day or an age?

Before what is infinite?

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal - humanely(A. A. Fet);

They got a loaf of light bread - joy!

Today the film is good in the club - joy!

A two-volume edition of Paustovsky was brought to the bookstore. joy!(A.I. Solzhenitsyn)

Pickup- this is a repetition of any segment of speech (sentence, poetic line) at the beginning of the corresponding segment of speech following it:

He fell down on the cold snow,

On the cold snow, like a pine tree,

Like a pine tree in a damp forest (M. Yu. Lermontov);

20. Parallelism (syntactic parallelism)(in translation from Greek - walking next to) - identical or similar construction of adjacent parts of the text: adjacent sentences, poetic lines, stanzas, which, when correlated, create a single image:

I look at the future with fear,

I look at the past with longing... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

I was a ringing string for you,

I was your blooming spring,

But you didn't want flowers

And you didn't hear the words? (K. D. Balmont)

Often using antithesis: What is he looking for in a distant land? What did he throw in his native land?(M. Lermontov); Not the country is for business, but business is for the country (from the newspaper).

21. Inversion(in translation from Greek - rearrangement, inversion) - this is a change in the usual word order in a sentence for the purpose of emphasizing semantic significance any element of the text (words, sentences), giving the phrase a special stylistic coloring: a solemn, high-sounding or, conversely, colloquial, somewhat reduced characteristic. The following combinations are considered inverted in Russian:

The agreed definition comes after the word being defined: I’m sitting behind bars in dungeon dank(M. Yu. Lermontov); But there were no swells running through this sea; the stuffy air did not flow: it was brewing great thunderstorm(I. S. Turgenev);

Additions and circumstances expressed by nouns come before the word to which they relate: Hours of monotonous battle(monotonous clock strike);

22.Parcellation(in translation from French - particle) - a stylistic device that consists in dividing a single syntactic structure of a sentence into several intonational and semantic units - phrases. At the point where the sentence is divided, a period, exclamation and question marks, and an ellipsis can be used. In the morning, bright as a splint. Scary. Long. Ratnym. Was broken rifle regiment. Our. In an unequal battle(R. Rozhdestvensky); Why isn't anyone outraged? Education and healthcare! The most important areas of society! Not mentioned in this document at all(From newspapers); The state needs to remember the main thing: its citizens are not individuals. And people. (From newspapers)

23. Non-union and multi-union- syntactic figures based on deliberate omission, or, conversely, deliberate repetition of conjunctions. In the first case, when omitting conjunctions, speech becomes condensed, compact, and dynamic. The actions and events depicted here quickly, instantly unfold, replacing each other:

Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts.

Drumming, clicks, grinding.

The thunder of guns, stomping, neighing, groaning,

And death and hell on all sides. (A.S. Pushkin)

When multi-union speech, on the contrary, slows down, pauses and repeated conjunctions highlight words, expressively emphasizing their semantic significance:

But And grandson, And great-grandson, And great-great-grandson

They grow in me while I grow... (P.G. Antokolsky)

24.Period- a long, polynomial sentence or a very common simple sentence, which is distinguished by completeness, unity of topic and intonational division into two parts. In the first part, the syntactic repetition of the same type of subordinate clauses (or members of the sentence) occurs with an increasing increase in intonation, then there is a significant pause separating it, and in the second part, where the conclusion is given, the tone of voice noticeably decreases. This intonation design forms a kind of circle:

If I wanted to limit my life to the home circle, / When a pleasant lot ordered me to be a father, a husband, / If I were captivated by the family picture for even a single moment, then it’s true that I wouldn’t look for another bride besides you. (A.S. Pushkin)

25.Antithesis or opposition(in translation from Greek - opposition) is a turn in which opposing concepts, positions, images are sharply contrasted. To create an antithesis, antonyms are usually used - general linguistic and contextual:

You are rich, I am very poor, You are a prose writer, I am a poet(A.S. Pushkin);

Yesterday I looked into your eyes,

And now everything is looking sideways,

Yesterday I was sitting before the birds,

All larks these days are crows!

I'm stupid and you're smart

Alive, but I'm dumbfounded.

