The design of the human head and its basic proportions. Lesson summary on art "design of the human head and its basic proportions"
Lesson topic: The design of the human head and its basic proportions (sketches of the human head).
Purpose: to study the patterns in the design of the human head and facial proportions.
Tasks:
Develop skills in depicting a human head in accordance with proportions.
Cultivate aesthetic taste; to develop the ability to find beauty, harmony, and beauty in a person’s appearance.
Develop skills to analyze, compare, generalize.
Materials: paper, simple pencil.
Using a computer in preparation for a lesson: The teacher uses Power Point to create a presentation with informative and illustrative materials; V Word program prepares lesson developments.
TSO: Computer, projector with screen.
Lesson progress:
Organizational moment
1) Greeting, positive attitude towards the lesson.
2) Communicate the topic and purpose of the lesson.
3) Determining the degree of readiness for the lesson.
Conversation
When we see a person - in life or in a picture, we first of all pay attention to his head. The head is the most expressive part of the human figure. An educational image of a person’s head differs significantly from a drawing or portrait.
In order for us to learn how to draw a person, we need to learn the technique of drawing a head. At the first stage of studying the head drawing, we will consider the head precisely as a spatial form, i.e. design. It is known that all spatial forms are reduced to simple geometric bodies.
- What shape does our head have? (The head is round in shape)
- What does the head resemble in volume? (The volume of the head resembles an egg (ovoid)).
It is also important to know that our head consists of two parts - the cranial and facial. When paying attention to a person's head, we first of all pay attention to the person's face and always exaggerate it in scale relative to the skull. Look carefully at each other's faces. Notice that the eye line is approximately in the middle of the overall outline of the head. The height of the forehead along the hairline and the height of the head to the crown, covered with hair, are almost equal. The lower parts of the head also have equal proportions. Proportions are the ratios of the sizes of parts that make up one whole. Compliance with proportions in the image of the human head is most important (slide 2)
It is very important to correctly determine the place of the eyes in the drawing. The distance between the eyes is approximately equal to the length of the eye or the width of the nose. Under no circumstances should you reduce the distance between the eyes; this may lead to distortion of the depicted face. The human nose is shaped like a prism, we see its top side, sides and bottom base where the nostrils are located. The mouth is located midway between the base of the nose and the jawline. The shape of the cheekbones and temples plays an important role. The length of the ears coincides with the distance from the eyebrows to the base of the nose (but we must remember that in life we can meet people with not very regular and proportional facial features, there will be external features this person) (slide 3).
For the first time, ideas about ideal human proportions appeared in Ancient Greece, since ancient Greek thinkers were looking for the ideal of any phenomenon. The sculptor Polykleitos (slide 4) created the famous treatise “Canon” on proportional relationships human body. In this treatise he paid great attention to the Pythagorean theory of the golden division. In ancient times it was believed that the human figure was created on the basis of the principles of Pythagoreanism, i.e. the entire length is related to the larger part as the larger one is to the smaller one. But the true canon of Polykleitos is his sculpture “Doriphoros” - another name for “Spearman” (slide 5). The composition of the work is based on the principle of asymmetry; the entire figure expresses movement. As for the face, the distance from the chin to the crown of the head in the statues of Polykleitos is 1/7, and from the eyes to the chin is 1/16, the height of the face is 1/10. The creation of Polykleitos was the first and perhaps the most best example ideal proportions.
Later, ideas about ideal proportions changed, but the interest of masters in the doctrine of proportions and understanding the plastic structure of a person remained.
Creative task
Today we will learn to draw a person’s face, observing all the rules and proportions. For work we will need paper and pencil.
If we look at a person's face from the front, we will notice that its width is approximately two-thirds of the height of the head. And if you look at it in profile, the width will correspond to 7/8 of its height. The human head can be roughly divided into four parts. The first part (the topmost) is the distance from the crown to the hairline. The second part is the distance from hair to eyes. The third part represents the eyes, ears and nose. The fourth part is the distance from the nose to the chin. All four parts are almost equal. Dividing the head into parts will be correct if the face you are looking at is at the level of your eyes.
You should start drawing the face from the eyes. Notice that the eyes are in the middle of the head. If you look at the face from the front, you will see that the distance between the eyes is equal to the distance from the edges of the face to the eyes. This distance is also equal to the width of the nose.
