Amazing qualities of animals in which they surpassed humans. Presentation on the topic: "The work has been completed

But it is impossible to be the best in absolutely everything.

Different species of animals living on our planet have acquired many abilities that allow them to live and develop in different conditions.

10. Strength

People consider themselves the strongest. But no matter how strong we are, tiny creatures like beetles and ants can put us to shame. For example, the dung beetle is capable of moving objects that weigh 1141 times the weight of its own body! In appearance, such objects may seem small to us, since beetles are very small, but if a person had the same capabilities, we would be able to lift almost 73 tons.

If we talk about absolute weight, then African elephants will be in first place. These huge, cute creatures can move loads of more than 9,000 kilograms. To do this, they use their powerful trunks. Their trunks are made up of tens of thousands of muscle fibers, allowing elephants, including young ones, to lift enormous objects and suck up incredible amounts of water, essential to their survival.

Small creatures, such as ants and beetles, have such specific strength because in the animal world there is a law according to which when the size of the body of a living creature decreases, its mass decreases in proportion to the length of the body to the third power, and the cross-sectional area of ​​the muscles - to the second.

In practice, this means that if the length of a living organism is halved, its volume and weight will decrease by eight times, while the cross-section of the muscles will decrease by only four. That is, the shorter the length of a living creature, the greater the ratio of the load being lifted to its own weight.

9. Speed

Human intelligence is incredibly developed. We can sing, write, talk, explain wonderful things and build space shuttles. However, our seemingly less intelligent neighbors are capable of putting us into many categories.

For example, carrier pigeons. No, not from Harry Potter, real live pigeons. These cool kids can fly 1,770 kilometers and find their way home without any navigators or beacons. The most amazing thing is that to determine their geographical location relative to the Earth's magnetic field, they can use magnetite crystals located between their muscle fibers of the head and neck.

Elephants don't seem too smart to us, but they can also surprise. Elephants can use scent to identify family members, according to researchers at the University of St Andrews. In addition, elephants are able to distinguish people who pose a threat to them by their smell and the color of their clothing.

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1. Goal of the work

All people from the very early childhood love fairy tales. Thanks to fairy tales, we get a unique opportunity to plunge into a magical world. By getting to know the magical world of fairy tales, we cultivate a love of words and an interest in reading.

Do we believe in the reality of fairy tales? We believe and we don’t believe, but for some reason we really want to believe in a fabulous miracle in reality, in magic in everyday life. What is a fairy tale and when did it appear? These questions interested me, and I decided to explore fairy tales:

1. get to know the history folk tales; 2. analyze tales about animals; 3. identify the main character traits of the heroes of fairy tales about animals.

1.2. Research objectives

My tasks research work are to:

1. study tales about animals; 2. identify the character traits of fairy-tale animals; 3. compare the character traits of animals with the character traits of humans;4. identify the influence of reading fairy tales on the formation of a child’s personality5. make a presentation “The main character traits of heroes in fairy tales about animals”

Object research are folk tales about animals; subject research - distinctive features the character of the heroes of these fairy tales.

Introduction. What is a fairy tale?

A fairy tale is an entertaining story about extraordinary events. Fairy tales were created by the people, which is why they are called Russian folk tales. They arose in ancient times, when people did not yet know how to write and were passed on from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation.

All fairy tales are divided into: magical, everyday and fairy tales about animals. Tales about animals have a special meaning. Their heroes are animals, birds and fish, but very similar in character to people. The main task of such fairy tales is to ridicule bad character traits, negative actions and evoke compassion for the weak and offended. For fairy tales about animals, the idea is important that revived nature is capable of acting independently, animals and plants have the right to their lives.

In fairy tales about animals there are the cunning Fox, the evil and stupid Wolf, the cowardly Hare, the proud Rooster, the good-natured Bear and other animals and birds. Tales about animals, as a rule, are moralizing and edifying. The favorite hero of such fairy tales - a cunning and deceiver (fox) - is necessarily contrasted with a positive character (bear, hare).

