Who wrote the novel Dubrovsky author. "Dubrovsky" by Pushkin: plot and history of creation

"Dubrovsky"- unfinished (at least unprocessed) and not published during his lifetime story by A. S. Pushkin (1833), which is a romantic story about the love of Vladimir Dubrovsky and Maria Troekurova - the offspring of two warring landowner families. Many phrases from this novel survived to of our time. Such as “Calm down, Masha, I’m Dubrovsky.” The word “Troekurovshchina” is also often used, which means the rules and regulations that Troekurov had (cruel treatment of servants, disrespect for important officials, etc.)

History of creation

A. S. Pushkin’s story had no title. Instead of the name, it was written “October 21, 1832.” Final chapter written October 21, 1833. The story is written in pencil

Plot of the story

The rich and capricious Russian gentleman Kirila Petrovich Troekurov, whose whims are catered to by his neighbors and at whose name provincial officials tremble, maintains friendly relations with his closest neighbor and former comrade in service, poor and independent nobleman Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky. Troekurov has a cruel and capricious character, often subjecting his guests to cruel jokes, locking them in a room with a hungry bear without warning.

Because of Dubrovsky's insolence, a quarrel occurs between him and Troekurov, turning into enmity between neighbors. Troekurov bribes the provincial court and, taking advantage of his impunity, seizes Dubrovsky's Kistenevka estate from him. The elder Dubrovsky goes crazy in the courtroom. The younger Dubrovsky, Vladimir, a guards cornet in St. Petersburg, is forced to leave the service and return to his seriously ill father, who soon dies. The Dubrovskys' servant sets fire to Kistenevka; The estate given to Troekurov burns down along with the court officials who came to formalize the transfer of property. Dubrovsky becomes a robber like Robin Hood, terrifying local landowners, but not touching Troekurov’s estate. Dubrovsky bribes a passing teacher, the Frenchman Deforge, who proposes to enter the service of the Troekurov family and, under his guise, becomes a tutor in the Troekurov family. He is tested with a bear and shoots him in the ear. Mutual affection and love arises between Dubrovsky and Troekurov’s daughter Masha.

Troekurov gives seventeen-year-old Masha in marriage to the old Prince Vereisky against her will. Vladimir Dubrovsky tries in vain to prevent this unequal marriage. Having received the agreed sign from Masha, he arrives to save her, however, it is too late. During the wedding procession from the church to Vereisky's estate, Dubrovsky's armed men surround the prince's carriage, Dubrovsky tells Masha that she is free, but she refuses his help, explaining her refusal by the fact that she has already taken an oath. After some time, the provincial authorities try to surround Dubrovsky’s detachment, after which he disbands the “gang” and hides abroad. Pushkin kept the end of the story in his drafts. Vereisky dies, Dubrovsky comes to Russia under the guise of an Englishman, and he and Masha reunite.

Film adaptations

• Dubrovsky (film) - film directed by Alexander Ivanovsky, 1935.
• The noble robber Vladimir Dubrovsky is a film directed by Vyacheslav Nikiforov and his 4-episode extended television version called "Dubrovsky", 1989.

See also

• Novels by A. S. Pushkin

Notes

• Ozhigov’s online dictionary http://slovarozhegova.ru/
• Alexander Bely “About Pushkin, Kleist and the unfinished “Dubrovsky”.” “New World”, No. 11, 2009. P.160.

Links

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

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Among the unfinished works of the luminary of Russian poetry, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, the novel “Dubrovsky” became extraordinary for modern Russian prose. It is original due to the combination of painful problems in society with dynamic storyline. Work on the work lasted just over six months, but it was published only eight years later, in 1841, in the volume of Pushkin’s posthumous works. There are rumors that, according to the author's plan, the ending could have been different, but many generations of readers who are fond of this book cannot imagine a different development of events.