To depict the ears, you need to look at the face in profile. We will see that the ear is to the left of the vertical line, which can conditionally divide the head in half.
If you look at the face from the front, the triangle of the nose starts from the middle of the head. If you look at the head in profile, the eyes, nose and mouth fit into a rectangle.
In reality, ideal proportions are rarely found in people, but it is necessary to know them in order to see deviations from the norm and better understand the individual proportions of living nature (slide 6).
Try to approach this work creatively. Without forgetting the basic rules of drawing, feel free to experiment, work with your soul!
Summing up the lesson
(Students show their work)
– What is a structure?
– What is proportion? What role does proportion play in depicting something?
– Who first introduced the ideal human proportions?
Attached files
Teacher fine arts Malyukova Elena Alexandrovna
Goals: introduce students to the patterns in the design of the human head, the proportions of the human face; give the concept of midline and facial symmetry; learn to depict a person’s head with variously correlated facial details; develop observation skills; cultivate aesthetic taste; to develop the ability to find beauty, harmony, beauty in the internal and external appearance of a person; activate cognitive interest in the world around us and interest in the learning process.
Demonstration material and equipment: reproductions of paintings depicting portraits from different eras; reproductions of Leonardo da Vinci’s painting “La Gioconda”, methodological tables “Proportions of the human figure”, “Proportions of the face”.
Lesson progress
I.Organizational moment.
Greeting students. Checking readiness for the lesson.
II.Repetition.
Teacher. Listen to the poem. Explain what “trace” the poet is talking about. What mark would you like to leave on earth?
They say talent comes from God
This one is given, but this one is not...
But everyone is given a way
Who will leave which mark?
S. Vikulov.
Questions for students.
What genre did we talk about in the last lesson?(About the portrait)
What is a portrait?(A portrait is an image of a person or group of people who actually exists or existed in reality.)
What is the meaning of a portrait?(The meaning of a portrait is to convey not only external resemblance, but also to depict the inner world of a person, conveying internal similarity.)
When did the “portrait” genre appear in Russia? ( In the 17th century.)
What were the names of the first portraits? ( Parsuns from the word “person”)
What did the first Russian portraits resemble? ( They resembled icons; they were painted on wooden boards using the same method as icons).
Name the types of portraits.(Front, chamber, characteristic, psychological, self-portrait).
II. Main part.
Learning new material.
1. Proportions of the human head.
Teacher: When we see a person - in life or in a picture, we first of all pay attention to his head. The head is the most expressive part of the human figure. An educational image of a person’s head differs significantly from a drawing or portrait.
In order for us to learn how to draw a person, we need to learn the technique of drawing a head.
First, let's define the shape of a person's head. Look at each other and say: what shape does a person’s head have? (Oval or egg shape).
Now take a closer look at the proportions of the person’s head and face.
The head is always individual in its structure and proportions for each person. Familiarity with the “averaged” diagram of the proportions of the human face will help you find and emphasize this individuality in a particular person. It turns out that the horizontal line - the axis of the eyes - passes exactly half the total height of the head, that is, everything that is above the eyes takes up the same amount of space as what is below them. At first this seems unlikely: it seems that the lower part, where the nose, mouth, and chin are located, takes up much more space than the upper part, that is, the forehead and crown. But it only seems so. The lower part of the face seems larger than the upper because it is more “developed”, more saturated with various details, while the upper is devoid of them.
Look at these proportions of the human head on the poster.
Fig. 1. Proportions of the human head.
It’s not for nothing that they say that the eyes are the mirror of the soul. It is very important to correctly determine their place in the drawing. The distance between the eyes is approximately equal to the length of the eye or the width of the nose. The human nose is shaped like a prism, we see its upper side. The mouth is located midway between the base of the nose and the jawline. The shape of the cheekbones plays an important role. The length of the ears coincides with the distance from the eyebrows to the base of the nose.
All the given measurements are, of course, schematic, approximate, and in life each person will have their own individual deviations from the considered scheme. However, it will always be a good starting point when studying the specific features of each individual head.