O cry of women of all times:

“My dear, what have I done to you?” (M. I. Tsvetaeva)

26.Gradation(in translation from Latin - gradual increase, strengthening) - a technique consisting in the sequential arrangement of words, expressions, tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons) in order of strengthening (increasing) or weakening (decreasing) of a characteristic. Increasing gradation usually used to enhance the imagery, emotional expressiveness and impact of the text:

I called you, but you didn’t look back, I shed tears, but you didn’t condescend(A. A. Blok);

Glowed, burned, shone huge blue eyes. (V. A. Soloukhin)

Descending gradation is used less frequently and usually serves to enhance the semantic content of the text and create imagery:

He brought mortal resin

Yes, a branch with withered leaves. (A.S. Pushkin)

27.Oxymoron(translated from Greek - witty-stupid) is a stylistic figure in which usually incompatible concepts are combined, usually contradicting each other ( bitter joy, ringing silence and so on.); at the same time, a new meaning is obtained, and the speech acquires special expressiveness: From that hour began for Ilya sweet torment, lightly scorching the soul (I. S. Shmelev);

Eat joyful melancholy in the red of dawn (S. A. Yesenin);

But their ugly beauty I soon comprehended the mystery. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

28. Allegory– allegory, transmission of an abstract concept through a concrete image: Foxes and wolves must win(cunning, malice, greed).

29.Default- a deliberate break in the statement, conveying the emotion of the speech and suggesting that the reader will guess what was unspoken: But I wanted... Perhaps you...

In addition to the above syntactic means of expressiveness, the tests also contain the following:

-exclamation sentences;

- dialogue, hidden dialogue;

This is a form of presentation in which questions and answers to questions alternate;

-rows of homogeneous members;

-citation;

-introductory words and constructions

-Incomplete sentences– sentences in which any member is missing that is necessary for completeness of structure and meaning. Missing sentence members can be restored and contextualized.

Including ellipsis, that is, omission of the predicate.

These concepts are covered in the school syntax course. That is probably why these means of expression are most often called syntactic in reviews.

Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.

Comment on the formulated problem. Include in your comment two illustrative examples from the text you read that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid excessive quoting). Explain the meaning of each example and indicate the semantic connection between them.

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded. If the essay is a retelling or completely rewritten of the original text without any comments, then such work is graded 0 points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Explanation.

Explanation.

“D. S. Likhachev’s reasoning is reminiscent of diary entries: pure, sincere, devoid of feigned intricacy and empty admiration for words, they deeply reveal the author’s inner world. At the same time, reading Dmitry Sergeevich’s texts, we by no means feel like passive observers: using such a technique as (A) question-and-answer form of presentation(sentences 5–6), the author involves the reader in the process of reflection, makes him a participant in the conversation about eternal values. In vocabulary, trying to emphasize the importance of certain concepts, Likhachev very actively uses (B) antonyms(good - evil, past - future). Probably, for the same purpose, the author uses such a lexico-syntactic device as (B) anaphora(in sentences 25–27, a single beginning of three sentences: “The sphere of good...”). In syntax, D. S. Likhachev invariably gives preference to simple sentences, however, in order to avoid “chopped” phrases, he enriches them (D) rows of homogeneous sentence members

Quotation book based on the book by D.S. Likhachev “Letters about the good and the beautiful”

(arguments for the essay for task 25 of the Unified State Exam in Russian)

Moral
The saying “the end justifies the means” is destructive and immoral. Dostoevsky showed this well in Crime and Punishment. Main actor of this work - Rodion Raskolnikov thought that by killing the disgusting old moneylender, he would get money with which he could then achieve great goals and benefit humanity, but he suffered an internal collapse. The goal is distant and unrealistic, but the crime is real; it is terrible and cannot be justified by anything. You cannot strive for a high goal with low means. You must be equally honest in both big and small things.

The value of youth
Therefore, take care of your youth until old age. Appreciate all the good things you acquired in your youth, do not waste the riches of your youth. Nothing acquired in youth passes without a trace. Habits developed in youth last a lifetime. Skills in work - too. Get used to work - and work will always bring joy. And how important this is for human happiness! No more miserable than a man lazy, always avoiding work, effort...

The purpose of life
There is a Russian proverb: “Take care of your honor from a young age.” All the actions committed in youth remain in memory. The good ones will make you happy, the bad ones will not let you sleep!

By what a person lives for, one can judge his self-esteem - low or high.
If a person sets himself the task of acquiring all the basic material goods, he evaluates himself at the level of these material goods:
If a person lives to bring good to people, to alleviate their suffering from illness, to give people joy, then he evaluates himself at the level of this humanity. He sets himself a goal worthy of a person.

Patriotism, nationalism
You have to be a patriot, not a nationalist. There is no need to hate every other family because you love yours. There is no need to hate other nations because you are a patriot. There is a deep difference between patriotism and nationalism. In the first - love for your country, in the second - hatred of all others.

Wisdom
Wisdom is intelligence combined with kindness. Mind without kindness is cunning. Cunning gradually withers away and will certainly sooner or later turn against the cunning person himself. Therefore, the cunning is forced to hide. Wisdom is open and reliable. She does not deceive others, and above all the wisest person. Wisdom brings a good name and lasting happiness to the sage, brings happiness.

Attitude towards people
We must be open to people, tolerant of people, and look for the best in them first of all. The ability to seek and find the best, simply “good”, “overshadowed beauty” enriches a person spiritually.

