The historical basis of the story Taras Bulba. Description of real historical events underlying the story “Taras Bulba”

Lesson topic: Historical and folklore basis of the story.

Lesson objectives:

1) educational: to form students’ idea of ​​Gogol, to find the main idea of ​​the story, to reveal the historical conditions that developed the harsh and powerful character of Taras Bulba and his contemporaries;

2) developing: development of analytical thinking, the ability to give a reasoned answer to a teacher’s question; developing skills in analyzing an epic work;

3) educating: nurturing love for the Fatherland.

Lesson type: introductory lesson

Intrasubject connections: With Russian history XVII century

Equipment: multimedia presentation

Methods and techniques of work: reproductive method (teacher's word, oral questioning), heuristic method (frontal questioning, analytical conversation)

. LESSON PROGRESS:

I. Organizational moment (2min)

II. Explanation of new material (15 min)

• 
  Teacher's word

The mighty Zaporozhye Sich soon became a kind of outpost on the southern and southeastern borders of Ukraine. On their light "gulls" the Cossacks boldly crossed the sea and "sharped" the shores of the Ottoman Empire and twice approached its capital - Istanbul. They kept the Tatars and Turks at bay, who had previously plundered Ukrainian lands with impunity.

The chronicler Grabyanka cites an interesting saying of the “Turkish Soltan”: “When the surrounding lordships rebel against me, I sleep on my ears, but I only hear about the Cossacks.” .

The history of Ukraine at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries was marked by many powerful uprisings that produced such outstanding figures as Hetman Kosinsky, Nalivaiko, Loboda, Gunya, and Ostranitsa.

The last name attracted Gogol's special attention. OSPANITSA is mentioned in Taras Bulba. He led the “countless Cossack force” of eight twelve-thousandth regiments, under whose banners those who arrived from the lower reaches of the Dnieper to its upper reaches stood. And in this mighty army, writes Gogol, the most selected regiment was led by Taras Bulba. Opage was supposed to be the hero of the unfinished historical novel Gogol "Hetman".

A remarkable period of the national liberation struggle of Ukraine was associated with the name of Ostranitsa. Several powerful blows that Ostranitsa inflicted on Nikolai Pototsky were one of the most terrible defeats that the Poles suffered from the Cossacks to Bogdan Khmelnitsky. Fearing complete defeat, the gentry spoke of peace, which they themselves later violated by treacherously killing Hetman Ostranitsa and his entourage.

The fight continued. The Sich did not lay down its arms. It remained, in the clear words of Gogol, a “willful Republic”, from where “will and Cossacks spilled over the whole of Ukraine.”

“Combining generosity and selflessness with a cunning and sharp mind, the Cossacks passionately love freedom; they prefer death to slavery, and to defend independence they often rebel against their oppressors - the Poles; in Ukraine, not seven or eight years go by without a riot,”- this is how a foreign observer wrote, who lived for more than seventeen years in Ukraine, in Polish service, as a senior artillery capital and royal engineer, a Frenchman by nationality, Guillaume le Vasseur de Beauplan. The far from impartial witness was able to correctly notice the intensity of the struggle that the Ukrainian people waged against their oppressors.

THE IMAGE OF THIS STRUGGLE FOUND THE BASIS OF “TARAS BULBA”.

Questions:

• 
  What historical events formed the basis of the story?
• 
  To what time do the events described in the story relate?
• 
  What is the role of the author’s detailed historical digression?