Perception of the novel

The novel “Dubrovsky,” whose author is a genius in the minds of all residents of the country without exception, is perceived as completely finished, although it has not received the final artistic treatment; Some plot episodes remained undeveloped, the motives for the characters’ behavior were not fully clear, and the portrayal of the main characters lacked the proper depth. In fact, they are very static, and the reader is forced to independently imagine their human traits. Only a detailed study of the drafts made it possible to understand the intent of the novel “Dubrovsky”. The author gave food for thought to his followers. A number of hypotheses have been put forward about the reasons for the incompleteness of the novel and its possible continuation.

Writing process

Pushkin wrote the novel “Dubrovsky” with enthusiasm, and then suddenly cooled down to the process and did not return to work. Possible reason cooling is called interest in “The History of Pugachev” and the first drafts of a novel about Pugachevism. Among Pushkin’s works, this work simultaneously became a stage on the path from “Belkin’s Tales” to a modern socio-psychological novel and a step towards a historical novel “ Captain's daughter" In the novel “Dubrovsky,” Pushkin is guided by the concepts of brevity, accuracy and simplicity that are key to his work. The main narrative principle was the alternation of the author's concise characteristics of the characters with the depiction of specific scenes with their participation.

The emergence of the novel's concept

Very restrained and laconically, Pushkin’s work “Dubrovsky” characterizes life and morals landed nobility. The author uses precise analytical prose, trying to be as objective as possible, but remaining human and from time to time giving direct assessments of actions and making ironic remarks.

With its freshness and originality, the novel evokes associations with the works of Western European and Russian writers of the 18th and first third of the 19th centuries. Many researchers of Pushkin’s work think that the impetus for the creation of the novel was given by Schiller’s drama “The Robbers,” Kapnist’s comedy “The Whistleblower” and many accusatory plays about corrupt servants of Russian justice. But in fact, the writer was inspired by the story of the Belarusian nobleman Ostrovsky, which his Moscow friend P.V. Nashchokin told him. The essence of the story is that the landowner’s estate was illegally taken away, after which he became a robber and ended up in prison.

This story, supplemented by facts from the trial, became the basis of the novel. Thus, the writer achieved maximum authenticity and even documentation of the novel. There is evidence of such veracity - in the second chapter, practically unchanged, the text of the document of the court decision in the case of one of the landowners who lost his estate is given. Only the names of the heroes of the lawsuit were replaced with fictitious ones - Troekurov and Dubrovsky.

But the author of the book “Dubrovsky” did not limit himself to judicial chronicles and oral stories about lawlessness, which have long become a typical everyday phenomenon. Many social and moral problems victims of the arbitrariness of higher authorities. According to the great V. Belinsky, Pushkin’s novel “Dubrovsky” is one of the “poetic creations” that reflect Russian society.

“Dubrovsky” - who wrote it and what conflicts were based on it?

Some time before the start of work on the novel, namely in February 1832, Alexander Sergeevich was awarded a special present from Emperor Nicholas I. It was a collection of laws of the empire in 55 volumes. Such a sign of royal favor was supposed to show the poet the full power of legislation. In the novel “Dubrovsky” (everyone knows who wrote it) there is no longer the romantic pathos inherent in the poet’s early works. Here the poet demonstrates the influence of laws on the daily life of the nobles, their dependence on power and complete submission. Main idea The work is that, in fact, in the novel all laws are replaced by the law of power, wealth and nobility.

The plot of the novel develops very dynamically, combining two conflicts that are different in nature. The first conflict, the main events of which occur in the first volume, is intra-class and has a strong social overtones. Neighbors, former colleagues and even long-time friends collide in it. This is a wealthy landowner, retired general-in-chief Kirill Petrovich Troekurov and a petty nobleman, retired lieutenant Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky, who wrote a statement to the court regarding the impudent remark of Troekurov’s hound, who humiliated Dubrovsky’s dignity. Here there was a conflict between the pride of Dubrovsky and Troekurov, which developed into a property conflict with an emphasis on social inequality, which predetermined the outcome of the litigation. Troyekurov was helped by corrupt judges and neighbors who were false witnesses.