Life, meaning of life, principles
The greatest value in the world is life: someone else’s, one’s own, the life of the animal world and plants, the life of culture, life throughout its entire length - in the past, in the present, and in the future... And life is infinitely deep. We always come across something we haven’t noticed before, something that amazes us with its beauty, unexpected wisdom, and uniqueness.
You can define the purpose of your existence in different ways, but there must be a purpose - otherwise there will be no life, but vegetation.
You also need to have principles in life.

Dignity
you need to live your life with dignity so that you won’t be ashamed to remember.
For the sake of the dignity of life, one must be able to give up small pleasures and considerable ones too... Being able to apologize and admit a mistake to others is better than fussing and lying.
When deceiving, a person first of all deceives himself, because he thinks that he has successfully lied, but people understood and, out of delicacy, remained silent.

Do good
Life is, first of all, creativity, but this does not mean that every person, in order to live, must be born an artist, ballerina or scientist. Creativity can also be done. You can simply create a good atmosphere around yourself, as they say now, an aura of goodness around you.
Therefore the main life's task The task must necessarily be broader than just personal; it should not be limited only to one’s own successes and failures. It should be dictated by kindness towards people, love for family, for your city, for your people, for your country, for the whole universe.
Good cannot be stupid. A good deed is never stupid, because it is selfless and does not pursue the goal of profit and “smart results.”
The unaccountable spiritual need to do well, to do good to people is the most valuable thing in a person.
In life, the most valuable thing is kindness, and at the same time, kindness is smart and purposeful. Intelligent kindness is the most valuable thing in a person, the most attractive to him and, ultimately, the most faithful on the path to personal happiness.
Happiness is achieved by those who strive to make others happy and are able to forget about their interests and themselves, at least for a while. This is the “unchangeable ruble”.

Leave a memory of yourself
So life is eternal creation. A person is born and leaves behind a memory. What kind of memory will he leave behind? You need to take care of this not only from a certain age, but, I think, from the very beginning, since a person can leave at any moment and at any moment. And it is very important what memory he leaves of himself.

Material and spiritual
And you need to dress well (this is respect for others), but not necessarily “better than others.” And you need to compile a library for yourself, but not necessarily larger than your neighbor’s. And it’s good to buy a car for yourself and your family - it’s convenient. Just don’t turn the secondary into the primary, and don’t let the main goal of life exhaust you where it’s not necessary.

Empathy and compassion
A person must be caring. A carefree or carefree person is most likely a person who is unkind and does not love anyone.
Morality is characterized to the highest degree by a sense of compassion. In compassion there is a consciousness of one’s unity with humanity and the world (not only people, nations, but also with animals, plants, nature, etc.). A feeling of compassion (or something close to it) makes us fight for cultural monuments, for their preservation, for nature, individual landscapes, for respect for memory. In compassion there is a consciousness of one’s unity with other people, with a nation, people, country, universe. That is why the forgotten concept of compassion requires its complete revival and development.

Appearing to others (simplicity in man)
There is no better music than silence, silence in the mountains, silence in the forest. There is no better “music in a person” than modesty and the ability to remain silent, not to come to the forefront. There is nothing more unpleasant and stupid in a person’s appearance and behavior than being important or noisy; There is nothing funnier in a man than excessive care for his suit and hairstyle, calculated movements and a “fountain of witticisms” and anecdotes, especially if they are repeated.
He who seeks to deceive others first of all deceives himself. He naively thinks that they believed him, and those around him were actually just polite. But a lie always reveals itself, a lie is always “felt”, and you not only become disgusting, worse - you become ridiculous.
Simplicity and “silence” in a person, truthfulness, lack of pretensions in clothing and behavior - this is the most attractive “form” in a person, which also becomes his most elegant “content”.

Offend and be offended
You should only be offended when they want to offend you. If they don’t want to, and the reason for the offense is an accident, then why be offended?
Well, what if they want to offend? Before responding to an insult with an insult, it is worth thinking: should one stoop to being offended? After all, resentment usually lies somewhere low and you should bend down to pick it up
In general, excessive touchiness is a sign of a lack of intelligence or some kind of complex. Be smart.

Conscience and honor
There is one significant difference between conscience and honor. Conscience always comes from the depths of the soul, and by conscience one is purified to one degree or another. Conscience is gnawing. Conscience is never false.
True honor is always in accordance with conscience. False honor is a mirage in the desert, in the moral desert of the human (or rather, “bureaucratic”) soul.

Careerism
A person is always directed towards the future, and the future is no longer in real knowledge, not in mastering skills, but in placing oneself in an advantageous position. The content, the real content, is lost. The present time does not come, there is still an empty aspiration to the future. This is careerism.

