Biography of Turgenev. "My Turgenev" - reflections on I.S. Turgenev Full name of Turgenev

Literary critics argue that the artistic system created by the classic changed the poetics of the novel in the second half of the 19th century. Ivan Turgenev was the first to sense the emergence of a “new man” - the sixties - and showed it in his essay “Fathers and Sons”. Thanks to the realist writer, the term “nihilist” was born in the Russian language. Ivan Sergeevich introduced into use the image of a compatriot, which received the definition of “Turgenev’s girl.”

Childhood and youth

One of the pillars of classical Russian literature was born in Orel, into an old noble family. Ivan Sergeevich spent his childhood on his mother’s estate, Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, not far from Mtsensk. He became the second son of three born to Varvara Lutovinova and Sergei Turgenev.

Family life parents didn’t work out. The father, a handsome cavalry guard who had squandered his fortune, married not a beauty, but a wealthy girl, Varvara, who was 6 years older than him. When Ivan Turgenev turned 12, his father left the family, leaving three children in the care of his wife. 4 years later, Sergei Nikolaevich died. Soon the youngest son Sergei died of epilepsy.

Nikolai and Ivan had a hard time - their mother had a despotic character. An intelligent and educated woman suffered a lot of grief in her childhood and youth. Varvara Lutovinova's father died when her daughter was a child. The mother, a quarrelsome and despotic lady, whose image readers saw in Turgenev’s story “Death,” remarried. The stepfather drank and did not hesitate to beat and humiliate his stepdaughter. Not in the best possible way treated the daughter and mother. Because of her mother’s cruelty and her stepfather’s beatings, the girl fled to her uncle, who left her niece an inheritance of 5 thousand serfs after her death.

The mother, who did not know affection in childhood, although she loved the children, especially Vanya, treated them the same way her parents treated her in childhood - her sons would forever remember their mother’s heavy hand. Despite her quarrelsome disposition, Varvara Petrovna was an educated woman. She spoke to her family only in French, demanding the same from Ivan and Nikolai. Spassky kept a rich library, consisting mainly of French books.

When Ivan Turgenev turned 9, the family moved to the capital, to a house on Neglinka. Mom read a lot and instilled in her children a love of literature. Preferring French writers, Lutovinova-Turgeneva followed literary innovations and was friends with Mikhail Zagoskin. Varvara Petrovna knew the works thoroughly and quoted them in correspondence with her son.

The education of Ivan Turgenev was carried out by tutors from Germany and France, on whom the landowner spared no expense. The wealth of Russian literature was revealed to the future writer by the serf valet Fyodor Lobanov, who became the prototype of the hero of the story “Punin and Baburin”.

After moving to Moscow, Ivan Turgenev was assigned to the boarding house of Ivan Krause. At home and in private boarding houses, the young master completed a high school course, and at the age of 15 he became a student at the capital’s university. Ivan Turgenev studied at the Faculty of Literature, then transferred to St. Petersburg, where he received a university education at the Faculty of History and Philosophy.

During his student years, Turgenev translated poetry and the Lord and dreamed of becoming a poet.

Having received his diploma in 1838, Ivan Turgenev continued his education in Germany. In Berlin, he attended a course of university lectures on philosophy and philology, and wrote poetry. After the Christmas holidays in Russia, Turgenev went to Italy for six months, from where he returned to Berlin.

In the spring of 1841, Ivan Turgenev arrived in Russia and a year later passed the exams, receiving a master's degree in philosophy at St. Petersburg University. In 1843, he took a position in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, but his love for writing and literature prevailed.

Literature

Ivan Turgenev first appeared in print in 1836, publishing a review of Andrei Muravyov’s book “Journey to Holy Places.” A year later, he wrote and published the poems “Calm on the Sea”, “Phantasmagoria on a Moonlit Night” and “Dream”.

Fame came in 1843, when Ivan Sergeevich composed the poem “Parasha”, approved by Vissarion Belinsky. Soon Turgenev and Belinsky became so close that the young writer became the godfather of the son of a famous critic. The rapprochement with Belinsky and Nikolai Nekrasov influenced the creative biography of Ivan Turgenev: the writer finally said goodbye to the genre of romanticism, which became obvious after the publication of the poem “The Landowner” and the stories “Andrei Kolosov”, “Three Portraits” and “Breter”.

Ivan Turgenev returned to Russia in 1850. He lived sometimes on the family estate, sometimes in Moscow, sometimes in St. Petersburg, where he wrote plays that were successfully performed in theaters in two capitals.

In 1852, Nikolai Gogol passed away. Ivan Turgenev responded to the tragic event with an obituary, but in St. Petersburg, at the behest of the chairman of the censorship committee, Alexei Musin-Pushkin, they refused to publish it. The Moskovskie Vedomosti newspaper dared to publish Turgenev’s note. The censor did not forgive the disobedience. Musin-Pushkin called Gogol a “lackey writer”, not worthy of mention in society, and moreover, he saw in the obituary a hint of a violation of the unspoken ban - not to remember in the open press Alexander Pushkin and those who died in a duel.