The second conflict of the novel is family and everyday conflict. This is a typical everyday situation - forced marriage. Masha Troekurova is forced to marry the old Prince Vereisky. The problem of family lawlessness and the question of the right to love, regardless of public views and prejudices, are widely covered. The theme of the struggle between love passion and moral duty is also touched upon.

Central heroes of conflicts

In both conflicts, the main figure is Kirill Petrovich Troekurov, who oppresses both the Dubrovskys and his own daughter. The image of the Russian master becomes the true embodiment of tyranny and arbitrariness. This is a real despot who is indifferent to other people's opinions and other people's desires. He is like this not through his own fault, but due to his social status. He is rude, spoiled and voluptuous. Add to these traits the lack of education, and you get a person of “ardent disposition” and “limited mind.” Troekurov's arbitrariness is clearly demonstrated in his treatment of his family, guests, and his daughter's teachers. The author, however, finds several noble traits in the hero. For example, he experiences remorse, worrying about the property taken from Dubrovsky, and even tries to make peace and return what was taken away.

Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky wins over the reader, who sympathizes with his sad fate. But the author does not at all idealize his hero, noting the presence of temper and stubbornness in his character, as well as his susceptibility to momentary emotional swings. And he is familiar with envy, and as a manager he does not shine, because he cannot improve his condition. The main feature Dubrovsky is noble pride, which does not allow him to accept the patronage of Troekurov. Dubrovsky also turns out to be a kind of despot and excludes the very possibility of the wedding of his son and Masha Troekurova, considering this a mercy unworthy of a nobleman. In court, the hero shows carelessness and intransigence, relying on the justice of the judges. His fate is a demonstration of the superiority of lawlessness over honesty.

Vladimir Dubrovsky - righteous feeling or blood feud?

The main character Dubrovsky continues the fate of his father. The arbitrariness of the court and tyranny of Troekurov literally pushed Vladimir out of his native environment into lawlessness. The hero is perceived as a noble robber and an honest avenger, since he does not seek to conquer what is not his own, but wants to return what is rightfully his. This is not a domestic Robin Hood, but a man who, by chance, found himself in similar circumstances and cannot do otherwise. The originality of Dubrovsky's fate is based on everyday circumstances. The author of the novel "Dubrovsky", who wrote artistic portraits of the romantic villains in "Eugene Onegin", abandoned the heroes with "worldly sorrow" in his soul and created his own noble robber, expressing open protest against the state, which is taking away his future. The philosopher S.P. Shevyrev noted that the robber Dubrovsky is the fruit of public lawlessness, covered by the law.

Who is he really?

It was not for nothing that Alexander Pushkin noted: Dubrovsky, thanks to the frequent change of appearance and behavior patterns, becomes similar to other impostor heroes - Otrepyev and Pugachev. In the novel, he appears either as a guards officer, accustomed to a carefree life, or as a loving son, or as an avenger and chieftain of a gang of robbers. He is courageous and cold-blooded when he enters Troekurov’s house under the guise of teacher Deforge, but is sentimental and indecisive in scenes of romantic dates.

Dubrovsky's description is characterized by silence and understatement. The reader can understand between the lines what qualities characterize this personality. Until the 11th chapter, the true essence of the calm and courageous teacher Deforge is not spoken of. Dubrovsky’s existence in a gang of robbers is also shrouded in haze. There are references to the fact that the leader of the gang is famous for his intelligence, courage and generosity. Rumors and gossip from frightened landowners make Dubrovsky the Robber a truly legendary personality. The second volume of the novel, despite the large number of omissions, gives more information about the feelings of the robber. He is smart and calculating, and is also well informed about all the events in the Troekurov house, especially about the appearance of Prince Vereisky and his matchmaking with Masha. Under the guise of a French teacher, he comes to Troyekurov for support. Dubrovsky is an avenger, but he cannot take revenge on Troekurov, since he is in love with Masha and will not raise his hand against her family.

The hero's love passion turns out to be higher than the thirst for revenge, and Dubrovsky forgives Troekurov.