Intelligence
Intelligence is needed under all circumstances. It is necessary both for others and for the person himself.
Many people think: an intelligent person is one who has read a lot, received a good education (and even mainly a humanitarian one), traveled a lot, and knows several languages.
Meanwhile, you can have all this and be unintelligent, and you can not possess any of this to a large extent, but still be an internally intelligent person.
Education cannot be confused with intelligence. Education lives by old content, intelligence - by creating new things and recognizing the old as new.
Intelligence is not only about knowledge, but about the ability to understand others. It manifests itself in a thousand and a thousand little things: in the ability to argue respectfully, to behave modestly at the table, in the ability to quietly (precisely imperceptibly) help another, to take care of nature, not to litter around you - do not litter with cigarette butts or swearing, bad ideas (this is also garbage, and what else!).
Intelligence is the ability to understand, to perceive, it is a tolerant attitude towards the world and towards people.
A person's social duty is to be intelligent. This is a duty to yourself. This is the key to his personal happiness and the “aura of goodwill” around him and towards him (that is, addressed to him).

Evil and envy
And evil in a person is always associated with a lack of understanding of another person, with a painful feeling of envy, with an even more painful feeling of ill will, with dissatisfaction with one’s position in society, with eternal anger that eats up a person, disappointment in life.
an angry and angry reaction to the environment, rudeness and lack of understanding of others is a sign of mental and spiritual weakness, human inability to live..
Friendliness and kindness make a person not only physically healthy, but also beautiful. Yes, exactly beautiful.
Envy develops primarily where you are a stranger to yourself. Envy develops primarily where you do not differentiate yourself from others. If you are jealous, it means you haven’t found yourself.

Good breeding, good manners
True good manners manifests itself primarily at home, in your family, in relationships with your relatives.
A well-mannered person is one who wants and knows how to respect others; he is one for whom his own politeness is not only familiar and easy, but also pleasant. This is someone who is equally polite to both senior and junior in age and position.
At the heart of all good manners is care - care that a person does not interfere with another, so that everyone feels good together.
Do not think that good manners are just manners, that is, something superficial. By your behavior you reveal your essence. You need to cultivate in yourself not so much manners as what is expressed in manners, a caring attitude towards the world: towards society, towards nature, towards animals and birds, towards plants, towards the beauty of the area, towards the past of the places where you live, etc. d.

Outside influences
These outside influences are usually extremely strong when a boy or girl begins to become an adult - at a turning point. Then the power of these influences passes.
Influences are both good and bad. Remember this. But you should be wary of bad influences. Because a person with a will does not succumb to bad influence, he chooses his own path. A weak-willed person succumbs to bad influences.

Greed
Greed is the oblivion of one’s own dignity, it is an attempt to put one’s material interests above oneself, it is a mental crookedness, a terrible orientation of the mind that is extremely limiting, mental witheredness, pitifulness, a jaundiced view of the world, bile towards oneself and others, oblivion of comradeship. Greed in a person is not even funny, it is humiliating. She is hostile to herself and others.

Ability to argue
In a dispute, intelligence, logical thinking, politeness, the ability to respect people and... self-respect are immediately revealed.
If in a dispute a person cares not so much about the truth as about victory over his opponent, does not know how to listen to his opponent, strives to “shout out” his opponent, frighten him with accusations, he is an empty person, and his argument is empty.
A person should not be a weathervane, should not yield to an opponent just to please him, or, God forbid, out of cowardice, for career reasons, etc.
But to concede with dignity on an issue that does not force you to abandon your general beliefs (hopefully high ones), or to accept your victory with dignity, without gloating over the loser in a dispute, without triumphing, without offending the pride of your opponent - how beautiful that is!

Errors
You need experience so that after making a mistake, you can get back into work and continue it as quickly and as easily as possible. And those around him do not need to force a person to admit a mistake, they need to encourage him to correct it; reacting in the same way as spectators react at competitions, sometimes even rewarding those who fell and easily corrected their mistake with joyful applause at the first opportunity.

Appearance
Sloppiness in clothing is, first of all, disrespect for the people around you, and also disrespect for yourself.

Speech, language
Language, even more than clothing, testifies to a person’s taste, his attitude towards the world around him, towards himself.
Flaunting rudeness in language, as well as flaunting rudeness in manners, sloppiness in clothing, is a very common phenomenon, and it mainly indicates a person’s psychological insecurity, his weakness, and not at all his strength.
Our language is a vital part of our overall behavior in life. And by the way a person speaks, we can immediately and easily judge who we are dealing with: we can determine the degree of intelligence of a person, the degree of his psychological balance, the degree of his possible “complexity” (there is such a sad phenomenon in the psychology of some weak people, but I don’t have the opportunity to explain it now - this is a big and special question).
But the art of words is the most complex, requiring the greatest internal culture from a person.