The censor wrote a report to the emperor. Ivan Sergeevich, who was under suspicion due to his frequent trips abroad, communication with Belinsky and Herzen, and radical views on serfdom, incurred even greater wrath from the authorities.

In April of the same year, the writer was put in custody for a month, and then sent under house arrest on the estate. For a year and a half, Ivan Turgenev stayed in Spassky without a break; for 3 years he did not have the right to leave the country.

Turgenev’s fears about the censorship ban on the release of “Notes of a Hunter” as a separate book were not justified: the collection of stories, previously published in Sovremennik, was published. For allowing the book to be printed, the official Vladimir Lvov, who served in the censorship department, was fired. The cycle included the stories “Bezhin Meadow”, “Biryuk”, “Singers”, “District Doctor”. Individually, the novellas did not pose a danger, but when collected together they were anti-serfdom in nature.

Ivan Turgenev wrote for both adults and children. The prose writer gave the little readers fairy tales and observation stories “Sparrow”, “Dog” and “Pigeons”, written in rich language.

In rural solitude, the classic author composed the story “Mumu”, as well as the novels “The Noble Nest”, “On the Eve”, “Fathers and Sons”, “Smoke”, which became an event in the cultural life of Russia.

Ivan Turgenev went abroad in the summer of 1856. In winter in Paris, he completed the dark story “A Trip to Polesie.” In Germany in 1857 he wrote “Asya” - a story translated during the writer’s lifetime into European languages. Critics consider Turgenev's daughter Polina Brewer and illegitimate half-sister Varvara Zhitova to be the prototype of Asya, the daughter of a master and a peasant woman born out of wedlock.

Abroad, Ivan Turgenev closely followed the cultural life of Russia, corresponded with writers who remained in the country, and communicated with emigrants. Colleagues considered the prose writer a controversial person. After an ideological disagreement with the editors of Sovremennik, which became the mouthpiece of revolutionary democracy, Turgenev broke with the magazine. But, having learned about the temporary ban on Sovremennik, he spoke out in its defense.

During his life in the West, Ivan Sergeevich entered into long conflicts with Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoevsky and Nikolai Nekrasov. After the release of the novel “Fathers and Sons,” he quarreled with the literary community, which was called progressive.

Ivan Turgenev was the first Russian writer to receive recognition in Europe as a novelist. In France, he became close to the realist writers, the Goncourt brothers, and Gustave Flaubert, who became his close friend.

In the spring of 1879, Turgenev arrived in St. Petersburg, where young people greeted him as an idol. Delight from the visit famous writer did not share power, letting Ivan Sergeevich understand that a long stay of a writer in the city was undesirable.

In the summer of the same year, Ivan Turgenev visited Britain - at Oxford University the Russian prose writer was given the title of honorary doctor.

The penultimate time Turgenev came to Russia was in 1880. In Moscow, he attended the opening of a monument to Alexander Pushkin, whom he considered a great teacher. The classic called the Russian language support and support “in the days of painful thoughts” about the fate of the homeland.

Personal life

Heinrich Heine compared the femme fatale, who became the love of the writer’s life, to a landscape, “at the same time monstrous and exotic.” The Spanish-French singer Pauline Viardot, a short and stooping woman, had large masculine features, a large mouth and bulging eyes. But when Polina sang, she transformed fabulously. At such a moment, Turgenev saw the singer and fell in love for the rest of his life, for the remaining 40 years.

The prose writer's personal life before meeting Viardot was like a roller coaster. The first love, which Ivan Turgenev sadly told about in the story of the same name, painfully wounded the 15-year-old boy. He fell in love with his neighbor Katenka, the daughter of Princess Shakhovskaya. What a disappointment befell Ivan when he learned that his “pure and immaculate” Katya, who captivated with her childish spontaneity and girlish blush, was the mistress of her father, Sergei Nikolaevich, a seasoned womanizer.

The young man became disillusioned with the “noble” girls and turned his attention to simple girls - serf peasant women. One of the undemanding beauties, seamstress Avdotya Ivanova, gave birth to Ivan Turgenev’s daughter Pelageya. But, traveling around Europe, the writer met Viardot, and Avdotya remained in the past.

Ivan Sergeevich met the singer’s husband, Louis, and began to enter their house. Turgenev's contemporaries, the writer's friends and biographers disagreed about this union. Some call it sublime and platonic, others talk about the considerable sums that the Russian landowner left in the house of Polina and Louis. Viardot's husband turned a blind eye to Turgenev's relationship with his wife and allowed her to live in their house for months. There is an opinion that the biological father of Paul, the son of Polina and Louis, is Ivan Turgenev.

The writer’s mother did not approve of the relationship and dreamed that her beloved offspring would settle down, marry a young noblewoman and give him legitimate grandchildren. Varvara Petrovna did not favor Pelageya; she saw her as a serf. Ivan Sergeevich loved and pitied his daughter.

Polina Viardot, hearing about the bullying of her despotic grandmother, was imbued with sympathy for the girl and took her into her home. Pelageya turned into Polynet and grew up with Viardot's children. To be fair, it is worth noting that Pelageya-Polinet Turgeneva did not share her father’s love for Viardot, believing that the woman stole the attention of her loved one from her.