2. Individual features of facial details.
teacher. Leonardo da Vinci, classifying the shapes of the nose, divided them into "three varieties": straight, concave (snub-nosed) and convex (hump-nosed). The nature of the nostrils and wings of the nose in people is also different. The nostrils can be rounded or narrow, the wings of the nose - flat, convex, short, elongated. The noses are also varied in front: both wide and narrow...
The illumination of its surfaces depends on the type of nose a person has. Thus, surfaces facing the light source are illuminated more strongly, therefore, for example, a humped nose in upper lighting will reflect more light with its upper part, while a concave (snub) nose is more illuminated in the lower part.
Lips, like eyes, are the most expressive parts of the face. They are very diverse in shape, so it is necessary to capture and strive to convey their characteristic feature: their size, fullness; the lower lip can protrude strongly, and the upper lip hang over it, etc.
The chin prominence and especially the lower edge of the jaw, which forms the border with the neck, are of great importance.
The nature of the eyes and their placement can be varied: there are large and small eyes, more or less convex; they can be planted so that their internal and external corners are located in a horizontal straight line; sometimes the internal corners are significantly lower than the external ones, etc.
III. Updating knowledge. Creative task.
Teacher. Today we will learn how to depict a portrait using the appliqué technique. First you need to cut out the shape of a person's head, taking it in the correct proportions. In educational work, you should not cut out a head of natural size; half an A-4 sheet is enough. A person can keep their head straight or tilt it. In appliqué it also makes sense to give lively movement of the head relative to the neck. To make the head symmetrical, the sheet must be folded in half and cut out half of the oval, unfolding it - we get a whole oval. (All stages of work are demonstrated by the teacher). The fold is the middle line passing through the middle of the forehead, the middle of the base of the nose, lips and chin. It will help you correctly position the details of your face: nose, mouth, chin. Next, cut out individual parts of the face to the appropriate scale. The paper should be different in color and texture. For greater clarity, the teacher demonstrates a dynamic model of a human head on which, using a magnetic board, cut out parts of the face are placed, taking into account the basic proportions.
After this, students begin to do the work independently. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that it is necessary to glue the details of the face onto the shape of the head after all the details have been cut out and the main composition of the portrait has been formed.
Physical education minute.
1. Exercise to train the eye muscles: slowly move your gaze from right to left and back; repeat 8-10 times.
2. Starting position - sitting on a chair, legs bent, feet parallel. Raise your heels simultaneously and alternately,
spreading the feet to the sides.
3. Starting position - standing. “3amochek” - lead one hand behind
head, the second - by the shoulder blades. “Saw” several times, changing the position of your hands.
IV.Independent work of students.
Students complete the task, the teacher conducts individual and frontal work with students, understanding that completing this task is the most important stage in learning to understand the design of the shape and expressiveness of the proportions of the human head.
V. Conclusion.
1. Exhibition of student works.
2. Reflection.
Students are asked to continue the sentences:
“Today in class I...”
3. 3final word.
teacher. It is clear from your works that today you have taken the first step in mastering the technique of depicting a person. And although you didn’t get everything right at once quite clearly and proportionally, only by trying, constantly sketching any individual facial features of people, can you learn how to correctly depict a person and achieve similarities in portraits.
Homework: repeat the proportions of the human head. Prepare a report about a Russian portrait. Select portrait reproductions
VI. Organized end of the lesson.
Cleaning workplaces.
Literature.
N.N. Rostovtsev"Training drawing." Moscow Enlightenment 1985.
L. A. Nemenskaya “Fine art. Art in human life” Moscow Enlightenment 2009.
A. S. Shchipanov “For young lovers of brushes and chisels.” Moscow Enlightenment 1981.
William F. Powell"Drawing. Step by step” Moscow AST-Astrel 2004.
See also:
Lesson No. 19 (Art in 6th grade) ____________________
Lesson topic: The design of the human head and its proportions
Purpose of the lesson: to introduce students to the patterns in the design of the human head, the proportions of a person’s face, the size and shape of the eyes, nose, the location and shape of the mouth, to teach how to depict a human head; develop observation and creative activity; cultivate aesthetic taste, intensify cognitive interest in the world around us.
Materials: pencils, album, eraser.
Lesson type: combined.
Lesson progress:
Organizational moment
Greetings
Checking students' readiness for the lesson
2. Statement of the topic and purpose of the lesson.
Today in the lesson we will continue to get acquainted with one of the most complex and attractive genres - portraiture.