Oratory
The speaker himself must be interested in the subject of his speech and be able to convey this interest to the audience - make them feel the speaker’s interest. Only then will it be interesting to listen to him.
Even when speaking against any idea or thought, try to construct it as support for the positive that is in the objections of the person arguing with you. Public speaking should always be from a public perspective. Then it will meet with sympathy.

You need to be able to write
Every person should write well as well as speak well. Speech, written or oral, characterizes him to a greater extent than even his appearance or ability to behave. Language reflects a person’s intelligence, his ability to think accurately and correctly, his respect for others, his “neatness” in the broad sense of the word.
Beware of empty eloquence!

Reading, literature
Read worthwhile books, not just reading matter. Study history and literature. An intelligent person should know both well. They are the ones who give a person a moral and aesthetic outlook, make the world around him large, interesting, radiating experience and joy.
Reading should not be random. This is a huge waste of time, and time is the greatest value that cannot be wasted on trifles.
An interest in reading in general or in certain branches of culture must be developed in oneself.
“Speed ​​reading” creates the appearance of knowledge.
Literature gives us a colossal, vast and profound experience of life. It makes a person intelligent, develops in him not only a sense of beauty, but also understanding - an understanding of life, all its complexities, serves as a guide to other eras and to other peoples, opens the hearts of people to you. In a word, it makes you wise.
A person should have favorite works that he turns to repeatedly, which he knows in detail, which he can remind others about in the right environment and thereby either lift the mood, or defuse the situation (when irritation against each other accumulates), or make them laugh, or simply express your attitude towards what happened to you or someone else.

A classic is one that has stood the test of time.
Don't just jump at every trendy book. Don't be fussy. Vanity makes a person recklessly spend the largest and most precious capital he has - his time.
If a person buys books only for prestige, then he is doing it in vain. In the first conversation he will give himself away. It will become clear that he himself did not read the books, and if he did, he did not understand.
There should not be people who are blind to beauty, deaf to words and real music, callous to goodness, or forgetful of the past. And for all this we need knowledge, we need intelligence, which is given by the humanities. Read fiction and understand it, read history books and love the past of humanity, read travel literature, memoirs, read art literature, visit museums, travel with meaning and be spiritually rich.

Spiritual culture, lack of spirituality
The more a person is surrounded by this spiritual culture, immersed in it, the happier he is, the more interesting it is for him to live, the more meaningful life becomes for him.
“lack of spirituality” is the life of a mechanism that feels nothing, is unable to love, sacrifice itself, or have moral and aesthetic ideals.

Moral responsibility for scientific achievements
A person will have the hardest and most complex task of being not just a person, but a person of science, a person morally responsible for everything that happens in the age of machines and robots. General education can create a man of the future, a creative man, a creator of everything new and morally responsible for everything that will be created.

Memory, memory of the past
Memory and knowledge of the past fill the world, make it interesting, significant, and spiritual. If you do not see the past behind the world around you, it is empty for you.
But we must not only know the history of everything that surrounds us, starting with our family, continuing with the village or city and ending with the country and the world, but also preserve this history, this immeasurable depth of the surrounding
The attitude towards the past forms one's own national image. For every person is a bearer of the past and a bearer national character. Man is part of society and part of its history.
Memory is overcoming time, overcoming death.
This is the greatest moral significance of memory. “Unmemorable” is, first of all, a person who is ungrateful, irresponsible, and therefore incapable of good, selfless deeds.
Just as a person’s personal memory forms his conscience, his conscientious attitude towards his personal ancestors and loved ones - relatives and friends, old friends, that is, the most faithful ones with whom he is connected by common memories - so historical memory of the people forms the moral climate in which the people live
Memory is the basis of conscience and morality, memory is the basis of culture, the “accumulations” of culture, memory is one of the foundations of poetry - the aesthetic understanding of cultural values. Preserving memory, preserving memory is our moral duty to ourselves and to our descendants. Memory is our wealth.

Conscience
Conscience is basically memory, to which is added a moral assessment of what has been done. But if what is perfect is not retained in memory, then there can be no evaluation. Without memory there is no conscience.

Trips
One of the greatest values ​​of life is traveling in your own country and in foreign countries. Any city, any country, any place for which you have not prepared for a trip is uninteresting and boring. Conversely, if you know the history of a place, it becomes ten times more interesting.
There are no uninteresting places on earth: there are only uninterested people, people who do not know how to find interesting things, who are internally boring.
Travel reveals a lot to us, makes us think and dream about a lot.