Cooling in the relationship between Turgenev and Viardot came after a three-year separation, which occurred due to the writer’s house arrest. Ivan Turgenev made attempts to forget his fatal passion twice. In 1854, the 36-year-old writer met the young beauty Olga, the daughter of his cousin. But when a wedding appeared on the horizon, Ivan Sergeevich began to yearn for Polina. Not wanting to ruin the life of an 18-year-old girl, Turgenev confessed his love for Viardot.

The last attempt to escape from the embrace of a French woman happened in 1879, when Ivan Turgenev turned 61 years old. Actress Maria Savina was not afraid of the age difference - her lover turned out to be twice as old. But when the couple went to Paris in 1882, in the home of her future husband, Masha saw many things and trinkets that reminded her of her rival, and realized that she was superfluous.

Death

In 1882, after breaking up with Savinova, Ivan Turgenev fell ill. The doctors made a disappointing diagnosis - spinal bone cancer. The writer died in a foreign land long and painfully.

In 1883, Turgenev was operated on in Paris. The last months of his life, Ivan Turgenev was happy, as happy as a person tormented by pain can be - his beloved woman was next to him. After her death, she inherited Turgenev's property.

The classic died on August 22, 1883. His body was delivered to St. Petersburg on September 27. From France to Russia, Ivan Turgenev was accompanied by Polina's daughter, Claudia Viardot. The writer was buried at the Volkov Cemetery in St. Petersburg.

Calling Turgenev “a thorn in his side,” he reacted to the death of the “nihilist” with relief.

Bibliography

• 1855 – “Rudin”
• 1858 – “The Noble Nest”
• 1860 – “On the Eve”
• 1862 – “Fathers and Sons”
• 1867 – “Smoke”
• 1877 – “Nove”
• 1851-73 - “Notes of a Hunter”
• 1858 – “Asya”
• 1860 – “First Love”
• 1872 – “Spring Waters”

Ivan Turgenev (1818-1883) is a world-famous Russian prose writer, poet, playwright, critic, memoirist and translator of the 19th century, recognized as a classic of world literature. He is the author of many outstanding works that have become literary classics, the reading of which is mandatory for school and university curricula.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev comes from the city of Orel, where he was born on November 9, 1818 into a noble family on his mother’s family estate. Sergei Nikolaevich, father is a retired hussar who served in a cuirassier regiment before the birth of his son, Varvara Petrovna, mother is a representative of an old noble family. In addition to Ivan, there was another eldest son in the family, Nikolai. The childhood of the little Turgenevs passed under the vigilant supervision of numerous servants and under the influence of the rather difficult and unbending disposition of their mother. Although mother was distinguished by her particular authority and severity of character, she was reputed to be a rather educated and enlightened woman, and it was she who interested her children in science and fiction.

At first, the boys were educated at home; after the family moved to the capital, they continued their education with teachers there. Then follows new round The fate of the Turgenev family is a trip and subsequent life abroad, where Ivan Turgenev lives and is brought up in several prestigious boarding houses. Upon his arrival home (1833), at the age of fifteen, he entered the Faculty of Literature of Moscow State University. After the eldest son Nikolai becomes a guards cavalryman, the family moves to St. Petersburg and the younger Ivan becomes a student at the philosophy department of the local university. In 1834, the first poetic lines, imbued with the spirit of romanticism (a trend fashionable at that time), appeared from the pen of Turgenev. Poetic lyrics were appreciated by his teacher and mentor Pyotr Pletnev (a close friend of A.S. Pushkin).

After graduating from St. Petersburg University in 1837, Turgenev left to continue his studies abroad, where he attended lectures and seminars at the University of Berlin, while simultaneously traveling around Europe. Having returned to Moscow and successfully passed his master's exams, Turgenev hopes to become a professor at Moscow University, but due to the abolition of philosophy departments in all Russian universities, this desire is not destined to come true. At that time, Turgenev became more and more interested in literature, several of his poems were published in the newspaper “Otechestvennye zapiski”, the spring of 1843 was the time of the appearance of his first small book, where the poem “Parasha” was published.

In 1843, at the insistence of his mother, he became an official in the “special office” at the Ministry of the Interior and served there for two years, then retired. An imperious and ambitious mother, dissatisfied with the fact that her son did not live up to her hopes both in career and in personal terms (he did not find a worthy match for himself, and even had an illegitimate daughter Pelageya from a relationship with a seamstress), refuses to support him and Turgenev has to live from hand to mouth and get into debt.

Acquaintance with the famous critic Belinsky turned Turgenev’s work towards realism, and he began to write poetic and ironic-moral poems, critical articles and stories.

In 1847, Turgenev brought the story “Khor and Kalinich” to the Sovremennik magazine, which Nekrasov published with the subtitle “From the Notes of a Hunter,” and thus Turgenev’s real literary activity began. In 1847, because of his love for the singer Pauline Viardot (he met her in 1843 in St. Petersburg, where she came on tour), he left Russia for a long time and lived first in Germany, then in France. While living abroad, several dramatic plays were written: “Freeloader”, “Bachelor”, “A Month in the Country”, “Provincial Woman”.