The topic of our lesson: “The design of the human head and its proportions.”
The purpose of the lesson is proposed to be formed by the students themselves using the table “Learn, study, learn, apply, create.”
Repetition and verification of D/Z
Survey of students on the material assigned for home: conversation, tests, work on cards on the topic “The image of a person - main topic art."
At the blackboard Two students are tested on their knowledge of types of portraits.
For weak students, tests are given on the history of the portrait. For the strong, cards with great portrait artists with “passes” of the artists’ names. While work is going on at the board, the class is surveyed from the front.
Portraits are displayed on the screen Ancient Rome, Renaissance, Modern times. The correspondence of the image of a person with the arts of different eras is questioned frontally.
Working on the topic.
Guys, if you look at each other, you will see that everyone has a mouth, a nose, two eyes, eyebrows, a forehead, and hair above them. But, nevertheless, everyone is completely different. Why? Yes, because everyone is not alike - everyone has different shapes and sizes of eyes, lips, noses.
Our face is very mobile and can instantly express our inner state.
If we are sad, about to cry, the corners of our lips fall down, our eyebrows gather into a fold on the bridge of our nose or rise up. What if we're having fun? The lips “blur” into a smile, the corners rise up, rays-folds appear near the eyes and the eyes begin to shine like the sun. And if we are angry, our lips rise into a “stripe”, our eyebrows move over our eyes. We call all these muscle movements on the face facial expressions.
Now look at how to sketch different facial expressions on a person. (Demonstration of a diagram of facial expressions of the main ten emotions, where the positions and shape of a person’s eyes, mouth and forehead are shown with strokes).
But this is not enough to draw a portrait. Without knowing the proportions, the drawing turns out awkward.
Repetition of proportions (material from the previous lesson)
Proportions are the ratios of the sizes of parts that make up one whole.
It has been established that the line of the eyes runs exactly in the middle of the head, let's consider the placement of the remaining details of the face. (Demonstration and discussion of a schematic drawing of the structure of the human head). If the entire height of the head is taken as one, then it turns out that the crown will occupy 1/7 of this value, the forehead, nose and the distance from the nose to the lower point of the chin - 2/7 each. The mouth line is located approximately 1/3 of this distance. This value - 1/7 of the height of the head - turns out to be the modulus for the width of the head. It is laid 5 times in width. The distance between the eyes, as well as between the extreme points of the wings of the nose, the length of the eyes, the distance from the extreme points of the eyes to the extreme points of the temples is still one.
The head is symmetrical and can be drawn on the basis of a conventional line that runs in the middle of the forehead between the eyes, along the nose, in the middle of the mouth and chin. This line is called the middle line and is used to construct paired symmetrical shapes.
The main parts of the face include the eyes, nose, lips, and ears.
Leonardo da Vinci, classifying the shapes of the nose, divided them into “three varieties”: straight, concave (snub-nosed) and convex (hump-nosed). (Demonstration of drawings of the main shapes of the nose, eyes, lips). Lips, like eyes, are the most expressive parts of the face. They are very diverse in shape. The nature of the eyes and their placement can be varied: there are large and small eyes, more or less convex, etc.
4. Consolidation educational material: creative practical work.
Goal: to practice and consolidate techniques for depicting a human head.
Assignment: Draw a human head.
Let's draw an egg-shaped oval. Divide the oval in half horizontally - we will get an eye line and vertically. Divide the eye line into 5 equal parts. We draw the eyes with two arched lines.
The distance between the eyes is equal to the eye. Let's check.
Shade the pupil darker and the iris lighter. To prevent your eyes from popping out, cover your pupils with your eyelids.
Draw the upper eyelid, on which the eyelashes are located. We draw eyelashes in the direction from the nose. We draw the lower eyelid, draw eyelashes.
The eyebrows are located above the eyes. They are different for all people: oval, triangular or like wings. Let's draw them. Shade them in the direction from the nose.
But the shape of the nose resembles an elongated triangle. Look carefully at how the nose is drawn. From the eyebrows we draw two parallel lines to the bridge of the nose, slightly diverging towards the tip of the nose. We draw the wings of the nose with arched lines. We draw the nostrils using arcuate lines.
