Which literary heroes are real historical figures. Literary hero and character

School stage All-Russian Olympiad schoolchildren

Olympiad tasks 5th grade

Maximum points for the entire work- 50

1. Which literary character does the following items belong to? Name the hero, work and author.(1 each point for the hero, author and title of the work)

1. Pea
2. Sharp sparkling knife and fur muff
3. Fresh fragrant golden-brown apple
4. Shirts knitted from nettle yarn
5. Magic beard hairs

( 5)

2. Identify and name the genre based on fragments of text.

(Maximum points - 3)

3. Fill in the missing word(s). Indicate the author and title of the work from which the excerpt is taken. (Maximum points - 4)

4. Identify the writer based on biographical facts. Write his last name, first name, patronymic. (Maximum points - 6)

a) Born in the Arkhangelsk province into the family of a peasant fisherman. Without his father's knowledge, he left for Moscow. Entered the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. He made many scientific discoveries in the fields of physics, chemistry, and astronomy. Conducted a reform of versification.

B) Born in Moscow. His uncle, Vasily Lvovich, was famous poet. The nanny had a great influence on the boy. He studied at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. V. Zhukovsky gave him his portrait with the inscription “To the winning student from the defeated teacher.”

5. Restore full forms names of writers (first name, patronymic, last name).

(Maximum number of points - 5)

Ivan Andreevich Lermontov

Mikhail Yurievich Gogol

Lev Nikolaevich Krylov

Alexander Sergeevich Tolstoy

Nikolai Vasilievich Pushkin

6. Match the given nouns with constant epithets (you can connect them with arrows):

7. Mark works of art that belong to fiction:

• I.E. Repin “Dragonfly”
• P.P. Ershov “The Little Humpbacked Horse”
• P.I. Tchaikovsky "The Nutcracker"
• A.M. Opekushin. Monument to A.S. Pushkin
• S. Aksakov. "Scarlet Flower"
• Barma and Postnik. Intercession Cathedral (St. Basil's Cathedral)

8. Divide the mythological characters: Yarilo, Atlas, Dazhd-bog, Zeus, Hercules, Apollo - into groups:

a) Slavic; b) Greek

(Maximum points – 6)

9. Define the moral of the fable. What fables are the morals drawn from?

Write the name of the fables.

(2 points for definition, 2 points for answer – total 4 points)

a) “When there is no agreement among comrades,

Things won’t go well for them...”

b) How many times have they told the world,

That flattery is vile and harmful; but everything is not for the future,

And a flatterer will always find a corner in the heart.”

10. Creative task

In fairy tales, inanimate objects often come to life. For example, a darning needle, an inkwell, a coin from G.Kh. Andersen, mirror from A.S. Pushkin, toys
T.A. Hoffmann and A. Milne, maps from L. Carroll.

Write a fairy tale where the main character would be some thing.

(Maximum points – 10)

We wish you success!

Preview:

Literature Olympiad 6th grade

1. Match the genre definition with the titles of the works below.

Maximum points - 6

2. Identify the writer based on biographical facts.

Maximum number of points – 3

3. Answer each question with “yes” (if the statement is true) or “no” (if the statement is false).

A) V. Zhukovsky is called “the sun of Russian poetry”

B) Chronicle writing in Rus' began in the 11th century.

B) A poem based on historical event, a legend with a sharp plot is called a ballad

D) epigraph - a short text placed by the author after the work

D) The story and the word are genres of ancient Russian literature.

Maximum points – 5

4 Combine the names and surnames of Russian and foreign writers.

1) Agnia a) Yesenin

2) Astrid b) Prishvin

3) Sergey Alexandrovich c) Kuprin

4) Alexander Ivanovich d) Marshak

5) Alexander Sergeevich d) Lindgren

6) Konstantin Georgievich e) Rodari

7) Gianni e) Astafiev

8) Viktor Petrovich f) Barto

9) Samuil Yakovlevich h) Paustovsky

10) Mikhail Mikhailovich i) Pushkin

1 point per fact (10 points).