The main thing in the second volume is the tragedy of the hero’s unfulfilled love, the inaccessibility for him of simple family happiness, to which he strives with all his soul. Only before leaving the Troyekurovs’ house does he open up to Masha and confess his feelings. Masha is confused. She does not respond with mutual recognition, but makes a promise to resort to Dubrovsky’s help if necessary.

The main character of the novel is Masha Troekurova and her experiences

Seventeen-year-old Masha Troekurova is beautiful and fresh. She attracts not only Dubrovsky, but also the elderly dandy Prince Vereisky, who wooes her. Masha is too young to even think about marriage. She is drawn to Dubrovsky, who, under the mask of Deforge, amazes the girl with his courage, and under his real name interests her with his unusualness, but even marriage with him frightens her, because moral standards about a possible marriage with a person of her circle, but not a teacher, are deeply rooted in her or a robber. But marriage to Prince Vereisky terrifies the girl. She begs her father not to destroy her, not to take her life, and to listen to her. Realizing the futility of her requests, she writes a letter to Prince Vereisky, begging him to abandon the wedding, but the letter has the opposite effect, and the wedding inevitably approaches. Despite her youth, Masha turns out to be a determined girl and in a hopeless situation she finds the strength to turn to the robber Dubrovsky for help. She waits for help until the last moment, but after she takes an oath of eternal fidelity, she realizes that there is no way out, and when Dubrovsky attacks their carriage in the forest, she refuses to leave with him. This shows not only the honesty, but also the dedication of the girl, as well as the morality of the robber, who gave her the right to choose and accepted her choice.

Honest robber Dubrovsky

Pushkin's story, despite its incompleteness, attracts with its sincerity and painful problems. The author seems to want to point out that being outside the law does not always indicate natural hardness. But every evil entails inevitable retribution. The appearance of Troyekurov’s people on Dubrovsky’s estate causes mass indignation among the peasants and manifestations of cruelty on their part. And the night fire in Kistenevka, which was organized by Vladimir Dubrovsky, who knew nothing about Troekurov’s locked envoys, became a harbinger of a popular revolt.

Why doesn't the novel become obsolete?

The novel “Dubrovsky” is Pushkin’s story about the causes of mass unrest, spontaneous discontent among peasants, and a full-scale war, which is fully depicted in the author’s subsequent works.

Of those who studied the novel “Dubrovsky”, who wrote about the robbers of his gang? One can only assume that these are former workers of Kistenevka, fugitive peasants and soldiers. Only at the end of the novel does it become obvious that the interests of the gang leader and his accomplices do not coincide. There is no camaraderie within their group; there is the same lordly and humiliated relationship when servants obey their master. The last chapter of the novel evokes associations with the novel “ Captain's daughter", where the same songs are sung, and the end of the novel evokes thoughts about the continuation of the present people's war. After the hero loses the thought of possible family happiness with Masha, he disbands his gang and hides abroad. In parting, he tells his accomplices that they are unlikely to return to an honest life, but nevertheless, after his departure, the roads become clear and the robberies stop. The last thought of the novel is very pessimistic, since the hero’s departure abroad is both his personal defeat and the defeat of the entire country in the struggle for freedom, honor and love.

Writer and poet A. S. Pushkin made an invaluable contribution to Russian literature. His creative heritage truly priceless. It turned out that no one living, both at the time of the classic’s creation and to this day, could outshine the genius. His words: “I have erected a monument to myself not made by hands” turned out to be truly prophetic. The people's path to it will never be overgrown.

One of many greatest works great writer is the novel “Dubrovsky”. This is what will be discussed in this article.

The history of the creation of the novel “Dubrovsky”

The idea to write this novel came to Pushkin after he heard from one of his friends a story about the life of the nobleman Ostrovsky. This character became the prototype of the main character. His life's adversities and the story of the creation of the novel "Dubrovsky" are closely intertwined. In 1830, Ostrovsky was deprived of his family estate, and he remained homeless. Reduced to poverty, the nobleman of Belarusian origin began to take revenge on officials. He took his own peasants as his allies. Together with them, Ostrovsky began to rob the rich. This story ended tragically. Ostrovsky was eventually caught and sent to prison.