• 
  Find in the first chapter the features of historical time, recreated by the author on the basis of documentary sources. ( Students read the passage from the words “...the difficult 15th century on the nomadic corner of Russia...” to the words “In a word, the Russian character here received a mighty, wide scope, a hefty appearance”)
• 
  What vocabulary does the author use to convey the atmosphere of the time and situation that determine the fate of the Russian people? (Verb series are used: was devastated, burned out, engulfed in flames, etc.; epithets: primitive Russia, indomitable, wide, etc.)
• 
  Pay attention to unfamiliar words, determine their meanings: union, rada, magnate, gentry, senate, cornet, latnik, kuren, koshevoy ataman, esaul, zhupan, retinue, kazakin, etc.
• 
  Why do you think the author allows widespread distraction to historical topic? (It is important for the writer to emphasize that the Cossacks’ struggle is for national independence, for the establishment of the Orthodox Church, against men, women, and children being taken captive and sold into slavery.)
• 
  Are there any similarities between Taras Bulba and the heroes of epics? How do they manifest themselves? What differences do you see?
• 
  Find fragments in the text where Taras and other Cossacks are depicted as epic heroes, where their historical affiliation with their time and place is emphasized.

Report 7th grade.

Literary critic A.I. Herzen said: “...The stories that Gogol first spoke with are a series of truly beautiful paintings depicting the customs and nature of Little Russia - paintings full of gaiety, grace, liveliness and love. The story “Taras Bulba” is included in Gogol’s collection called “Mirgorod”. “In Mirgorod, he pitted the norm, the high possibility of folk heroism, against the terrible social reality that prevents this possibility from being realized and vulgarizes a person created, according to Gogol, for great deeds,” wrote literary critic G.A. Gukovsky. The historicism of the story “Taras Bulba” is close to folklore: creating such historical work, Gogol not only carefully studied documentary historical materials (chronicles, memoirs, studies), but also folklore works. Without downplaying the role of historical materials, primacy should still be given to folklore sources.

The writer focuses on the era of the national liberation struggle of the Ukrainian people and heroic characters, rather than specific events and real historical figures. The writer did not strive for factual accuracy. Hence the conventionality of the chronological data reported in Taras Bulba.

Taras Bulba was a native “Cossack” who lived in Ukraine. In those distant times, Ukraine was captured by Polish and Lithuanian knights. Some wealthy residents of Ukraine went over to the side of the invaders. Taras Bulba and other patriots of their homeland organized the Zaporozhye Sich and fought against the invaders. Taras Bulba “was created for abusive anxiety.” He had a very difficult character. Everything testified to this: the decoration of his room, his attitude towards his wife, his behavior in battle. Taras had two adult sons: Ostap and Andriy. When his sons arrived from bursa (lyceum, school), Taras decided to take them to Sich. “They will be real Cossacks,” Taras told his friends. The next day Taras took his sons to Sich.

The image of the warrior people in the story is inextricably linked with the image of the working people. “Modern foreigners then rightly marveled at his extraordinary abilities. There was no craft that a Cossack didn’t know: smoking wine, equipping a cart, grinding gunpowder, doing blacksmith and plumbing work, and, in addition to that, going wild - all this was within his capabilities.” The writer does not resort to any means of embellishing, softening, or obscuring the features of the era, the severity and futility of the war. The historicism of Gogol’s thinking, reflected in the artist’s ability, noted by Belinsky, to concisely, within the framework of a small story, express the content of an entire era, is also manifested in the fact that the author of “Taras Bulba” seeks to explain all aspects of the era he depicts by itself, its features and conditions. This reflects the high objectivity of the artist-historian, only with which he has the right to his own, subjective attitude towards the people and events of his favorite era. Gogol depicts all the greatness and heroism of the people's liberation war and completely, unconditionally joins the people. Belinsky described the meaning of “Taras Bulba”, pointing out that the author “exhausted in it the entire life of historical Little Russia and in a wondrous, artistic creation forever captured its spiritual image: this is how a sculptor captures human features in marble and gives them immortal life...” . Gogol took the history of the Ukrainian people at the moment of its high rise, at such a moment when, just as happens in the decisive moments of a person’s life, the entire character of the people is tested. The historical artist captured the heroic character of the people.