5. Match the term and its definition.

1) Description of nature in a literary work. a) rhyme

2) Conversation between two or more persons. b) landscape

3) Consonance of the ends of the lines. c) dialogue

4) Allegorically describes the subject, teaches

Guess what is planned. d) fable

5) A small work of art,

Depicting a single event in a person’s life. d) riddle

6) Allegory, with the help of which abstract

The concept is conveyed using a specific image. f) antithesis

7) A small piece of narrative

Character with moralizing content. g) allegory

8) Stylistic figure based

On the opposition of concepts and images. h) story.

1 point per fact (8 points).

6. Read the poem by A.N. Pleshcheev "Spring". Answer the questions:

1.What figurative and expressive means underlies the poem?

(comparison, epithet, personification).

2. Write down words that emphasize the emotional state of the poet,

write which one.

The snow is already melting, the streams are flowing,

There was a breath of spring through the window...

The nightingales will soon whistle,

And the forest will be dressed in leaves!

Pure heavenly azure,

The sun became warmer and brighter,

It's time for evil blizzards and storms

It's gone for a long time again.

And my heart is still in my chest

He knocks as if he's waiting for something

As if happiness is ahead

And winter took away my worries

7. Name the paintings fairy tales, created by Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov?

1 point per fact

8. Here are excerpts from several literary works. What do these passages have in common? What is this element of the composition of fairy tales called?Maximum number of points – 1

1. ... They didn’t do it for a long time,

To think, an honest feast and for the wedding; guests have arrived,

The wedding was celebrated; I was there, there's honey and beer

Peel; It flowed down my mustache, but didn’t get into my mouth. And that's it.

2 I was there; honey, drank beer -

1. Which fairy tale or literary character does the items listed below belong to? Name the hero, work and author.
   A) saber and backpack
   B) magic beard hairs
   B) barley seed in a flower pot
   D) broken trough
   D) talking wonderful mirror
   The maximum number of points is 15 points (for the hero, the title of the work and the author 1 point each)
   10.Using these examples, determine the type of trail.
   1) “The knight fought like a lion”
   2) “You have to bow your head below the thin blade of epic”
   3) “The snow lies like magnificent carpets, glistening in the sun”

4) “Below him is a stream of lighter azure, above him is a golden ray of sun”
5) “A little man with a fingernail”
6) “The shadow of sadness has disappeared”
7) “The golden grove dissuaded me”
8) “Falened Stars”
9) “A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper”
10) “Hunger armed them with courage”
11) “Black wind, white snow”

12) “Eyes are blue like the sky”
1 point per fact (12 points)

11. Explain the meaning of the highlighted word.
And only the sky lit up,
Everything suddenly began to move noisily,
The formation flashed behind the formation.
Our colonel was born grip :
Servant to the king, father to the soldiers...
Yes, I feel sorry for him; struck by damask steel,
He sleeps in damp ground.
M.Yu. Lermontov “Borodino”

Maximum points - 2

12. Text analysis.
Blue shadows...
Silence resumed, frosty and bright. Yesterday's powder lies on the crust like powder with sparkling sparkles, the crust does not fall through anywhere and holds up even better in the field, in the sun, than in the shade. Each bush of old wormwood, burdock, blade of grass, blade of grass, as if in a mirror, looks into this sparkling powder and sees itself blue and beautiful. (M.M. Prishvin).
1)What is this description called?
2) What time of year did M.M. Prishvin depict? Prove this with examples from the text.
3)What means of expression the writer uses artistic speech
in this description? a)….b)….c)….

1 point per fact

Preview:

Literature Olympiad. 7th grade

Task No. 1

Epics inspired many masters of art to create original creations. Name the authors and their works. (Maximum amount – 5 points).

Task No. 2

Which writer are we talking about? (Maximum amount - 5 points)

1. This writer's real name is Samuel Clemens, his pen name being a pilot's term used on the Mississippi River. At the age of 12, he was left without a father and was forced to quit school and earn his own living. He tried himself in various professions: he was a printer's apprentice, a typesetter, a pilot, a gold miner, and a journalist. Already during his lifetime he was so famous that letters reached him even if only the name of the country and his name were written on the envelope.

2. The first stories of this writer were cheerful, funny, amusing, witty, and they were published in magazines, the names of which were also unusual: “Dragonfly”, “Alarm Clock”, “Fragments”. And he writes these stories under a pseudonym, being a student at the Faculty of Medicine at Moscow University.