There is also information that the story of the creation of the novel “Dubrovsky” begins after another sad case. As a result of a lengthy legal battle, Lieutenant Muratov lost the estate that rightfully belonged to him. By an unfair decision of officials, it was given to the influential Mr. Kryukov.

These stories shocked Pushkin to the core, who himself was an uncompromising fighter for the right of every person to think freely. For these qualities, the poet and writer was repeatedly persecuted. The history of the creation of the novel “Dubrovsky” began at a time of hostility between the social strata of the country. The work reflects the mutual hostility of various classes, as well as all the drama of the events taking place at that time.

The history of the creation of the novel "Dubrovsky". Summary

Rich Russian gentleman K. P. Troekurov, distinguished cruel temperament, maintains friendly relations with his neighbor, the poor nobleman A. G. Dubrovsky. Troekurov's favorite pastime is locking his guests in a room with a hungry bear. Cruel jokes characterize the landowner as an unprincipled and immoral person.

One day, a major quarrel occurs between friends, which over time develops into outright enmity. The landowner bribes the court, and, using his influence, sues his neighbor's estate. Dubrovsky loses his mind in the courtroom and becomes seriously ill. His son Vladimir, having left his service in St. Petersburg, comes to his sick father, who soon gives his soul to God. Beside himself with anger, Vladimir sets the estate on fire so that it does not go to the cruel landowner.

Subsequently, Dubrovsky Jr. becomes a robber who robs wealthy local landowners. But he does not touch Troekurov’s estate. Having bribed a passing teacher, he, under his guise, turns out to be a tutor in the family of his enemy. Over time, love flares up between Vladimir and Troekurov’s daughter Masha.

Troekurov gives his daughter against her will in marriage to the old prince. Dubrovsky tries to prevent this, but does not have time to do this - Masha has already made an oath, so she refuses Vladimir’s help. The provincial authorities, after some time, try to neutralize the young man’s detachment. However, they fail to do this. Vladimir disbands his people, and he himself hides abroad.

The image of the main character

The history of the creation of the novel “Dubrovsky” and the main characters were inspired by the author’s difficult time for peasants, in which power and money decided everything. Pushkin with great accuracy reflects in his work the life of the Russian village, and in contrast to it shows the way of life of the landowners, which is filled with excesses and cruel amusements.

The personality of the main character undergoes significant changes over the course of the novel. If at the beginning of the work he is shown as a frivolous and carefree young man, spending his father’s money and not thinking about the lives of mere mortals, then later, faced with the loss of a loved one and the injustice of life, he changes radically. Vladimir's carelessness is replaced by concern and responsibility for the fate of the peasants who are subject to him.

Dubrovsky begins to take revenge, and not so much for himself, but in order to somehow restore justice in this cruel world. The image of Vladimir takes on romantic traits, since he remains noble, despite his robber way of life. He only robbed the rich and did not kill anyone.

Love for Masha transforms Dubrovsky. In the end, he gives up his revenge. However, the fate of the main character is sad. He fails in love, remains lonely and unwanted.

Possible sequel

The history of the creation of A. S. Pushkin’s novel “Dubrovsky” was never completed by the author. It remained unfinished. Great writer I didn’t have time to complete my work. There is a version that Pushkin planned to continue his novel as follows. After the death of Masha's husband, Dubrovsky returns to his homeland to reunite with his beloved. However, Vladimir receives a denunciation that is connected with his robber past. The police chief intervenes in the case.

Conclusions about the possible continuation of the novel were made after studying the drafts of the great writer.

Criticism

Not everyone liked the story of the creation of the novel “Dubrovsky”. Anna Akhmatova briefly expressed her criticism of this work.

In her opinion, the novel was not a success. She even expressed joy that the work was not completed. Akhmatova believed that the history of the creation of the novel “Dubrovsky” was an attempt by the author to earn money, and she classified the work itself as “tabloid.” The Russian poetess ranked this novel lower than all other works of the great writer.