National tolerance
Every people should be judged by the moral peaks and ideals by which it lives. Benevolence towards any people, even the smallest ones! This position is the most faithful, the most noble. Generally speaking, any ill will always erects a wall of misunderstanding
National traits cannot be exaggerated or made exceptional. National characteristics are only some accents, and not qualities that others lack. National characteristics bring people together, interest people of other nationalities, and do not remove people from the national environment of other peoples, do not close peoples within themselves. Nations are not walled communities, but harmoniously coordinated associations.

Moral settledness, love for paternal tombs
How to cultivate “moral settledness” in yourself and others - attachment to your family, to your home, village, city, country?
Caring for the past is also caring for the future...
Loving your family, your childhood impressions, your home, your school, your village, your city, your country, your culture and language, the entire globe is necessary, absolutely necessary for the moral settlement of a person.
You can’t value people only for their mind and intelligence: value them for their kindness, for their work, for the fact that they are representatives of their circle - fellow villagers or classmates, fellow townspeople, or simply “one of our own”, “special” in some way.
By reading forgotten names, sometimes looking for famous people buried here, their relatives or just acquaintances, visitors to some extent learn the “wisdom of life.” Many cemeteries are poetic in their own way. Therefore, the role of lonely graves or cemeteries in the education of “moral settled life” is very great.
Respect for the work of our ancestors, for their work traditions, for their tools, for their customs, for their songs and entertainment. All this is dear to us. And just respect for the graves of our ancestors. Remember Pushkin:
Two feelings are wonderfully close to us -
The heart finds food in them -
Love for the native ashes,
Love for fathers' coffins.
Life-giving shrine!
The earth would be dead without them.
If a person is indifferent to the historical monuments of his country, then he is indifferent to his country.

The value of life
Life is the greatest value a person has.

The role of art
And the greatest value that art rewards a person is the value of kindness. Awarded with the gift of understanding art, a person becomes morally better, and therefore happier.
“The discoveries we make through art are not only lively and impressive, but also good discoveries.
Gogol wrote about the theater: “This is a pulpit from which you can say a lot of good to the world.” The source of good is all true art. It is fundamentally moral precisely because it evokes in the reader, in the viewer - in everyone who perceives it - empathy and sympathy for people, for all of humanity.
Art in the deepest sense of the word is human. It comes from a person and leads to a person - to the most alive, the kindest, to the very best in him. It serves to unite human souls.”
Art illuminates and at the same time sanctifies human life. And I repeat again: it makes him kinder, and therefore happier.

Education of taste
Of course, they don’t argue about tastes, but they develop taste - in themselves and in others. One can strive to understand what others understand, especially if there are many others. Many, many cannot simply be deceivers if they claim that they like something, if a painter or composer, poet or sculptor enjoys enormous and even worldwide recognition. However, there are fashions and there are unjustified non-recognition of the new or alien, contamination even with hatred of the “alien”, of the too complex, etc.

Humanity
Humanity has always been one of the most important phenomena of literature - large and small. It is worth looking for these manifestations of simple human feelings and concerns. They are precious.

Culture of nature, relationship between man and nature
Nature has its own culture. Chaos is not at all a natural state of nature. On the contrary, chaos (if it exists at all) is an unnatural state of nature.
Nature is “social” in its own way. Its “sociality” also lies in the fact that it can live next to a person, be a neighbor to him, if he, in turn, is social and intellectual, takes care of her, does not cause irreparable damage to her, does not completely cut down forests, does not clog rivers. ..
The Russian landscape was mainly created by the efforts of two great cultures: the culture of man, which softened the harshness of nature, and the culture of nature, which in turn softened all the imbalances that man unwittingly brought into it.
Russian culture has long considered freedom and space to be the greatest aesthetic and ethical good for humans.
Therefore, the relationship between nature and man is a relationship between two cultures, each of which is “social” in its own way, communal, and has its own “rules of behavior.” And their meeting is built on a kind of moral foundation.
The landscape of the country is the same element national culture, like everything else. Do not store native nature- this is the same as not preserving your native culture. She is the expression of the soul of the people
And the wilder nature is, the sharper and deeper its community with humans.

Preservation of cities
There is unity of people, nature and culture in the country.
Preserving the diversity of our cities and villages, preserving their historical memory, their common national-historical identity is one of the most important tasks of our city planners. The whole country is a grandiose cultural ensemble. It must be preserved in its amazing richness. It is not only the historical memory that educates in one’s city and village, but one’s country as a whole that educates a person. Now people live not only in their “point”, but throughout the whole country, and not only in their own century, but in all the centuries of their history.
No, gardens and parks are that important boundary where man and nature unite. Gardens and parks are equally important - both in the city and outside the city.
A garden is an ideal culture, a culture in which ennobled nature is ideally fused with the kind person in it.
It is no coincidence that Dostoevsky dreamed of turning the most lush places in St. Petersburg into a garden.