3. Main part. The main characters of fairy tales about animals and their character traits

3.1. Main character- Fox.

The favorite hero of fairy tales about animals is the fox. She is resourceful and very cunning, often ready for the most incredible inventions. The fox thinks only about his own benefit. The fox is vindictive and vindictive. She revels in revenge, feels complete superiority over the gullible and stupid wolf. How much resourcefulness she has and how much vengeful feeling she has! Stupidity and gullibility are as endless as cunning and calculation. The people endowed it different names: Lisa Patrikeevna, Kumushka Fox, Plutovka. Fairy tales: “The Little Fox and the Wolf”, “The Cat, the Rooster and the Fox”, “The Fox and the Hare”, “The Bear and the Fox”, “Kolobok”, “The Fox and the Crane”.

3.2. The main character is the Wolf.

Another hero that the fox often encounters is the wolf. This is the exact opposite of the fox image. In fairy tales, the wolf is stupid and easy to deceive. There seems to be no such trouble, no matter what this unlucky, always beaten beast finds himself in. The image of a wolf in fairy tales is always hungry and lonely. He always finds himself in a funny, absurd situation. Fairy tales: “The old bread and salt is forgotten”, “The Wolf and the Goat”, “The Stupid Wolf”, “The Insatiable Wolf”, “Kolobok”.

3.3. The main character is Bear

Also, one of the main characters in fairy tales about animals is the bear. The bear often gets into funny situations, but never attacks anyone. The image of the bear, while still remaining the main figure of the forest kingdom, appears before us as a slow, gullible loser, often stupid and clumsy, with club feet. He constantly boasts of his exorbitant strength, although he cannot always use it effectively. Fairy tales: “The Man and the Bear”, “Teremok”, “Masha and the Bear”, “Winter Hut of Animals”, “The Bear and the Dog”, “The Bear is a Lime Leg”.

3.4. The main character is the Hare.

The hare in Russian folk tales represents a positive hero. In some fairy tales, this is a victim, a weak and helpless hero who is afraid of everything. In others, he appears as a clever cunning man who, despite fear, is capable of brave deeds. Fairy tales: “The Bunny’s Hut”, “Hares and Frogs”.

Questionnaire “Russian folk tales about animals in our lives” among students in grades 3-5

I conducted a survey “Russian folk tales about animals in our lives”:

among classmates (3rd grade students),

among 5th grade students.

25 people took part in the survey. Of these, 21 people answered that they like to read Russian folk tales about animals.

Research results

After analyzing the questionnaire data, I concluded that almost all children know and love Russian folk tales about animals and their main characters. Children often choose goodies that have a positive impact on the child’s behavior. I also learned that reading Russian folk tales about animals has a positive impact on the formation of a child’s personality.

Conclusion

In fairy tales about animals, there is always a victory of positive heroes over negative ones, a victory of good over evil. Each animal has its own character, its own distinctive features, but they all personify a person and the characteristics of his make-up.

List of used literature

1. Afanasyev A.N. “Russian folk tales”, M., 2010.

2. Anikin V.P. Russian folktale. M., 1984.

3. Vedernikova N.M. Russian folktale. M., 1975.

4. Russian folk tales / processed by M. Bulatov, I. Karnaukhova - M.: 2014

Different animals are endowed with literary works human qualities. Our fox is cunning, cunning, the hare is cowardly, cowardly, the bear is clumsy, the wolf is evil and despicable.

If we talk about the mouse, it seems to be small, but it will help a hero in trouble: it will squeak out of its hole and lead it to freedom from evil forces. But the same mouse will also break the egg that the grandfather and woman are so happy about in the fairy tale “Ryaba Hen”.

About the bear

By the way, clubfoot is also ambiguous. It does not fit into the tower and destroys it. And it is also a symbol of prosperity for newlyweds: the newlyweds were seated on a bearskin to receive a blessing. And he, the bear, is a guide to the other world. Let us remember Tatyana Larina from the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". The bear carries the poor, frightened heroine in her dream across the bridge, which runs across the river to the hut, where monsters have gathered, clearly from the other world. The bear is also interesting in the Russian folk tale “Tops and Roots”. Here our bear even looks stupid and stupid. A man, harvesting wheat, asks the bear to leave him the tops, and the clubfoot should take the roots. It is clear that the bear did not like the taste of the wheat roots. Therefore, he decides next time not to let the man deceive him. He invites the peasant, when he is harvesting beets, to give him (the bear) the tops, hoping that they will be tasty, but again the bear is deceived by a cunning man. Beet leaves are not as tasty as the roots of this plant. What should the poor bear do? All that remains is to go home. And the man turns out to be a “winner” both the first and second time. Therefore, it is impossible to speak unequivocally about the qualities of a bear in Russian literature. Because before us is a strong forest dweller, whom everyone fears, and a simple, even stupid, stupid hero of everyday fairy tales, and a talisman in Russian folk beliefs (receiving a blessing on a bear’s skin).