In 1850, the writer returned to Moscow, worked as a critic in the Sovremennik magazine, and in 1852 published a book of his essays entitled “Notes of a Hunter.” At the same time, impressed by the death of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, he wrote and published an obituary, officially prohibited by the tsarist caesura. This is followed by arrest for one month, deportation to the family estate without the right to leave the Oryol province, and a ban on traveling abroad (until 1856). During the exile, the stories “Mumu”, “The Inn”, “Diary” were written extra person", "Yakov Pasynkov", "Correspondence", novel "Rudin" (1855).

After the ban on traveling abroad ended, Turgenev left the country and lived in Europe for two years. In 1858, he returned to his homeland and published his story “Asya”; heated debates and disputes immediately flared up around it among critics. Then the novel “The Noble Nest” (1859) was born, 1860 - “On the Eve”. After this, Turgenev broke up with such radical writers as Nekrasov and Dobrolyubov, a quarrel with Leo Tolstoy and even the latter challenging him to a duel, which ultimately ended in peace. February 1862 - publication of the novel “Fathers and Sons”, in which the author showed the tragedy of the growing conflict of generations in the conditions of a growing social crisis.

From 1863 to 1883, Turgenev lived first with the Viardot family in Baden-Baden, then in Paris, never ceasing to be interested in current events in Russia and acting as a kind of mediator between Western European and Russian writers. During his life abroad, “Notes of a Hunter” was supplemented, the stories “The Hours”, “Punin and Baburin” were written, and the largest in volume of all his novels “Nov”.

Together with Victor Hugo, Turgenev was elected co-chairman of the First International Congress of Writers, held in Paris in 1878; in 1879, the writer was elected honorary doctor of the oldest university in England - Oxford. In his declining years, Turgenevsky does not stop studying literary activity, and a few months before his death, “Poems in Prose” were published, prose fragments and miniatures characterized by a high degree of lyricism.

Turgenev died in August 1883 from a serious illness in Bougival, France (a suburb of Paris). In accordance with the last will of the deceased, recorded in his will, his body was transported to Russia and buried in the Volkovo cemetery in St. Petersburg.

Sections: Literature, Competition "Presentation for the lesson"

Class: 10

Presentation for the lesson

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Objective of the lesson:

• To expand students’ knowledge about the writer’s personal and creative biography, inscribed in the context of Russian and world literature
• To help students understand Turgenev as a person and a writer, his relationship with reality; help students actively perceive the material
• Form independence, attentiveness, responsibility, cultivate interest in the writer’s work

Lesson type: lesson of studying and primary consolidation of new knowledge

Equipment used: presentation

Epigraph:

“If Pushkin had every right to say that he awakened “good feelings”,
“Turgenev could say the same thing about himself with the same justice.”
(M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

PROGRESS OF THE LESSON

An introductory note about the writer.

Take a closer look at his portrait. Large forehead, intelligent, attentive eyes. Calm, slightly sad goodwill. Turgenev was a handsome, tall man. According to contemporaries, Turgenev was broad-shouldered, “almost enormous in height, had deep, thoughtful eyes, and a charming smile.” He was an interesting conversationalist, an improvisational storyteller, he was attractive to a serious writer, and to a boy with his naive consciousness. For his intelligence and beauty he was called “god of gods”, “Jupiter of the Olympians”. Such a person was Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev. (slide 3)

Communicating Lesson Objectives

The writer was born in 1818. What was this time for Russian literature? Which writer is already an accomplished writer? (Fonvizin, Krylov, Zhukovsky, Karamzin) (slide4)

Several years will pass, and Belinsky will say: we have no literature. But let’s not rush to conclusions: there is no literature, but there are great writers.

• In 1822, when Turgenev was in his 5th year,
• A. Pushkin is 23. In a year he will write the first stanzas “ Evgenia Onegina”,
• Griboedov is 27,
• Gogol is 13
• Belinsky - 11
• Goncharov and Herzen – 10
• Dostoevsky and Nekrasov are in their second year.
• In a year Ostrovsky will be born, in 4 - Satykov-Shchedrin, in 6 - Tolstoy.
• They are all one generation. (slides 5-6)

Students' message about Turgenev's parents(slide 7)

Teacher's word.

It so happened that from an early age Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev witnessed the most disgusting and inhumane manifestations of serfdom. Much later he will pronounce his Annibal oath.

What is Hannibal's oath? (especially serious, important, for life)

What did it consist of for Turgenev? (slide 8)

Turgenev had a natural aversion to violence and was intolerant of any manifestation of lack of freedom. Only after the death of his mother, having inherited the estate, Turgenev signed freedom certificates for all his peasants.

Turgenev is perhaps the only Russian writer who received a decent systematic education: from childhood he studied languages, knew German and French, and knew foreign literature well. Since the age of 15, she has been studying humanities at universities in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Berlin. Turgenev successfully passed the master's exam. He was also a great connoisseur of painting, music, and played chess well. (slide 9)

Message from students “Turgenev and the Sovremennik magazine.”(slides 10-11)

Analysis of the poem “On the Road” (slide 12)

Student's message about Pauline Viardot

Teacher's word.