3. He was not only an excellent poet and translator, but also a wise teacher, educator of the heir to the throne, the future Emperor Alexander II. A.S. Pushkin called himself his student. In response, this writer gave his portrait to the great poet as a sign of respect after the release of “Ruslan and Lyudmila.”

4. William Sydney Porter (this is his real name) creates his first story while in prison, and with the money he buys a Christmas present for his daughter, who is waiting for him at home with her mother.

5. At his home on an estate near Tula, he creates a school for peasant children and teaches there himself, writes the ABC, and creates four “Russian books for reading.” By that time, he had already returned from the Caucasus and retired after participating in the heroic defense of Sevastopol. His collected works comprise 90 volumes.

Task No. 3.

Remember and name the real names of the heroes.(Maximum amount – 7 points).

Deforge; two Caucasian prisoner; a hero nicknamed Chameleon, a peasant girl, an amphibian man, a man on the clock, Biryuk.

Task No. 4

The events of many works are connected with these places. Tell us, in which books did you come across these places? (For each correct answer 1 point, 5 points in total)
Moscow, monastery, front entrance, shack by the sea, Ithaca.

Task No. 5

(Maximum amount -3 points)

What are carols? When and where were they performed? What is their difference from other calendar-ritual songs?

Task No. 6

(Maximum amount -4 points)

Give examples of proverbs that come from

a) fairy tales;

b) fables by I.A. Krylova.

Task No. 7.

Identify literary devices (tropes) in the lines of A.S. Pushkin from the poem “Poltava” ((Maximum number - 4 points)

The east is burning with a new dawn; purple smoke; like a plowman the battle rests; throwing piles of bodies on piles

Task No. 8.

Pushkin's heroes often change their previous way of life, becoming, as it were, “impostors.” In which work and who became:
a) peasant woman
b) a robber

(Maximum amount - 2 points.)

Task No. 9

What are the names and patronymics of the writers?

Pushkin ____________________________________________________

Lermontov ___________________________________________________

Turgenev ____________________________________________________

Nekrasov _____________________________________________________

Chekhov ________________________________________________________________

(Maximum amount – 5 points.)

Task No. 10

(Maximum amount -10 points)

“A personal library is not just a collection of books; it should contain only the necessary books that meet the needs of the mind and soul of the library owner.” What books are in your home library? (Listby topic or genre of the book. Tell us about the preferences of your family members and their choice in reading books). Name 3- 5 of your favorite authors and their books. Explain your choice.

Total 50 points.

Preview:

School stage of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in literature

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – Ugra

2017-2018 academic year

Megion city

8th grade

Time to complete tasks – 2 hours Maximum number of points – 62

Dear Olympiad participant!

You are offered 9 tasks.These tasks include questions that reveal your real knowledge in different sections educational material, testing the development of speech and reading horizons, understanding of the text, theoretical knowledge of literature.. The tasks are more complex than in literature lessons.

There is no need to rewrite them; just read the wording of each question carefully and clearly write the correct answer on the answer form.

Tasks 8 and 9 test your ability to analyze lyrical and prose works.

Take your time, don't worry, adjust to the times. Try not to leave traces of your thoughts on the survey sheet. It is better to do this in draft form, and make all entries in the response form clean and neat.

We wish you good luck!

Knowledge of literary texts

1. Which characters from the story by A.S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter» shown here?

1. He was a kind fellow, but flighty and dissolute to the extreme. His main weakness was his passion for the fair sex; Often, for his tenderness, he received pushes, from which he groaned for whole days.
2. His appearance seemed remarkable to me: he was about forty, average height, thin and broad-shouldered. His black beard showed streaks of gray; the lively big eyes kept darting around. His face had a rather pleasant, but roguish expression.
3. She was in a white morning dress, a nightcap and a shower jacket. She seemed to be about forty years old. Her face, plump and rosy, expressed importance and calm. And the blue eyes and light smile had an inexplicable charm.

2. Here are excerpts from poems by Russian poets dedicated to the onset of spring. What are the names of the authors?

1. Spring, spring! How clean the air is!

How clear is the sky!

Its azuria alive

He blinds my eyes.

1. I love thunderstorms at the beginning of May,

When spring, the first thunder,

As if frolicking and playing,

Rumbling in the blue sky.

1. I came to you with greetings,

Tell me that the sun has risen

What is it with hot light

The sheets began to flutter...