The story is imbued with the lofty poetry of the indissoluble brotherhood of the Russian and Ukrainian peoples. Myself main character represents the living embodiment of this brotherhood. Being an epic image of broad generalizing historical significance, Taras Bulba absorbs many of the best features of historical figures of national liberation movements from different periods of Ukrainian history - valiant warriors, intelligent politicians, passionate patriots who led the Ukrainian people along the only possible path for them to save their nationality: by the path of an inextricable union with Russia and the Russian people. Only in this union could the Ukrainian people hope to preserve their national identity. Bogdan Khmelnitsky’s speech addressed to the Cossacks provided Gogol with material for the speech of Taras Bulba, which he delivers before the battle. Ukraine then faced a historical dilemma - either to be conquered by the gentry of Poland and the Sultan's Turkey, or to come under the rule of Russia. Poland was feudally backward in state terms, the royal power was unable to overcome the confusion, and centrifugal forces prevailed. The Polish gentry was a cruel enemy of the Ukrainian people. The Moscow state had achieved centralization by that time. The historical pathos of “Taras Bulba” lies in the affirmation of the union of Ukraine with Moscow as the only path possible for the Ukrainian people. Taras's patriotism and his love for Ukraine are inseparable from his consciousness of brotherhood with the Russian people, the great protector of the Ukrainian people.

The people of Ukraine themselves, the peasants, oppressed by the bars, suffering double oppression - from the Polish and “their” lords, outraged by the base betrayal of the top of the domestic gentry, who were going towards “Polonization”, subservient to the Polish magnates for the sake of selfish class interests - the people of Ukraine themselves with all their hearts sought an alliance with the Russian people. And Taras Bulba expresses this popular desire. The Zaporozhye Cossacks fought gloriously for the independence and honor of the Ukrainian people, and for the integrity and power of the Russian state. This strengthens the motive of the brotherhood of the Russian and Ukrainian peoples in Taras Bulba. The character of a struggling people is the main thing that attracts the author. The historical action performed by the people is profound, profound, and the characters of the people participating in this historical action are profound and profound. “...Stop, stop!..” interrupted the Koshevoi, who had been standing until then, his eyes deepening into the ground, like all the Cossacks who were in important matters never gave in to the first impulse, but remained silent and meanwhile in silence copulated with the formidable force of indignation............... There were no longer the worries of the frivolous people: all the characters were worried, heavy and strong, who would not soon they became heated, but, having become heated, they stubbornly and for a long time kept the internal heat within themselves...”

Questions about the report:

1) What historical events formed the basis of N.V.’s story? Gogol's "Taras Bulba"?

2) Are the main characters of the story N.V. Gogol's "Taras Bulba" historical figures or are they fictional characters? What is important for a writer?

3) How are the people depicted in the story “Taras Bulba”?

4) Why is the story by N.V. Should Gogol's "Taras Bulba" be considered historical?

Main feature work of art on a historical theme - in that the author organically combines a story about events that actually took place with the author’s fiction. In this regard, N.V. Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba” is somewhat unusual: the historical events in it are not specified; moreover, when reading, it is sometimes quite difficult to determine at what time the actions take place - in the 15th, 16th or 17th centuries. Moreover, none of the heroes are historical figure, including Taras himself. Despite this, from the moment the work appeared, it has been classified as an epic story, sometimes called a novel. What is the strength and scale of “Taras Bulba”?

The history of the story

The writer’s appeal to the topic of the Cossacks was not accidental. A native of the Poltava province, since childhood he had heard a lot about the heroic feat of the people during the fight against numerous external invaders. Later, when Gogol began to write, he was particularly interested in such brave and devoted people as Taras Bulba. There were many of them in the Sich. Often former serfs became Cossacks - they found a home and comrades here.

N.V. Gogol studied many sources on this issue, including manuscripts of Ukrainian chronicles, historical studies by Boplan and Myshetsky. Not satisfied with what he read (in his opinion, they contained meager information, which was not enough to understand the soul of the people), Gogol turned to folklore. and the Dumas dedicated to them talked about the peculiarities of the characters, morals and life of the Cossacks. They gave the writer excellent “living” material, which became an excellent addition to scientific sources, and some storylines included in the story in a revised form.