Screen adaptation

In 1936, the Soviet director A. Ivanovsky shot a film of the same name based on the novel “Dubrovsky”. In 1989, as well as in 2014, a film adaptation of the novel was carried out by directors V. Nikiforov and A. Vartanov.

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“Pushkin is the sun of Russian culture” This idea is by no means new. There is not a single genre in Russian literature where Pushkin did not leave his mark. Years and centuries pass, and Russian culture continues to develop ideas, images, themes that were once touched upon by him. Pushkin's heroes, and along with them the writer himself, conduct their continuous dialogue with the reader, reflecting on good and evil, honor and dishonor, mercy and cruelty.

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Novel "Dubrovsky". “The clash of honor, the dignity of an independent person with arbitrariness, despotism, lawlessness, based on wealth and power.”

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About the novel The novel “Dubrovsky” is one of the most significant prose works of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Work on this novel began in October 1832, and already in January 1833 Pushkin finished the first two volumes. However, the novel remained unfinished. According to plans and surviving drafts, there should have been a third volume.

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Realistic novel The novel is based on the story of P. V. Nashchokin about the Belarusian poor nobleman Ostrovsky (originally the hero of the novel was called Ostrovsky).

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The main conflict is driven by the tragic idea of ​​the novel about the socio-moral stratification of people. Social laws everywhere defeat human feelings and affections, but people cannot help but resist circumstances if they believe in humane ideals and want to save face. Thus, human feelings enter into a tragic duel with the laws of society, valid for everyone. The conflict is based on the inequality of heroes before the law. Wealth and dishonor (Troekurov), wealth and cynicism (Vereisky) - these are the inseparable pairs that characterize the social organism. Maintaining honesty in poverty is too great a luxury. Poverty obliges you to be flexible, moderate your pride and forget about honor. All attempts by Vladimir Dubrovsky to defend his right to be poor and honest end in disaster, because the hero’s spiritual qualities are incompatible with his social - social status. So Dubrovsky turns out to be romantic hero, which due to its human qualities constantly drawn into conflict with the established order of things.

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Two friends The action in the work takes place in the 20s of the 19th century. It ends a year and a half from the beginning of the events described. From the very first lines of the novel, pictures of the life of provincial Russian landowners unfold before us: their leisurely way of life, the characteristic details of everyday life, care and fun. The characterization of Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky and Kirila Petrovich Troekurov, with whom the author introduces us, is based on the principle of opposition, or contrast. They are indeed very different in everything, from their financial situation to their outlook on life.

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“Everything gave rise to disputes between them...” Kirila Petrovich Troekurov is the image of an “old Russian gentleman”, a typical gentleman - a serf owner, rich, noble, vicious and ignorant. Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky is a retired lieutenant of the guard, poor and independent, with self-esteem, a humane and generous gentleman. Troekurov's closest neighbor and his old comrade. Troekurov, being a military man, retired with the honorary rank of general-in-chief, which brought him many privileges and honors. Andrei Gavrilovich returned from the guard as just a poor lieutenant. Troekurov belonged to that new serving noble nobility, which, for the sake of ranks, ranks, titles, estates and awards, knew no ethical barriers. Dubrovsky belonged to that ancient aristocracy that valued honor, dignity, and duty above any personal gain.

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“They got together...” However, the characterization of Dubrovsky from the novel “Dubrovsky” and Kirila Petrovich has some points of contact. Both, as we have already established, served in the army and were proud of it. Both married out of great and sincere love, both soon became widowers with small children in their arms. Comparative characteristics Dubrovsky and Troekurov would be incomplete if we did not mention their common passion - hunting. No matter how well Kirila Petrovich understood the intricacies of it, it was still worth searching for such a meticulous expert as Dubrovsky was during the day. For this, Troekurov immensely respected his poor neighbor, highly valued and welcomed him. Not a single trip was complete without him. And if for some reason the retired lieutenant was absent, the general-in-chief grumbled, swore, was dissatisfied with everything and everyone, and no hunt would work out. Moreover, he only allowed Dubrovsky to stand on an equal footing with him, respecting the fact that his friend himself never fawned and did not allow himself to be treated condescendingly.