Everyone's lips are different, but remember that the line of the mouth is located 1/3 of the distance from the base of the nose to the end of the chin, the corners of the lips are at the level of the pupils of the eyes. We draw lines from the pupils down. From the middle, draw the upper lip with two arched lines to the left and right. Draw the lower lip with an arcuate line. Let's shade it. The upper lip is darker, the lower lip is lighter, as the light falls on it.
Draw the supralabial folds.
The size of the ear is equal to the distance between the line of the eyes and the line of the nose. From the side the ear looks like a snail, and from the front it looks like a semi-oval. We draw the ears closer to the head, draw the urine of the ear, and mark the pits.
Using a soft pencil, highlight the eyebrows, eyelashes, pupil, nostrils, and lips.
We denote the face with an arcuate line. Drawing hair. Create an image of a boy or girl.
During practical work students make targeted rounds in order to monitor the correct execution of work techniques; providing assistance to students experiencing difficulties in work; control of the volume and quality of work performed.
Lesson summary. Reflection:
The guys speak in a circle in one sentence, choosing the beginning of a phrase from the reflective screen on the board.
Today I found out...
It was interesting...
I realized that...
It was difficult...
Now I can...
I learned...
I will try…
Purpose: To familiarize students with the patterns of human head design
Objectives: develop observation skills, cultivate aesthetic taste; to develop the ability to find beauty, harmony, beauty in the internal and external appearance of a person, to activate cognitive interest in the world around us and interest in the learning process.
Download:
Preview:
To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com
Slide captions:
The design of the human head and its basic proportions Author: Kayatkina Olga Vladimirovna MAOU Secondary School No. 84 Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk region Fine arts lesson in 6th grade
Goal: To acquaint students with the laws of the design of the human head. Objectives: to develop observation skills, to cultivate aesthetic taste; to develop the ability to find beauty, harmony, beauty in the internal and external appearance of a person, to activate cognitive interest in the world around us and interest in the learning process. Equipment: portrait sketches of people of different ages, made on a chalkboard with head sketches.
Proportions of the human head Proportions are the dimensional relationships of elements or parts of a form with each other. In artistic practice, there is a well-known method for determining proportions called sighting.
To learn how to draw a portrait, you should study the parts of the face.
The head as a whole is built on the principle of geometric volumes and its image consists of a combination of complicated geometric bodies. A. Durer Analytical drawing of the construction of the human head
How to draw eyes Eyes play a very important role in the similarity of a portrait to nature. You can start drawing the eye with its generalized shape; the eyeball has a spherical shape). Therefore, when starting to draw the eyes, you need to outline the eye sockets, while remembering that they are not located very close to the nose. The distance between the eyes is equal to the length of the eye itself. Next, having outlined the pupil, we begin to draw the eyelids.
Drawing a nose When drawing a nose, you must first study it carefully characteristic features: noses are straight (1), snub (2) and humped (3).
Noses can be long, short, narrow and wide. The base of the nose is equal to the width of the eye. When outlining the nose, you need to remember that the middle of the facial line of the nose passes through the middle of its base and tip.
Nose drawing diagram
Drawing the lips Before you start drawing the lips, you need to mark the midline of the mouth (this is the line where the upper lip connects to the lower), then determine the length and thickness of the lips on this line (usually the lower lip is thicker than the upper, but it happens that they are equal by thickness). You also need to remember that the mouth is below the base of the nose. Next, you need to start outlining the outlines of the lips, trying to convey their characteristic shape (thin, thick, medium, even along the contour or with a curve on the upper lip).
Drawing ears Ears are usually located at the level from the eyebrows to the base of the nose. In order to correctly outline the ears, you need to draw an imaginary axis of the ear, which runs parallel to the line of the nose. Next they plan general shape ear and draw the details.
Drawing the hair The hair beautifully frames the head and starts midway from the eye line to the crown of the head (the top point of the head). All hairstyles can be reduced to the most typical.
Practical work: the first method of drawing: Draw a head with variously correlated facial details (nose, lips, eyes, eyebrows, etc.)
the second way to complete the drawing
Homework: complete the portrait
We work according to the program of B.M. Nemensky.
Second lesson in 3rd quarter. 6th grade.