Historical basis of the story

“Taras Bulba” is a book about free people who inhabited the territory of the Dnieper region in the 16th and 17th centuries. Their center was the Zaporozhye Sich - its name is due to the fact that it was fortified on all sides with a fence of fallen trees - abatis. It had its own way of life and management. Subject to frequent attacks from Poles, Turks, and Lithuanians, the Cossacks had a very strong, well-trained army. They spent most of their time in battles and military campaigns, and the trophies they obtained became their main means of livelihood. It is no coincidence that the light room in the house where his wife lived alone includes numerous signs of the owner’s camp life.

The year 1596 became fatal for the Ukrainian people, who were at that time under the rule of the Lithuanians and Poles. adopted a union on the unification under the authority of the Pope of Rome of two Christian religions: Orthodox and Catholic. The decision made further complicated the difficult relations between the Poles and the Cossacks, which resulted in open military confrontations. Gogol dedicated his story to this period.

Image of Zaporozhye Sich

The main school for educating persistent, courageous warriors was a special way of life and management, and the teachers were experienced Cossacks who had repeatedly shown their valor in battle. One of them was Colonel Taras Bulba. His biography is a story about the formation of a true patriot, for whom the interests and freedom of the fatherland are above all.

It resembled a large republic based on the principles of humanism and equality. Koshevoy was chosen by a general decision, usually from among the most worthy. During the battle, the Cossacks had to obey him unconditionally, but in peacetime it was his responsibility to take care of the Cossacks.

In the Sich, everything was arranged to ensure the everyday life and military campaigns of its inhabitants: all kinds of workshops and forges worked, and cattle were raised. Ostap and Andriy will see all this when Taras Bulba brings them here.

The history of the short existence of the Zaporozhye Republic showed a new way of organizing people's lives, based on brotherhood, unity and freedom, and not on the oppression of the weak by the strong.

The main school for the Cossack is the military brotherhood

How the formation of young warriors took place can be judged by the example of the sons of Taras, Ostap and Andriy. They completed their studies at Bursa, after which their path lay in Zaporozhye. The father greets his sons after a long separation not with hugs and kisses, but with a fist test of their strength and dexterity.

The life of Taras Bulba was unpretentious, as evidenced by the feast in honor of the arrival of his sons (“bring... the whole ram, the goat... and more burners” - these are the words the old Cossack addresses to his wife) and sleep in the open air.

Ostap and Andriy had not even been at home for a day before they set off for the Sich, where the best comradeship in the world and glorious exploits for their homeland and religion awaited them. Their father was convinced that a real school for them can only be participation in military battles.

Cossacks

Approaching the Sich, Taras and his sons saw a Cossack picturesquely sleeping in the middle of the road. He stretched out like a lion and attracted everyone's admiration. Wide trousers like the sea, a proudly thrown forelock (it was certainly left on a shaved head), a good horse - this is what a real Cossack looked like. It is no coincidence that the main character of the story appeals to his sons with a call to immediately change their “demonic” clothes (they came from Bursa in them) to something worthy of a Cossack. And they really were immediately transformed in morocco boots, wide trousers, scarlet Cossacks and lambskin hats. The image was completed with a Turkish pistol and a sharp saber. The young men riding on the glorious stallions evoked admiration and pride from their father.

The historical basis of the story “Taras Bulba” obliged the author to treat the Cossacks impartially. With all due respect to them and their valor, Gogol also truthfully says that at times their behavior caused condemnation and misunderstanding. This referred to the riotous and drunken life that they led in between battles, excessive cruelty (for the murder of a criminal they were buried in a grave with the victim alive) and a low cultural level.

The Power of Camaraderie

The main advantage of the Cossacks was that in a moment of danger they could quickly mobilize and act as a single army against the enemy. Their dedication, patriotism, courage and devotion to the common cause knew no bounds. In the story, Taras Bulba himself proved this more than once. The biography of other prominent warriors, including experienced Tovkach, Kukubenko, Pavel Gubenko, Mosiy Shilo and young Ostap, also emphasizes this.