Cultural background
The cultural past of our country must be understood not in its parts, but in its whole.
It is necessary not only to preserve individual buildings or individual landscapes and landscapes, but to preserve the very character and natural landscape. And this means that new construction opposes the old as little as possible.

Pushkin and nature
The discovery of Russian nature occurred with Pushkin in Mikhailovsky. Mikhailovskoe and Trigorskoe are the places where Pushkin discovered the Russian simple landscape. That is why Mikhailovskoe and Trigorskoe are holy for every Russian person.
Pushkin, coming from the nature of Russia, gradually discovered Russian reality.

Preservation of the cultural environment
Man lives not only in the natural environment, but also in the environment created by the culture of his ancestors and by himself. Preserving the cultural environment is a task no less important than preserving the surrounding nature. If nature is necessary for man for his biological life, then the cultural environment is no less necessary for his spiritual, moral life, for his “spiritual settledness”, for his attachment to his native places, following the behests of his ancestors, for his moral self-discipline and sociality.

Understanding the beauty of the world
We ourselves must be intelligent, cultured, well-mannered, understand beauty and be kind - namely, kind and grateful to our ancestors, who created for us and our descendants all that beauty that not anyone else, but we, are sometimes unable to recognize, accept in your moral world, to preserve and actively defend.
Every person must know among what beauty and what moral values he lives.

Preservation of cultural monuments
Cultural monuments belong to the people, and not only to our generation. We are responsible for them to our descendants. We will be in great demand both in a hundred and in two hundred years.
The historical atmosphere of our cities cannot be captured by any photographs, reproductions or models. This atmosphere can be revealed and emphasized by reconstructions, but it can also be easily destroyed - destroyed without a trace. It is irreparable. We must preserve our past: it has the most effective educational value. It fosters a sense of responsibility to the Motherland.

Love to motherland
Love for your homeland is not something abstract; this is also love for your city, for your locality, for its cultural monuments, pride in your history. That is why teaching history in school should be specific - on monuments of history, culture, and the revolutionary past of one’s area.
One cannot only call for patriotism, it must be carefully nurtured - to cultivate love for one’s native places, to cultivate spiritual settledness. And for all this it is necessary to develop the science of cultural ecology
There will be no roots in the native area, in the native country - there will be many people similar to the steppe plant tumbleweed.
Earth is our home
The earth is our tiny home, flying in an immeasurably large space.
And most importantly: there is no other other life in the Universe!
The Earth is the Hermitage rushing through outer space!

Serving people
If you live only for yourself, with your petty worries about your own well-being, then not a trace will remain of what you have lived. If you live for others, then others will save what you served, what you gave strength to.
And people who served others, who served wisely, who had a good and significant purpose in life, are remembered for a long time. They remember their words, actions, their appearance, their jokes, and sometimes eccentricities. They talk about them. Much less often and, of course, with an unkind feeling they speak about the evil ones.

Faculty of History, Moscow State Regional University (1994)
Postgraduate studies at the Department of Economic Theory, Moscow State University (1997)
Doctoral studies at the Department of Economic Theory, Moscow State University (2010)

Topic of the candidate's dissertation

Economic equilibrium and employment (theoretical issues) (1998)

Doctoral dissertation topic

Macroeconomic equilibrium as a basic concept of modern macroeconomics (historical evolution and methodological status) (2011)

Courses for the current academic year

Economic theory,
Institutional economy,
History of Economic Thought,
Theory of industrial markets,

Publications

Articles

Publications in peer-reviewed periodicals included in the list of Higher Attestation Commissions

1. STRATEGIC INTERACTION IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE: THEORETICAL PROBLEMS OF “NEOMERCANTILISM” // Internet Journal of Science. 2017. T. 9. No. 3. P. 81.
2. CRISIS OF THE MODERN MODEL OF GLOBALIZATION AND GROWTH OF THE WORLD ECONOMY // Internet Journal of Science. T. 8. No. 2 (33). P. 54.
3. “THE PEACE TO COME IS DISTURBING... AND CAPABLE OF BRINGING ONLY UNHAPPINESS.” POSITION OF J.M. KEYNES AT THE VERSAILLES PEACE CONFERENCE 1919 // Locus: people, society, cultures, meanings. No. 3. P. 10-20.
4. GLOBALIZATION AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR: THE COLLAPSE OF THE FIRST MODEL OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY // Locus: people, society, cultures, meanings. No. 4. P. 5-15.
5. “THE WEAK LINK”: THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY OF THE END OF THE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURIES. // Locus: people, society, cultures, meanings. No. 3. P. 19-32.
6. “CATastrophe”: THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY DURING THE FIRST WORLD AND CIVIL WAR (1914-1922) // Locus: people, society, cultures, meanings. No. 2. pp. 31-40.