General conclusions

Thus, various animals for the Russian people had human qualities. The people themselves identified these qualities during

• observations,
• fantasies,
• imagination.

It is very interesting to study our traditions, culture, history, folklore. Is not it?

All over the world, people tell stories to entertain each other. Sometimes fairy tales help to understand what is bad and what is good in life. Fairy tales appeared long before the invention of books, and even writing.

Scientists have interpreted the tale in different ways. A number of folklore researchers called everything that was “told” a fairy tale. The famous fairytale scholar E. V. Pomerantseva accepted this point of view: “A folk tale is an epic oral piece of art, predominantly prosaic, magical or everyday in nature with a focus on fiction.”

Tales about animals differ significantly from other types fairy tale genre. The appearance of fairy tales about animals was preceded by stories directly related to beliefs about animals. The Russian fairy tale epic about animals is not very rich: according to N.P. Andreev (ethnographer, art critic), there are 67 types of fairy tales about animals. They make up less than 10% of the entire Russian fairy-tale repertoire, but at the same time this material is distinguished by its great originality. In fairy tales about animals, animals implausibly argue, talk, quarrel, love, make friends, and quarrel: the cunning “fox is beautiful in conversation,” the stupid and greedy “wolf-wolf—grabbing from under a bush,” “gnawing mouse,” “cowardly The little bastard is bow-legged and jumps up the hill.” All this is implausible, fantastic.

The appearance of various characters in Russian fairy tales about animals is initially determined by the range of representatives of the animal world that is characteristic of our territory. Therefore, it is natural that in fairy tales about animals we meet the inhabitants of forests, fields, steppes (bear, wolf, fox, wild boar, hare, hedgehog, etc.). In fairy tales about animals, the animals themselves are the main ones. heroes-characters, and the relationship between them determines the nature of the fairy-tale conflict.

The purpose of my research work is to compare images of wild animals from Russian folk tales with the habits of real animals.

A hypothesis is my conjectural judgment that the images of wild animals, their characters correspond to the habits of their prototypes.

1. Characters in the animal epic.

Observing the composition of animals acting as acting characters in the animal epic, I note the predominance of wild, forest animals. These are fox, wolf, bear, hare, and birds: crane, heron, thrush, woodpecker, crow. Pets appear in conjunction with forest animals, and not as independent or leading characters. Examples: cat, rooster and fox; sheep, fox and wolf; dog and woodpecker and others. The leading characters, as a rule, are forest animals, while domestic animals play a supporting role.

Tales about animals are based on elementary actions. Fairy tales are built on an ending that is unexpected for the partner, but expected by the listeners. Hence the humorous nature of fairy tales about animals and the need for a cunning and insidious character, such as the fox, and a stupid and fooled one, which we usually have the wolf. So, by animal tales we will mean those tales in which the animal is the main object. Characters there are only one animals.

The fox has become a favorite hero of Russian fairy tales: Fox Patrikeevna, Fox is a beauty, fox is an oil sponger, fox is a godmother, Lisafya. Here she lies on the road with glassy eyes. She was numb, the man decided, he kicked her, she wouldn’t wake up. The man was delighted, took the fox, put it in the cart with fish: “The old woman will have a collar for her fur coat,” and he touched the horse, he himself went ahead. The fox threw away all the fish and left. When the fox began to have dinner, the wolf came running. Why would a fox give a treat to a wolf? Let him catch it himself. The fox instantly has an idea: “You, little kuman, go to the river, lower your tail into the hole - the fish itself attaches to the tail, sit and say: “Catch it, fish.”

The proposal is absurd, wild, and the stranger it is, the more readily one believes in it. But the wolf obeyed. The fox feels complete superiority over his gullible and stupid godfather. Other fairy tales complete the image of the fox. Infinitely deceitful, she takes advantage of gullibility, plays on the weak strings of friends and foes. The fox has a lot of tricks and pranks in his memory. She chases a hare out of a bast hut, carries away a rooster, luring him out with a song, by deception she exchanges a rolling pin for a goose, a goose for a turkey, etc. up to a bull. The fox is a pretender, a thief, a deceiver, evil, flattering, dexterous, cunning, calculating. In fairy tales, she is faithful to these traits of her character throughout. Her cunning is conveyed in the proverb: “When you look for a fox in front, then she is behind.” She is resourceful and lies recklessly until the time when it is no longer possible to lie, but even in this case she often indulges in the most incredible invention. The fox thinks only about his own benefit.