Bulba said well about the unity and main purpose of the Cossacks in his speech on the eve of the decisive battle: “There are no bonds more holy than comradeship!” His speech is an expression of great wisdom and holy faith that he and his brethren are defending a just cause. At a difficult moment, Taras’s words encourage the Cossacks, reminding them of their sacred duty to protect their comrades, always remember the Orthodox faith and devotion to their homeland. The worst thing for a Cossack was betrayal: this was not forgiven to anyone. Taras kills his own son after learning that because of his love for a beautiful Polish woman, he chose personal interests over public ones. So the bonds of brotherhood turned out to be more important than blood. The fact that this fact corresponded to reality is evidenced by the historical basis of the story.

Taras Bulba - the best representative of the Cossacks

A colonel with a stern character who has gone through a glorious battle path. A glorious chieftain and comrade who could support with an encouraging word and give good advice in difficult times. He had a burning hatred for the enemy who encroached on the Orthodox faith, and did not regret own life for the sake of saving the homeland and their brothers in arms. Accustomed to a free life, he was content with an open field and was absolutely unpretentious in everyday life. This is how Gogol portrays the main character. He spent his whole life in battles and always found himself in the most dangerous place. Weapons, a smoking pipe and the glorious horse of Taras Bulba constituted his main wealth. At the same time, he could joke and joke around, he was happy with life.

The hero, disappointed in his youngest son, felt great pride in Ostap. Risking his life, Bulba came to the place of execution to last time to see him. And when Ostap, who had steadfastly endured the mortal torment, called him at the last minute, he, in one word, which made the entire square tremble, expressed his pride, approval and support not only for his son, but for his spiritual comrade and comrade-in-arms. Until the end of his life, Taras will grieve for his son and take revenge for his death. The experience will add to his cruelty and hatred of the enemy, but will not break his will and fortitude.

The story lacks the usual description of Taras Bulba for the hero, since this is not so important. The main thing is that he has the qualities that made it possible to survive during that cruel time.

Hyperbolization of Taras in the execution scene

The characterization of the hero is complemented by the description of his death, which is largely absurd. The hero is captured because he bends down to pick up a fallen pipe - he doesn’t even want to give it to the damned enemy. Here Taras reminds people's hero: about three dozen people were barely able to defeat him.

In the last scene, the author describes not the pain from the fire that the hero experienced, but his anxiety for the fate of his brothers floating down the river. At the moment of death, he behaves with dignity, remaining true to the main principles of partnership. The main thing is that he was sure that he had not lived his life in vain. This is exactly what a real Cossack was like.

The significance of the work today

The historical basis of the story “Taras Bulba” is the liberation struggle of the people against the invaders who encroached on their country and faith. Thanks to such strong spirit people like Taras Bulba, his son and comrades managed to defend independence and freedom more than once.

The work of N.V. Gogol and his heroes have become a model of masculinity and patriotism for many, so it will never lose its relevance and significance.

Introductory lesson on the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"

Epoch and heroes: historical basis of the story “Taras Bulba”

Class: 7

Goals:

Deepen knowledge about the life and work of N.V. Gogol;

Introduce the historical basis of the story “Taras Bulba”;

Determine the ideological component of the work.

Equipment: interactive whiteboard, computer.

Lesson progress

1. Organizational moment
2. Repeating the previous topic

Reception "Islands"

1. Conversation

Guys, why do you think, while studying “The Song about (...) Merchant Kalashnikov,” we first talked about the historical basis of the work?

That’s right, therefore, we will also begin our study of the story “Taras Bulba” with an acquaintance with the era about which Gogol wrote.

4. Brief message students about the biography and work of N.V. Gogol (two speakers, implementation of individual homework)

1. Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol was born in the town of Velikiye Sorochintsy, Mirgorod district, Poltava province, into the family of a landowner. They named him Nicholas in honor of the miraculous icon of St. Nicholas, kept in the church of the village of Dikanka.