Lesson type: lesson on mastering new material.
Conducted by Marina O.N.
Lesson type: lesson in mastering new material.
Objective of the lesson:
Introduce students to the genre of portraiture. To inform about portraits in different eras. To teach how to reflect the proportions and facial expressions in a portrait. Show compliance with the proportions of facial expressions.
Develop imagination, creative imagination, graphic skills; carry out interdisciplinary connections (literature, art, history, music).
To instill in people a love of art.
Lesson plan.
Organizational moment. Theme formulation.
Explanation of the topic. Explanations for performing practical work.
Practical part of the lesson.
Exhibition of works and self-esteem. Summing up.
Visual range: reproductions of paintings by Vasily Pukirev “Unequal Marriage”, Alexey Antropov “Portrait of Peter II” I, Vladimir Borovikovsky “Portrait of Princess Anna Gavrilovna Gagarina and Princess Varvara Gavrilovna Gagarina”, etc.
Literary series: Nikolai Gumilyov “She”, Anna Akhmatova “Inscription on an unfinished portrait”.
Lesson progress:
Organizational moment
I'm glad to meet you again.
Waiting for you today
A tale about Russian portraits.
Guys, today we went to an art gallery (showing paintings of different landscapes, several works depicting animals and portraits).
Let's remember what the artists who paint such paintings are called? (Landscape painters) What are the names of artists who paint animals? (Animal painters) And what are the names of the artists who paint portraits? (Portrait painters)
Attention, I am reading a poem, after finishing it you will say what topic our lesson today is devoted to. (Reading a poem).
If you see what's in the picture
Is anyone looking at us?
Or a prince in an old cloak,
Or like a steeplejack,
Pilot or ballerina,
Or Kolka is your neighbor,
Required picture
It's called a portrait. (in chorus)
So this is the topic we will work on
In ancient times before our era, there were no computers, cameras, television, video cameras, but man always wanted to leave a memory of himself. Man also thought about this, and the result of this realization was the birth of creative incarnations of rock paintings. Sculptures, architectural structures, works of painting and drawing, etc.
Artists of all times conveyed, first of all, the character of a person, through facial expressions, through the height of the statue, to convey the position of a person in society, conveying the beauty of a person through the classical proportions of the human structure.
We go to the hall where the works of portrait painters are located.
What type of portraits are shown on the slides?
Answers: family, ceremonial, group, self-portrait.
Explanations for the game part of the lesson.
Guess what I feel? (card task) (I feel joy, pain, I’m surprised, I’m sad, I think, I’m angry.)
What did the guys change in their faces to convey their mood? (Answers)
Practical part. Human facial proportions
Teacher. The head, especially the human face, is the object of close attention in portraiture.
Many generations of artists have studied the proportions of the human body. Their conclusions differ in detail, but in general they are similar. The proportions of the human body are as follows: the height of the head is 1/7-1/8 of the total height of a person.
When drawing, in order to establish by eye the correct proportions of the human figure, it is customary to take some part of it as a unit of measurement - a module that fits the height of the entire figure and its individual parts a certain number of times.
Michelangelo took the height of the head as such a module, which fit 8% of the time in the entire figure.
But professor of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts A. Sapozhnikov (19th century) proposed a more detailed proportional division of the human figure using a smaller module. As a unit of reference, he took the height of the foot or neck, which, according to his conclusions, fit exactly 30 times into the height of the ideal figure. In this case, the head occupies 4 such units in height and, therefore, fits 7.5 times in the height of the entire figure.
Look at these proportions of the human figure on the poster.
The artist needs all these general, approximate data on the “ideal” human figure in order to compare the proportions of a specific human figure with them, and always easily and accurately find its individual characteristics. Now take a closer look at the proportions of the person’s face.
The main method of our study of new material will be drawing up a portrait.
Open the envelopes located on your tables; in them you see blanks: ovals of the head, eyes, hair, hats.
I suggest you make a portrait filled with facial proportions and conveying emotions. The work will be assessed according to the following criteria:
1) accuracy when performing work.
2) compliance with facial proportions.
3) conveying the mood of your hero.
Summing up the lesson
Summing up. Homework: select pictures-illustrations depicting various images of a person, try to describe the condition, inner world, features, experiences of the person depicted in the portrait