1. Now is my time: I don’t like spring;

The thaw is boring to me; stench, dirt - in the spring I am sick;

The blood is fermenting; feelings and mind are constrained by melancholy.

1. Oh, spring without end and without edge -

An endless and endless dream!

I recognize you, life! I accept!

And I greet you with the ringing of the shield!

3. In the given quotations, insert the missing word, choosing it from several suggested ones, determine the author and title of the work:

Score: for each correctly inserted word - 1 point (maximum - 3 points).

Historical and literary assignments

4. The names of which writers and poets are associated with literary places in Russia:

a) Yasnaya Polyana;

b) Spasskoye-Lutovinovo;

c) Nezhin;

d) Tarkhany;

d) Mikhailovskoe.

Score: 1 point for the correct answer (max. – 5 points)

1) “Svetlana”, “Lyudmila”, “The Sleeping Princess”, “The Forest King”.

2) “Brigadier”, “General Court Grammar”, “Questions”.

3) “Airship”, “Angel”, “Demon”, “Cliff”, “Fugitive”, “Three Palms”, “Homeland”.

Score: 1 point for the correct answer (max. – 3 points)

Knowledge of literary theory

6. Find where the size of the verse is determined incorrectly, correct the error:

A) “The spruce covered my path with its sleeve” - amphibrachium tetrameter

B) “Well, let’s go, for God’s sake!

Sky, spruce forest and sand" - tetrameter trochee

B) “My first friend, my priceless friend!

And I blessed fate..." - iambic 5-meter

D) “Why are you looking greedily at the road?

Away from your cheerful friends? - 3-foot anapest

Score: for each corrected error - 1 point.

7. Indicate what genre each of the proposed texts belongs to. Define these genres. What features allow you to classify the text into your chosen genre?

Write your answers in the table:

Score: for a correctly indicated genre - 1 point (maximum - 6 points).

For each correct definition - 1 point (maximum - 5 points).

Students can name a different number of signs (for each correct one - 0.5 points).

Interpretation of lyrical and prose work

8. Complete a written analysis of N. Rubtsov’s poem “Star of the Fields.” When analyzing the poem, rely on the questions provided.

Star of the Fields

Star of the fields in the icy darkness,

Stopping, he looks into the wormwood.

The clock has already rung twelve,

And sleep enveloped my homeland...

Star of the fields! In a moment of shock

I remembered how quiet it was behind the hill

She burns over the autumn gold,

It burns over the winter silver...

The star of the fields burns without fading,

For all the anxious inhabitants of the earth,

Touching with your welcoming ray

All the cities that rose in the distance.

But only here, in the icy darkness,

She rises brighter and fuller,

And I'm happy as long as I'm in this world

The star of my fields is burning, burning...

What type of lyricism would you classify this poem as (landscape, philosophical, intimate, civil)? Why?

Determine from which person the text is constructed, how is the speaker expressed (directly or indirectly)?

What is the main subject of speech in this work? What words are, in your opinion, key?

What connection, according to N. Rubtsov, exists between nature and man? How is this connection emphasized?

With the help of what techniques does the poet manage to convey his attitude towards nature?

Maximum – 7 points

9. Read the work of I.S. Turgenev - prose poem “The Beggar” (1878).

Explain how you understood its meaning. In your answer, rely on the tasks proposed after the text (the recommended length of answers to each question is 3-4 sentences). (8 points)

I was walking down the street... I was stopped by a beggar, a decrepit old man.

Inflamed, tearful eyes, blue lips, rough rags, unclean wounds... Oh, how hideously poverty has gnawed at this unfortunate creature!

He extended his red, swollen, dirty hand to me... He moaned, he bellowed for help.

I started rummaging through all my pockets... Not a wallet, not a watch, not even a handkerchief... I didn’t take anything with me.

And the beggar waited... and his outstretched hand weakly swayed and trembled.

Lost, embarrassed, I firmly shook this dirty, trembling hand...

“Don’t blame me, brother; I have nothing, brother.”

The beggar stared at me with his bloodshot eyes; his blue lips smiled

– and he, in turn, squeezed my cold fingers.

“Well, brother,” he mumbled, “and thank you for that.” This is also alms, brother.

I realized that I also received alms from my brother.