Despite his constant presence abroad, Turgenev remained in Russia with all his thoughts and intentions. I thought about her future, about the glory of Russian literature. A dying writer sends a letter to Tolstoy asking him to return to literary activity.

Turgenev did for Russian literature the same thing that Peter the Great did for the Russian state. Turgenev would not have been Turgenev if he had been satisfied with his own fame and popularity in the world. It is difficult to name a person who has done so much to promote Russian literature abroad. Turgenev sought to introduce foreign readers to the books of his friends and foes, if the books deserved it. Even during the years of his break with Tolstoy and Dostoevsky, Turgenev actively contributed to their publication in Europe.

Turgenev is one of the first writers in the world who received the honorary title of Doctor of Laws from Oxford University for his role in the movement for the abolition of serfdom in Russia. (slide 14)

The ring of Turgenev's life was closing.

The poem “We will fight again!” read by a trained student. (slide 15)

He came face to face with the one that, frightening him, appeared in the form of a terrible disease - spinal cord cancer and brought inhuman suffering. Polina Viardot wrote down his latest stories. A few days before his death, the writer bequeaths to bury himself in the Volkov cemetery in St. Petersburg next to his friend Belinsky. (slide 16)

The writer's body was sent to Russia and, according to his will, buried in the Volkov cemetery. Moreover, in St. Petersburg they gave him such a solemn burial, which had not been seen since the death of Pushkin.

And in Paris, at the send-off of the writer’s coffin to Russia French writer and the publicist Edmond Abou said: “France would proudly adopt you if you so wished, but you always remained faithful to Russia...”

“In Russia, each writer was truly and sharply individual, but everyone was united by one persistent desire - to understand, feel, guess about the future of the country, about the fate of its people, about its role on earth.” (M. Gorky)

Homework:

1. Sinkwine “Ivan Turgenev”

2. Mini-essay: “Is I.S. worthy? Turgenev the title “man, writer, citizen”? (students' choice)

3. “Fathers and Sons”, chapters 1-5

What features of Turgenev the man do you remember? How did you imagine the writer when you first read his story “Mumu” ​​or other works? What has changed in this view now?

When we read “Muma”, “Bezhin Meadow”, “Russian Language”, “Poems in Prose”, and “Notes of a Hunter” ourselves, we imagined Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev as soft, kind person, loving nature, peasants, children, subtly sensitive to the shades of the Russian language, brilliantly mastering the artistic style of speech. This man hated violence against the individual, sympathized with the disadvantaged and denounced the tyranny of the serf owners.

Having read the essay about Turgenev, remarkable in its emotional strength and richness in biographical facts, as well as the story “First Love,” in the anthology, we learned a lot about the writer’s personality. First of all, that such a work could be written by a person with subtle emotional experiences, very amorous, understanding feminine beauty, sincerity, originality. We learn that in his youth Turgenev wanted to give the impression of a rich and noble man, he loved to dress fashionably and joke with his friends, but all these were harmless weaknesses. The main thing is that Turgenev loved his homeland, loved Russian literature, and was worried about its future, although he lived many years of his life abroad. Already seriously ill, with no hope of recovery, he wrote a letter to Leo Tolstoy asking him not to give up his literary activity.

One journalist wrote that, in his opinion, the fate of a writer among readers is determined by that “crowd of heroes” that has left the pages of his works and lives in their memory. Who could you remember to create Turgenev’s “crowd of heroes”?

I remember Khor and Kalinich, Pavlusha, Ilyusha, Kasyan with the Beautiful Sword, Zinaida, Vladimir, Gerasim, the lady, Kapiton, Tatyana, Ermolai, Melnichikha, Bazarov, Arkady, Pavel Petrovich and Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov, Liza Kalitina and Lavretsky, Elena Stakhova and Insarov (my friends and I read I. S. Turgenev’s novels “Fathers and Sons”, “On the Eve”, “The Noble Nest” on our own and now we are looking forward to discussing them in our 10th grade lessons).
In biographies of Turgenev, itinerary (an index of places visited by the writer) is often used. What do you think acquaintance with Turgenev’s itinerary gives the reader? Remember which of the Russian writers had the richest itineraries?

Turgenev's itinerary shows the wealth of impressions that he received during his travels.

So, in 1857, Turgenev visited Dipont, Paris, London, Paris, Berlin, Dresden, Sinzig, Baden-Baden, Paris, Boulogne, Paris, Courtavnel, Paris, Courtavnel, Paris, Marseille, Nice, Genoa, Rome.

And in 1858 - Rome, Naples, Rome, Florence, Milan, Trieste, Vienna, Dresden, Paris, London, Paris, Berlin, St. Petersburg, Moscow, the village of Spasskoye, Orel, the village of Spasskoye, Moscow, St. Petersburg.

Among the writers who had rich itineraries, one can name Pushkin, Zhukovsky, Gogol, Dostoevsky, Bunin.