Publications included in international scientometric databases

1. CHOICE OF MACROECONOMIC POLICY MODEL IN CONDITIONS OF GLOBAL INSTABILITY // World Applied Sciences Journal. T. 30. No. 10. P. 1321-1325.
2. ONTOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF MODERN MACROECONOMICS // Middle East Journal of Scientific Research. T. 14. No. 6. P. 788-794.
3. DISCRETION OR “RULES”: AN OLD DILEMMA OF MACROECONOMIC POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS // European Social Science Journal. 2013. No. 11-1 (38). pp. 346-354.

Monographs

1. THEORY OF MACROECONOMIC EQUILIBRIUM (HISTORICAL-EVOLUTIONARY ASPECT) M: Moscow State. region univ. Moscow, 2007.
2. MACROECONOMIC EQUILIBRIUM: METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AND REALITIES OF TRANSITION ECONOMY M: Moscow State University. region univ. Moscow, 2007.
3. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF MODERN MACROECONOMICS / In the book: Development of theoretical economics Akimova E.N., Ivanov O.B., Likhachev M.O., Nikolaev M.V., Platonova E.D., Filkevich I.A. current issues and methodological approaches. Moscow, 2015. P. 7-40.

Educational and teaching aids

1. Introduction to economic theory. Microeconomics: Educational and methodological manual. M: MPGU, 2017.
2. Macroeconomics Educational and methodological manual. M: MPGU, 2017.

Training

2011 “Modern technologies in education. Design and implementation of major educational programs University with the introduction of the third generation Federal State Educational Standard", Moscow State Humanitarian University named after. M.A. Sholokhov, certificate
2013 “Training a teacher to work remotely using EOT (using the example of Moodle LMS)”,
MGGU im. M.A. Sholokhov, certificate
2015 In 2015, he underwent advanced training under the program “Development of new modules of basic undergraduate educational programs” at the National Research University Higher School of Economics for 72 hours.

Achievements and awards

Letter of thanks Rector of Moscow State University for the Humanities. M.A. Sholokhova, 2015

Many authors have devoted their works to the topic of culture. D. S. Likhachev in his text again strives to touch upon the problem associated with lack of culture and lack of spirituality in modern society. The scientist believes that the reasons for this phenomenon are the general decline in the cultural level in the world, the dominance of technology, and the aggressive influence of “popular culture.”

According to Likhachev, true culture tends to transform people into soft, intelligent, understanding people around them, while influencing “ popular cultures“characterized by aggression, suppression of the best spiritual impulses of human nature. The author, meanwhile, is convinced that only the classics can fill the heart with high content and turn a person into a tolerant, capable of high impulses and a wise individual.

According to Likhachev, only those people who have managed to enrich themselves with the beautiful meaning contained in classical culture can turn into an intellectual. Only in this case will it be culture that will fill our lives with high content. Indeed, thanks to familiarization with the classical

Literature and classical forms of art make a person more subtle, become more attentive to his neighbor, and begin to comprehend all the nuances in relationships between people. Classics and traditions tend to teach humanity self-respect.

The theme of the fall of culture in the presence of the development of material wealth is discussed on many pages of the story “Ivan’s Daughter, Ivan’s Mother.” Rasputin created the image of a heroine named Tamara Ivanovna, who watches with amazement as traditional values ​​are replaced by consumer goods, at the same time, the surrounding reality resembles a market, which is an analogy of the jungle, where the law of the rich, and therefore the strong, applies. The woman is forced by circumstances to defend the honor of her daughter and the entire people from rich aliens who do not see the strength in us that can resist their aggression. However, the original Russian culture, along with traditional life values still have this ability.

Other works on this topic:

1. Daniil Granin, speaking about D. Likhachev, decided to touch upon a problem that is quite relevant for the present time, related to the preservation of architectural monuments. On behalf of the author, the story is told about...
2. The problem raised by the author of the text The famous Russian academician D.S. Likhachev in one of his “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” discusses the importance of instilling love...
3. The language a person speaks and the language of the people play a key role in human life. After all, using language, we develop our thinking and think about everything...
4. Previous generations left us a huge and invaluable wealth in the form of architectural monuments, parks and squares, literary and picturesque creations, streets and ancient houses, family photographs...
5. In the text by D. S. Likhachev, the author’s focus is on the problem true patriotism. Considering this problem Using the example of cultural values, the author writes: “the Russian people received...
6. Quite often, modern citizens use the phrase “intelligent person,” but few people are puzzled by the question related to the true meaning this concept. We tend to confuse “intelligence” with “education”...
7. Every time, with the onset of political or social changes in the state, cities, their architecture, and street names change. This is considered a sign of upcoming changes in society, and at the same time...
8. Music is considered a thing so amazing that the heart can listen to everything it says! Sometimes human soul remains deaf, and all because it is important to grow to...