1.Formulate the theme of the work. What artistic means Does Turgenev characterize the position of a beggar? (2 points)

2.Describe state of mind narrator and name what techniques it is expressed in. (2 points)

3. Explain what kind of alms the beggar spoke about, and what kind of alms the narrator had in mind in the last phrase of the work. (2 points)

4.Logicality and literacy of the test. (5 points)

Maximum – 11 points

Preview:

School stage of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in literature

2017- -2018 academic year

9th grade

1.1. Suddenly there is a snowstorm all around;

The snow is falling in clumps;

The black corvid, whistling with its wing,

Hovering over the sleigh;

The raven croaks: sadness!

The horses are in a hurry

They look sensitively into the distance,

Raising their manes.

1.2. Then everything disappeared: the meadows and the skies.

We're in a dark room. To complete the miracle

The floor opened - and you are from there,

Pale as death, and hair on end!

Then the doors opened with thunder

Some are not people or animals.

We were separated - and they tortured the one sitting with me

1.3 . This night they dressed me in the evening...

black blanket

on a yew bed;

scooped me blue wine,

mixed with grief;

they poured filthy foreigners on me from the empty quivers

large pearls on the chest

and undead me.

1.4 .And now I’m walking around like crazy. All night long such rubbish was in my eyes... Yes, it was you, mother, then father... As soon as I started to fall asleep, I saw that you, mother, deigned to beat father... So I felt sorry for... you, mother: you are so tired, beating father ...

2. What works are the excerpts taken from? Name their authors and genre

belonging.

2.1. Kings and kingdoms of the earth are a delight,

Beloved silence,

The bliss of the villages, the city fence,

How useful and beautiful you are!

The flowers around you are full of flowers

And the classes in the fields turn yellow;

The ships are full of treasures

They dare to follow you into the sea;

You pour in with a generous hand

Your wealth on earth.

2.2. The sensitive, kind old woman, seeing her daughter’s tirelessness, often pressed her to her weakly beating heart, called her divine mercy, nurse, the joy of her old age, and prayed to God to reward her for what she did for her mother.

2.3 . Suddenly there is a snowstorm all around;

The snow is falling in clumps;

The black corvid, whistling with its wing,

Hovering over the sleigh;

The raven croaks: sadness!

The horses are in a hurry

They look sensitively into the distance,

Raising their manes.

3. In the list of works by A. Pushkin below, their names are mixed up. From the words that make up the incorrect titles, restore the true names.

“Journey to the village of Kirdzhali”, “Prisoner of Peter the Great”, “Arap in Kolomna”, “The House of an Egyptian Peasant Woman”, “Caucasian Robbers”, “The History of Arzrum”, “The Brothers of Count Nulin”, “Nights of the Young Lady Goryukhina”.

4. What literary heroes, real historical figures, are depicted in the following passages? Name the work and author.

4.1. His eyes

They shine. His face is terrible.

The movements are fast. He's wonderful.

He's like God's thunderstorm.

It's coming. They bring him a horse.

The faithful horse is zealous and humble,

Feeling the fatal fire,

Trembling. He looks askance with his eyes

And rushes in the dust of battle,

Proud of the mighty rider.

4.2 . Here the king frowned his black eyebrows

And he focused his keen eyes on him,

Like a hawk looked from the heights of heaven

To the young blue-winged dove, -

Yes, the young fighter did not look up.

4.3. He was wearing a beautiful Cossack caftan trimmed with braid. Tall sable hat with

golden tassels were pulled over his sparkling eyes. ... sat in first place,

leaning his elbows on the table and propping up his black beard with his wide fist.

5. What work are we talking about?

5.1. “The greatest patriotic poem is dedicated not to one of the victories, of which Russian weapons had many, but to a terrible defeat, in which for the first time in Russian history the prince was captured and the army was almost destroyed!” (D.S. Likhachev)

5.2 . They say that one of the young nobles recognized himself in the hero of this work and was so shocked that he threw himself into learning, studied at home and abroad, studied languages, philosophy, the history of painting... This was Nikolai Alekseevich Olenin, one of the most educated people of his time .