If the deal does not promise her acquisitions, she will not sacrifice anything of hers. The fox is vindictive and vindictive.

In fairy tales about animals, one of the main characters is the wolf. This is the exact opposite of the fox image. In fairy tales, the wolf is stupid and easy to deceive. There seems to be no such trouble, no matter what this unlucky, always beaten beast finds himself in. So, the fox advises the wolf to fish by dipping his tail into the hole. The goat invites the wolf to open his mouth and stand downhill so that he can jump into the mouth. The goat knocks over the wolf and runs away (fairy tale “The Fool Wolf”). The image of a wolf in fairy tales is always hungry and lonely. He always finds himself in a funny, absurd situation.

In numerous fairy tales, a bear is also depicted: “A Man, a Bear and a Fox”, “A Bear, a Dog and a Cat” and others. The image of the bear, while still remaining the main figure of the forest kingdom, appears before us as a slow, gullible loser, often stupid and clumsy, with club feet. He constantly boasts of his exorbitant strength, although he cannot always use it effectively. He crushes everything that comes under his feet. The fragile little mansion, a house in which a variety of forest animals lived peacefully, could not withstand its weight. In fairy tales, the bear is not smart, but stupid; it embodies great, but not smart, strength.

Fairy tales in which small animals (hare, frog, mouse, hedgehog) act are predominantly humorous. The hare in fairy tales is quick on his feet, stupid, cowardly and fearful. The hedgehog is slow, but reasonable, and does not fall for the most ingenious tricks of his opponents.

The idea of ​​fairy tales about animals turns into proverbs. The fox, with its fabulous features of a cheat, a cunning rogue, appeared in proverbs: “A fox does not dirty its tail,” “A fox was hired to keep a poultry yard from the kite and the hawk.” The stupid and greedy wolf also passed from fairy tales into proverbs: “Don’t put your finger in a wolf’s mouth,” “Be a wolf for your sheepish simplicity.” And here are the proverbs about the bear: “The bear is strong, but he lies in the swamp,” “The bear has a lot of thoughts, but he doesn’t go anywhere.” And here the bear is endowed with enormous, but unreasonable strength.

In fairy tales there is constant struggle and rivalry between animals. The fight, as a rule, ends in cruel reprisals against the enemy or evil ridicule of him. The condemned beast often finds himself in a funny, absurd position.

Prototypes of fairy-tale heroes.

Now we will look at the habits and lifestyle of real animals. I was guided by the book “The Life of Animals” by the German zoologist Alfred Brem. Thanks to his vivid descriptions of the “lifestyle” and “character” of animals, Brem’s work became for many generations the best popular guide to zoology. So he denies the superior cunning of the fox and asserts the exceptional cunning of the wolf. Wolves do not hunt alone, but together. They usually roam in small flocks of 10-15 individuals. The pack maintains a strict hierarchy. The leader of the pack is almost always a male (the “alpha” wolf). In a flock it can be recognized by its raised tail. Females also have their own “alpha” wolf, who usually walks ahead of the leader. In moments of danger or hunting, the leader becomes the head of the pack. Further on the hierarchical ladder are adult members of the pack and lone wolves. The lowest of all are the grown-up wolf cubs, which the pack accepts only in the second year. Adult wolves constantly test the strength of their superior wolves. As a result, young wolves, growing up, rise higher on the hierarchical ladder, and aging wolves fall lower and lower. Such a developed social structure significantly increases the efficiency of hunting. Wolves never lie in wait for their prey, they chase it down. When chasing prey, wolves are divided into small groups. The prey is divided among members of the pack according to rank. Old wolves, unable to participate in joint hunting, follow the pack at a distance and are content with the remains of its prey. The wolf buries the remaining food in the snow, and in the summer hides it as a reserve in a secluded place, where it later returns to eat what was left uneaten. Wolves have a very acute sense of smell, detecting scent at a distance of 1.5 km. A wolf is a predatory, cunning, intelligent, resourceful, and evil creature.