1. New!

   Interest in Ukraine, its people, history and culture was highly characteristic of Turgenev. This interest was reflected in his artistic work, enriching the great Russian writer with new images and motifs, contributing to a wider scope...

Turgenev's youth In 1837, Turgenev successfully graduated from the philological department of the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University with a candidate's degree. Here the professor of Russian literature P. A. Pletnev drew attention to the young Turgenev and approved...

We met “superfluous people” in Pushkin and Lermontov. Let us remember Onegin and Pechorin, their feeling of the meaninglessness of life. These people were unhappy because they were “superfluous” in the world, living “without purpose, without work.” Turegenev continued the theme of the “superfluous man”....

2. New!

   I. S. Turgenev was born in Orel, into a noble family. He received an excellent education: he studied at Moscow University, then at St. Petersburg University; then for several years (1838-1840) he attended lectures at the University of Berlin. Returning to Russia, Turgenev first...

Elizaveta Vinogradova, student of MKOU Secondary School No. 3, village. Dinvnoe

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The life and work of Turgenev is a true tragedy, still not properly recognized by humanity.

The “real” Turgenev remained, and remains, unknown.

And yet, who is Turgenev? What do we know about him? At best, someone carefully read the biography in the textbook, but there are only dry facts there.
My grandmother, a passionate admirer of his work, introduced me to Turgenev’s works. These were stories from “Notes of a Hunter.”

Landscape sketches, memorable images, expressive and emotional language - all this sank into my soul. I wanted to get acquainted with other works of this great writer.

E the only great love Turgenev, which he never betrayed, was Russian nature, his muse and inspiration.

Indeed, it is difficult not to describe such beauty. A hunter at heart, Ivan Sergeevich could not remain indifferent to the surrounding areas.

. And this unexpressed love delight poured out onto paper in the form of the most amazing landscape sketches. Here, for example:
“...along with the dew, a scarlet shine falls onto the clearings, recently doused with streams of liquid gold...”

How bright, colorful and vividly this landscape is described! Reading these lines, you can easily imagine this unique picture. “The singer of Russian nature, Turgenev with such poetic power and spontaneity showed the captivating beauty and charm of the Russian landscape, like no other prose writer before him,” wrote the great critic.
“Notes of a Hunter” is a truly brilliant creation of an artist of a peasant soul, who depicted a picture of contrasts and harmony of the amazing Russian character, combining an untouched natural principle, heroic strength and at the same time sensitivity and vulnerability.
A peasant whom you can love, whom you can admire, who lives by nature, beauty, sincerity and love, this is exactly how Turgenev sees the Russian people, without hiding his feelings, admiring and marveling at him, sometimes even shedding a hot tear.
The narrator, whose voice we hear from the pages of “Notes of a Hunter,” gives a description of nature as a person who subtly senses the beauty of his country. He knows as much about nature as any of the peasants.
The writer reveals himself as a true connoisseur of his characters; he plays out every situation so that this or that trait is revealed as clearly as possible folk character. Turgenev refuses generalizations; he portrays his heroes as original representatives of the nation.
Turgenev especially portrays the peasantry in the story “The Singers.” Here the reader’s eyes see a contrast between reality, everyday sketches and beauty and purity spiritual world a simple peasant: “I must admit, at no time of the year did Kolotovka present a pleasant sight, but it arouses a particularly sad feeling when the sparkling July sun with its inexorable rays floods the brown, half-scattered roofs of the houses, and this deep ravine, and the scorched, dusty pasture, through which thin, long-legged hens wander hopelessly, and a gray aspen frame with holes instead of windows, the remnant of the former manor’s house, all around overgrown with nettles, weeds and wormwood...” Against the backdrop of the harsh reality that makes up the external life of the peasants, their inner world, the ability to feel beauty and admire a touching Russian song pouring from the very depths of the soul.
The heroes of “Bezhin Meadow” merge with nature, feeling it and living in it. The writer shows children who are closest to the natural principle, Turgenev depicts their bright characters, gives capacious characteristics, noting the speech of peasant boys, in which everything breathes an unfeigned sense of naturalness and some naivety. Even nature responds to the stories that the boys listen to with bated breath, without doubting their veracity, as if confirming a belief or a mysterious incident: “Everyone fell silent. Suddenly, somewhere in the distance, a drawn-out, ringing, almost moaning sound was heard, one of those incomprehensible night sounds that sometimes arise in the midst of deep silence, rise, stand in the air and slowly spread at last, as if dying out... The boys looked at each other and shuddered.” . Even the hunter himself, an experienced man, believes in the sign: the merger is so natural folk signs and the atmosphere in which the characters of the story live.
It is impossible to remain indifferent to the sincere world of the soul, which is revealed in every small detail, in the speech and actions of Turgenev’s characters. The writer loves the people, he believes in them, playing with the strings of their hearts, he proves that there is no darkness and downtroddenness, blind obedience and humility in them; everything that is bad in the Russian peasant is determined by the conditions of existence. On the pages of “Notes of a Hunter,” people live with their souls and hearts, being able to find outlets in the impenetrable darkness without getting lost in it or becoming poorer spiritually.