Gogol, together with his brother Ivan, studied at the Poltava district school, and then entered the gymnasium of higher sciences in Nizhyn. Here he is engaged in painting, participates in performances - as a set designer and as an actor, and with particular success he plays comic roles. Tries himself in various literary genres(writes elegiac poems, tragedies, historical poems, stories).

2. However, the thought of writing has not yet “come to mind” for Gogol; all his aspirations are connected with “public service”; he dreams of a legal career.

In St. Petersburg, Gogol writes his first stories. “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka” evokes universal admiration. Gogol becomes a famous writer.

The pinnacle of Gogol's fiction is the "St. Petersburg story" "The Nose". In contrast to both the provincial and metropolitan world was the story “Taras Bulba”, which captured that moment in the national past when the Cossacks, defending their sovereignty, acted integrally, together and, moreover, as a force that determined the nature of pan-European history.

1. Work on the topic of the lesson. Teacher's lecture, historical commentary to the story

Today we have to find out what the historical basis is for the story “Taras Bulba” and who the Zaporozhye Cossacks are. You will have to present the lecture in your notebook in the form of a diagram.

Let's start from afar. In the 13th century, the Mongol invasion led to the final collapse Kievan Rus.

Collapse of Kievan Rus

The teacher shows on the map (slide)

The eastern lands found themselves under the yoke of the Horde khans, and the western lands under the rule of the Lithuanian princes.

Mid-13th century – Mongol invasion

Collapse of Kievan Rus

The population of Poland and Lithuania were Catholics, and most of Ukraine and Belarus were Orthodox.

1596 - a union was concluded in Brest-Litovsk

(i.e. unification) of Orthodox and

Catholic Church

The Ukrainian population refuses

Convert to Catholicism

The Poles began persecuting those who

Refused to accept the union

Because of these events, the Ukrainian population began to perceive the Polish gentry as their main enemies. To protect national independence and religion, uprisings were organized, the main force of which were the Cossacks.

Some Cossacks lived along the southern borders of the Moscow state, on the Don and Yaik rivers, and some settled on the southern borders of Poland, on the Dnieper River. The center of the latter was the Zaporozhye Sich. In the Sich there was a church, outbuildings, living quarters - kurens, and its territory also had its own rules and laws. Thus, the Zaporozhye Sich was a kind of “Cossack state”.

Life of the “Cossack republic”

• the Cossacks themselves chose and removed their atamans;
• did not recognize the orders of the Polish king;
• independently carried out campaigns against the Crimean Tatars and Turkey;
• Women were not allowed into the Sich.

The story is set in the 15th century.However, the events described in the story must have taken place either at the end of the 16th or in the first half of the 17th century. Gogol deliberately chooses a different time period, since he did not have the goal of depicting genuine historical facts or real historical figures.

The idea of ​​the work is different - to show the true defenders of the Christian faith and the Orthodox Church, true patriots, brave fighters for national independence. In the second edition of the story, the writer also emphasized the idea of ​​​​the unity of the Russian and Ukrainian people.

1. Fixing the material

Telegram reception

Write a message on the telegram forms, briefly telling about what you learned in today's lesson.

Mid-13th century - Mongol invasion, collapse of Kievan Rus 1569 - Lithuania and Poland united into the state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1596 - a union (i.e. unification) of the Orthodox and Catholic churches was concluded in Brest-Litovsk, the Ukrainian population refused to accept Catholicism, the Poles began persecution of those who refused to accept union

By the end of the 16th century, the mass of the Ukrainian population began to perceive the Polish Catholic gentry * as their main enemy. * Nobility, gentry - Polish nobles.

end of the 16th century - uprisings break out in Ukraine. The main force in them is the Ukrainian Cossacks*. * Cossacks are free people who lived in the steppe and did not obey the state and its law.