When I studied the material about the habits of the fox, I found some similarities with the fairy-tale fox. For example, a real fox, like a fairy fox, loves to visit the chicken coop. It avoids deep taiga forests, preferring forests in the area of ​​agricultural land. And he is looking for a ready-made mink for himself. Can occupy the burrow of a badger, arctic fox, or marmot. The fox's tail is also mentioned in fairy tales. Indeed, the fluffy tail can be considered its feature. The fox acts as a steering wheel, making sharp turns during pursuit. She also covers herself with it, curling up into a ball while resting and burying her nose in its base. It turns out that in this place there is a fragrant gland that emits the smell of violets. It is believed that this odorous organ has a beneficial effect on the fox’s charm, but its precise purpose remains unclear.

6 The mother fox guards the cubs and does not let anyone get close. If, for example, a dog or a person appears near the hole, then the fox resorts to “cunning” - she tries to take them away from her home, luring them with her.

But the heroes of fairy tales are the crane and the heron. About the non-fairytale, real gray or common crane in A. Brem’s book “The Life of Animals” it is said: “The crane is very sensitive to affection and insult - he can remember the insult for months and even years.” The fairy-tale crane is endowed with the features of a real bird: it is bored and remembers insults. The same book says about the heron that it is evil and greedy. This explains why the heron in the folk tale thinks first of all about what the crane will feed her. She is angry, like a real, not a fairy-tale heron: she accepted the matchmaking unkindly, scolds the wooing groom: “Go away, lanky one!”

In fairy tales and sayings they say “cowardly as a hare.” Meanwhile, hares are not so much cowardly as they are cautious. They need this caution, because it is their salvation. Natural flair and the ability to quickly escape with large leaps, combined with techniques for confusing their tracks, compensate for their defenselessness. However, the hare is capable of fighting back: if it is overtaken by a feathered predator, it lies on its back and fights off with strong kicks. The mother hare feeds not only her cubs, but in general all the discovered hares. When a man appears, the hare leads him away from the hares, pretending to be wounded or sick, trying to attract attention to herself by beating her feet on the ground.

The bear in fairy tales appears to us as slow and clumsy. Meanwhile, the clumsy-looking bear runs extremely fast - at a speed of over 55 km/h, swims excellently and climbs trees well in his youth (in old age he does this reluctantly). And it turns out that the bear is active throughout the day, but more often in the mornings and evenings. They have a well-developed sense of smell, but their vision and hearing are rather weak. In fairy tales, the bear embodies great strength and its prototype is capable of breaking the back of a bull or bison with one blow of its paw.

In studying animal epics, we must beware of the very common misconception that animal tales are really stories from the lives of animals. Before researching this topic, I also held this judgment. As a rule, they have very little in common with the actual life and habits of animals. True, to some extent, animals act according to their nature: the horse kicks, the rooster crows, the fox lives in a hole (however, not always), the bear is slow and sleepy, the hare is cowardly, etc. All this gives fairy tales the character of realism.

The depiction of animals in fairy tales is sometimes so convincing that from childhood we are accustomed to subconsciously determine the characters of animals from fairy tales. This includes the idea that the fox is an exceptionally cunning animal. However, every zoologist knows that this opinion is not based on anything. Each animal is cunning in its own way.

Animals enter into a community and keep company, which is impossible in nature.

But still, I want to note that in fairy tales there are many such details in the depiction of animals and birds that people spy on from the lives of real animals.

After reading the literature about fairy tales, about the life and behavior of animals and comparing the images and their prototypes, I came up with two versions. On the one hand, the images of animals are similar to their prototypes (an angry wolf, a clumsy bear, a fox dragging chickens, etc.). On the other hand, having studied the observations of zoologists, I can say that the images and their prototypes have little in common with the actual habits of animals.

The art of folk tales consists of a subtle rethinking of the true habits of birds and animals.

And one more thing: having studied the history of fairy tales about animals, I came to the conclusion: fairy tales about animals most often take the form of stories about people under the guise of animals. The animal epic widely reflects human life, with its passions, greed, greed, deceit, stupidity and cunning and at the same time with friendship, loyalty, gratitude, i.e. a wide range of human feelings and characters.

Tales about animals are the “encyclopedia of life” of the people. Tales about animals are the childhood of humanity itself!