But here is a work of a completely different nature. Which contains deep philosophical meaning the purpose of a person, about the ability to forgive and be forgiven.

Story by I. S. Turgenev: “Living Relics” was once highly praised by George Sand for its plot. Religious and patriotic assessments predominate in Russian criticism.

Lukerya, a yard girl of a village landowner, a beauty, a singer, a dancer, a smart girl, in love with a guy, engaged to him, on the eve of her wedding at the age of 21, she accidentally fell, fell ill, “cruel stone immobility” shackled her, and now she was alone, lying in an old barn she has been away from the village for seven years, eats almost nothing, and is sometimes looked after by an orphan girl. While out hunting, her master came into Lukerya’s barn. He saw a “bronze face”, “stick fingers”, “metal cheeks” - not a person, but an “icon of ancient writing”, “living relics”. Their conversation reveals to the reader the girl’s amazing soul, creating life separately from her dying body. Suffering did not harden her. She accepts torment as a gift from God. Through him, he understands the meaning of his life in a new way. And it seems to her that, while suffering, she is repeating the feat of Jesus, Joan of Arc. But what truth does it convey? The answer to this question is the meaning of the story.

Withered, half-dead, she perceives the world mainly through smells, sounds, colors, and rarely through the life of animals, plants, and people. Lukerya told her story almost cheerfully, without groans or sighs, without complaining at all and without asking for participation. She conquered pain with a poetic feeling, the ability to be surprised, happy, and laugh. With extreme exertion she could even sing a song, cry, or make fun of herself. She taught the orphan girl who was caring for her to sing songs. It was as if she was performing some kind of duty.

How does Lukerya respond to the world? Paralyzed Lukerya - to live with courage. She turns her unhappiness into a way to be happy. Through the ability to overcome suffering, she affirms life on earth, understands this, and in this understanding her happiness. The courage to be happy is her answer to the world.

By connecting himself with the world, Lukerya believes that he is fulfilling some kind of moral duty. Which?

She is not particularly concerned about the God of the church. Father Alexey, a priest, decided not to confess her - she was not the right person; The Christian calendar gave and took away, because it sees that it is of little use. And although she constantly feels the presence of “heaven” in her life, her thought is not focused on “heaven,” but on herself. Lukerya’s human duty is to live, suffering and overcoming suffering.

She refused to go to the hospital. She doesn't want to be pitied. He doesn’t pray a lot and doesn’t see much sense in it. He doesn’t know many prayers: “Our Father”, “Virgin Mary”, “akathist”. “And why would the Lord God get bored with me? What can I ask him for? He knows better than me what I need...” And at the same time he believes that no one will help a person if he does not help himself. I'm happy with everything.

Turgenev here interprets the gospel idea that Jesus suffered for all people when he voluntarily ascended to the cross. Lukerya feels sorry for everyone: her former fiancé Vasya, who married a healthy woman, and the swallow killed by a hunter, and the land-poor peasants, and the orphan girl, and all the serfs. Suffering and regretting, she lives in the world, and not in her pain - this is her moral feat. And happiness. And the divine that she suffered through.

Lukerya is one of Turgenev’s interpretations of the image of Jesus. She is a poetic person. “Only I am alive!”, “And it seems to me that it will dawn on me,” “Reflection will come like a cloud falling,” - only a poet can speak with such images-“pictures”. And in this Turgenev did not depart from the truth - Jesus was a poet. The meaning of Jesus, Lukerya, Echo is a way to fulfill the duty to which the poet is called by his sacrificial soul.

The ending of the story is amazing.

Turgenev's story repeats tragic fate Jesus, Joan of Arc, Pushkin, Lermontov, Turgenev himself, all the poets of the world.

This is a way for a person to comprehend the search for the divine in himself through the sacrificial feat of love for people as through a new measure of the divine. But the feat of love is only possible for those who are able to let the cross, the fire, many years of stone immobility, and the worst thing - “no response!” pass through their poetic soul.

Why are Turgenev's works so true? Perhaps because the author experienced or saw everything that happened himself. Turgenev once said: “My entire biography is in my writings.” It seems to me that this is really so. For example,November 1, 1843 Turgenev meets the singerPauline Viardot (Viardot-Garcia), love for which will largely determine the external course of his life.

Forever Turgenev was connected with the great artist by great, ardent love. She brought a lot of happiness to the writer, but happiness and grief, joy and despair went side by side. The woman she loved could not become Turgenev’s wife: she had children and a husband. And their relationship retained the purity and charm of true friendship, behind which lay a high feeling of love.

“When I am gone, when everything that was me crumbles to dust, - oh you, my only friend, oh you, whom I loved so deeply and so tenderly, you who will probably outlive me - do not go to my grave. ."

This prose poem was dedicated to the woman he loved, Pauline Viardot.

Love is invariably present in Turgenev's stories. However, it rarely ends happily: the writer introduces a touch of tragedy into the love theme. Love in the image of Turgenev is a cruel and capricious force playing human destinies. This is an extraordinary, frantic element that equalizes people, regardless of their position, character, intelligence, or internal appearance.