Cossacks lived along the southern borders of the Moscow state, settled on the Don and Yaik rivers on the southern borders of Poland, on the Dnieper River

The center of the Dnieper Cossacks is the Zaporozhye Sich* * It was called that because it was located behind the impassable Dnieper rapids and was surrounded by abatis (fortifications made of fallen trees). with a imaginary “Cossack republic”

The Cossacks themselves chose the life of the “Cossack republic” and removed their atamans themselves; did not recognize the orders of the Polish king; independently carried out campaigns against the Crimean Tatars and Turkey; Women were not allowed into the Sich.

The story is set in the 15th century. The events described in the story must have taken place either at the end of the 16th or in the first half of the 17th century. Gogol deliberately chooses a different time period, since he did not have the goal of depicting genuine historical facts or real historical figures.

The idea of ​​the work is to show the true defenders of the Christian faith and the Orthodox Church, brave fighters for national independence. In the second edition of the story, the writer emphasized the idea of ​​​​the unity of the Russian and Ukrainian people.

Gogol's work on Taras Bulba was preceded by a careful, in-depth study of historical sources. Among them should be named “Description of Ukraine” by Boplan, “History of the Zaporozhye Cossacks” by Myshetsky, handwritten lists of Ukrainian chronicles - Samovidets, Velichko, Grabyanka, etc.

But these sources did not completely satisfy Gogol. He lacked a lot in them: first of all, characteristic everyday details, living signs of the times, a true understanding of the past era. Special historical studies and chronicles seemed to the writer too dry, sluggish and, in essence, of little help to the artist to comprehend the spirit folk life, characters, psychology of people. In 1834, in a letter to I. Sreznevsky, he wittily noted that these chronicles, created not in hot pursuit of events, but “when memory gave way to oblivion,” remind him of “the owner who nailed the castle to his stable when the horses were already stolen" (X, 299).

Among the sources that helped Gogol in his work on Taras Bulba, there was another, most important one: Ukrainian folk songs, especially historical songs and thoughts.

Gogol considered Ukrainian folk song a precious treasure for the historian and poet who want to "examine the spirit of last century"and comprehend the "history of the people." From chronicles and scientific sources, Gogol drew historical information, the factual details he needed regarding specific events of the Duma, and songs gave him something much more significant. They helped the writer understand the soul of the people, their national character, living signs of his life. He extracts plot motifs, sometimes even entire episodes, from folklore songs. For example, the dramatic story about Mosia Shila, who was captured by the Turks and then deceived them and rescued all his comrades from enemy captivity, was inspired by Gogol’s famous Ukrainian thought about Samoil Kishka. And the image of Andriy was created under the undoubted influence of Ukrainian thoughts about the apostate Teterenok and the traitor Savva Chal.

Gogol takes a lot from folk poetry, but takes it as a writer, sensitive and receptive to its artistic structure, with his own attitude to reality, to the material. The poetics of folk song had a huge influence on the entire artistic and visual system of “Taras Bulba”, on the language of the story.

A bright pictorial epithet, a colorful comparison, a characteristic rhythmic repetition - all these techniques enhanced the grazing sound of the story's style. “Am I not worthy of eternal complaints? Isn’t the mother who brought me into the world unhappy? Didn’t I have a bitter fate? Are you not my cruel executioner, my cruel fate?” (II, 105). Or: “Curls, curls, he saw, long, long curls, and a chest like a river swan, and a snowy neck, and shoulders, and everything that was created for crazy kisses” (II, 143). The unusually emotional, lyrical coloring of the phrase, as well as all its other artistic features, creates a feeling of organic proximity of Gogol’s style of narration to the style of folk song.

"Taras Bulba" has. large and complex creative history. It was first published in 1835 in the collection "Mirgorod". In 1842, in the second volume of his Works, Gogol placed “Taras Bulba” in a new, radically revised edition. Work on this work continued intermittently for nine years: from 1833 to 1842. Between the first and second editions of Taras Bulba, a number of intermediate editions of some chapters were written.