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“At Troekurov’s kennel” “It’s a wonderful kennel, it’s unlikely that your people will live the same life as your dogs.”

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“In court,” Troekurov destroys Dubrovsky only because he dared to contradict him. “Suddenly he raised his head, his eyes sparkled, he stamped his foot, pushed the secretary with such force that he fell, and, grabbing an inkwell, threw it at the assessor.”

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The novel presents two generations - fathers and sons. The life history of the fathers is compared with the destinies of the children. The story of the fathers’ friendship is “the prelude to the children’s tragedy.”

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Dubrovsky appears to us as sincere, noble, gentle and timid on the pages dedicated to his meetings with Masha Troekurova. His love for the girl is so great that he can no longer take revenge on her father, he calls on his gang to stop the robbery, and he himself hides abroad.

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The idea for the novel "Dubrovsky" arose at the end of September 1832. In September 1832, Pushkin met in Moscow with P.V. Nashchokin and heard from him a story about Dubrovsky’s prototype - the Belarusian nobleman Ostrovsky. At this time, Pushkin was working on the story of a Pugachevo nobleman, whom the vicissitudes of his personal fate make him an accomplice in the peasant rebellion, and therefore Ostrovsky’s story made a great impression on Pushkin; it lay on the ground prepared by his previous thoughts and artistic work.

A true incident that happened in the early 1830s with a poor nobleman, “who had a lawsuit with a neighbor for land, was forced out of the estate and, left with only peasants, began to rob, first clerks, then others,” becomes the basis of the novel “Dubrovsky ".

The title was given to the novel by publishers upon its first publication in 1842. In the Pushkin manuscript, instead of the title, there is the date when work on the work began: “October 21, 1832.” The last chapter is dated February 6, 1833.

The basis of the novel "Dubrovsky" is the tragic idea of ​​​​the socio-moral stratification of people from the nobility and the social enmity of the nobility and the people. It gives rise to internal drama, which is expressed in contrasts of the novel's composition:
friendship confronts the court scene,
Vladimir Dubrovsky’s meeting with his home is accompanied by the death of his father, struck down by misfortunes and a fatal illness,
the silence of the funeral is broken by the menacing glow of the fire,
the holiday in Pokrovsky ends with a robbery,
love is an escape
wedding is a battle.
These are the dissimilar events that coexist in the novel. The action of the novel develops first sequentially, then the author uses a retrospective, i.e. method of returning to the past. Conflict plays an important role in the novel.

" The plot of Pushkin's novel is extremely simple. After carefully crafted exposition, the action centers around one character and his fate. And yet, the main line of the narrative in Dubrovsky is formed, as it were, from several ready-made narrative blocks, each of which is associated with a special literary tradition. The story about the feud between the fathers is followed by another - about the transformation of a guards officer into a robber. Next comes the story of Dubrovsky’s love for Marya Kirilovna, followed by the story of the forced marriage of Troekurov’s daughter...”

Vladimir Dubrovsky, like his father, is endowed with courage, nobility, a sense of human dignity, and kindness. But he does not achieve success, he inexorably loses everything: in the first volume we learn that his patrimony has been taken away from him, he is deprived of his parental home and familiar society, the socio-cultural environment in which he lived before. In the second volume we see how Vereisky takes away his love, and the state takes away his robber will. In the novel, human feelings enter into a tragic duel with prevailing laws and morals.

Pushkin's heroes strive to arrange their destiny in their own way, but they fail. Vladimir Dubrovsky experiences three options for his lot in life: a wasteful and ambitious guards officer, a modest and courageous Desforge, a formidable and honest robber. But he fails to change his fate, since the hero’s place in society is fixed forever. He is the son of an old nobleman with the same qualities that his father had - poverty and honesty, dignity and pride, nobility and independence. Maintaining honesty in poverty is too great a luxury; poverty obliges you to be flexible, moderate your pride and forget about honor. Therefore, all attempts by Vladimir Dubrovsky to defend his right to be poor and honest end in disaster: the hero’s spiritual qualities are incompatible with his social and property status.