A variety of people often find themselves defenseless in the face of this element: the democrat Bazarov and the aristocrat Pavel Petrovich are equally unhappy (“Fathers and Sons”), it is difficult for the young, naive girl, Liza Kalitina, and the experienced, mature man, nobleman Lavretsky, who is ready to come to terms with their fate. was to a new life in his homeland (“Noble Nest”).
Mr. N.N., the hero of the story “Asya,” remains lonely, with broken hopes and a vain dream of happiness. When you read the story, it seems that its whole meaning is contained in the famous Pushkin phrase - “And happiness was so possible, so close...” It is pronounced in “Eugene Onegin” by Tatyana, forever separating her fate from the fate of her chosen one. Turgenev’s hero finds himself in a similar situation. All that remains of his unfulfilled dream is a farewell note and a dried geranium flower, which he sacredly treasures.
Having read such works of Turgenev as “The Noble Nest”, “On the Eve”, “First Love”, “Spring Waters”, I saw how poetically, how subtly the writer depicts the feeling of love. Love that brings a person both joy and sorrow, making him better, purer, sublime. Only someone who himself experienced this feeling in all its beauty and strength could write about love in this way. Most often in Turgenev's stories and novels, love is tragic character. Undoubtedly, this was reflected in the writer’s life drama.
I must say that I prefer books that touch on the theme of love, and therefore I would like to dedicate my essay to such works.
One of Turgenev's first novels was The Noble Nest. It was an exceptional success, and, it seems to me, not by chance. "Nowhere is the poetry of the dying noble estate did not spread such a calm and sad light as in “ Noble nest"- wrote Belinsky. Before us passes a detailed description of the life of the kind and quiet Russian gentleman Fyodor Ivanovich Lavretsky.

The meeting with the beautiful Varvara Pavlovna radically turned his whole fate around. He got married, but the marriage soon ended in a break through the fault of Varvara Pavlovna. It wasn't easy for him family drama. But then a new love came, the story of which forms the plot core of the novel: Lavretsky met Lisa Kalitina.
Lisa was a deeply religious girl. This shaped her inner world. Her attitude towards life and people was determined by resigned submission to a sense of duty, fear of causing suffering or offending someone.
Misled by false news of Varvara Pavlovna’s death, Lavretsky is about to marry a second time, but then his wife unexpectedly appears. The sad ending came. Lisa went to a monastery; Lavretsky stopped thinking about his own happiness, calmed down, grew old, and became withdrawn. The last feature that completes his image is his bitter appeal to himself: “Hello, lonely old age! Burn out, useless life!

Just recently I read another one wonderful story Turgenev - “Spring Waters”. What attracted me to this story? Turgenev, within the framework of a story about love, poses broad life questions and raises important problems of our time.

It must be said that Turgenev’s female types are stronger natures than male ones.

Turgenev found lofty words and poetic colors to depict the feelings of lovers. The author glorifies this wonderful and unique feeling - first love: “First love is the same revolution... youth stands on the barricade, its bright banner flutters high - and no matter what awaits it ahead - death or new life, - she sends her enthusiastic greetings to everyone.”
But Sanin betrays this great feeling. He meets the brilliant beauty Mrs. Polozova, and his attraction to her makes him abandon Gemma. Polozova is shown not only as a depraved woman, but also as a serf-owner, as a clever businesswoman. She is a predator both in her business practices and in love. Gemma's world is a world of freedom, the rich woman Polozova's world is a world of slavery. But Sanin cheats on more than one love. He also betrayed those ideals that were sacred to Gemma. To get married, Sanin must obtain funds. And he decides to sell his estate to Polozova. This also meant the sale of his serfs. But Sanin used to say that selling living people is immoral.

I would advise my peers to read at least a few stories by this wonderful writer, and I am sure that these works will not leave them indifferent. In any case, becoming acquainted with these talented works became a turning point in my life. I suddenly discovered what enormous spiritual wealth lies hidden in our literature, if it contains such talents as Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev.

It is commonly said that art stands the test of time. This is true.

But time itself is not only an “unusually long” thing, but also complex. Now we know how much relativity there is in this concept and how differently we experience this reality - time. Absorbed in our daily affairs - large and small - we usually do not notice it. And most often this happens under the influence of true art.
Russia, as Turgenev knew it, has changed in a way that it had not changed, perhaps a whole thousand years before him. In essence, everything that we find in the foreground of his works is irretrievably a thing of the past. Time has long since destroyed the last remnants of the overwhelming majority of those lordly estates that were so often encountered on the roads of this writer; The very bad memory of the landowners and the nobility in general in our time has very noticeably lost its social sharpness.

And the Russian village is no longer the same.
But it turns out that the fates of his heroes, so far from our lives, arouse the most direct interest in us; it turns out that everything that Turgenev hated is, in the end, hated by us; what he considered good is most often so from our point of view. The writer conquered time.

That's why native nature, magnificent landscapes, wonderful types of Russian people, life, customs, folklore, inexplicable charm, spilled like sunlight - there is a lot of all this in Turgenev’s works, and all of this is written easily, freely, as if all this was not even complicated, but in fact matter deeply and seriously.