5.3 . When A. S. Pushkin was passing through Yekaterinoslavl, two brothers escaped from the local prison. The poet himself testifies to this: “In 1820... two robbers, chained together, swam across the Dnieper and escaped. Their rest on the island and the drowning of one of the guards were not invented by me.” This incident became the reason for writing a long poem, which the author then destroyed, leaving only the beginning. This passage turned into an independent poem.

6. Explain the meaning of mythological names in the given texts.

6.1. Like a crane's wedge into foreign borders -

On the heads of kings there is divine foam -

Where are you sailing? Whenever Elena

What is Troy alone for you, Achaean men?

(O. Mandelstam)

6.2. “Here are the winds, the grandchildren of Stribog, blowing arrows from the sea...” (“The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”)

7. Give an interpretation of the literary terms mentioned in the excerpt from M. Yu. Lermontov’s work “A Fairy Tale for Children.”

The weapon is excellent: you throw an epigram in the face of your enemies...

Do you want to annoy your friends?

Give them a poem or a drama!

8. Interpretation of the poetic text. Suggest your option literary analysis this poem.

Echo

Does the beast roar in the deep forest,

Is the horn blowing, is the thunder roaring,

Is the maiden behind the hill singing?

For every sound

Your response in the empty air

You will give birth suddenly.

You listen to the roar of thunder,

And the voice of the storm and the waves,

And the cry of rural shepherds -

And you send an answer;

You don’t have any feedback... That’s it

And you, poet! (A.S. Pushkin. 1831)

Genre features 1 point; - chronotope 1 point; - poetic vocabulary 2 points;

Poetic syntax 2 points - sound writing 2 points; - integrity and compositional harmony of interpretation 2 points. The maximum number of points is 24.The maximum number of points for the entire work is 60 points.

Preview:

Literature Olympiad

10th grade

2017-2018 academic year

1. Knowledge of literary texts.

1. – 6 b, )

1.3 . Fell into the snow; bear quickly

She is grabbed and carried;

She is emotionlessly submissive;

Doesn't move, doesn't die;

He rushes her along the forest road;

All around is wilderness, he is everywhere

Covered in desert snow,

And it shines brightly through the window,

And in the hut there was screaming and noise;

Warm yourself up with him a little!

And he walks straight into the canopy,

And he puts it on the threshold.

1. Find out the work by its ending. Name the author.(Maximum number of points – 3 points, 0.5 points each)

1. The ghost, however, was much taller, wore an enormous mustache and, directing his steps, as it seemed, towards the Obukhov Bridge, disappeared completely into the darkness of the night.
2. The bell rings with a wonderful ringing; The air, torn into pieces, thunders and becomes the wind; everything that is on earth flies past, and, looking askance, other peoples and states step aside and give way to it.

2.3 Good for you, Katya! Why did I stay in the world and suffer!

1. Historical and literary assignments.

1. For the plays of which Russian playwright was the dictionary created by N.S. Ashukin and S.I. Ozhegov, including the following articles:great – delicate; nothing - nothing; electricity - electricity; to have breakfast - to have breakfast; hypocrite - feigned - virtuous person, hypocrite (Maximum number of points – 1 point)
2. This literary magazine was published successively by A.S. Pushkin, P.A. Pletnev, N.A. Nekrasov from 1836 to 1866. “The Captain's Daughter”, “Notes of a Hunter”, “Mumu” ​​were published in it. What are the names of the magazine?(Maximum number of points – 1 point)
3. In which worksRussian classicsAre the characters gypsies?(One point for each correctly named work + author)

III. Knowledge of literary theory.

1.Indicate the means of artistic expression used in the passage?(Maximum number of points – 3 points)

... In one place, a particularly dull lantern diluted the darkness, and, passing through its dim aura, the fog turned into beads of rain (V. Nabokov “Other Shores”).

1. Here are fragments of lyrical works and names of genres. Relate them to each other. Write down your answer using letters and numbers (for example: m – 9). Max-8b.

IV. Analysis of poetic text. Maxim. 25 points

11th grade

2017-2018 academic year

1. Here are the dreams of literary heroes. Who dreams of them? Indicate the work and its author.(Maximum points– 6 b, title, author - 0.5 each; hero - 1 point)

1. It was as if I had a presentiment: today I dreamed all night about two extraordinary rats. Really, I’ve never seen anything like this: black, of unnatural size! They came, smelled it, and left.

1.2. I had a dream that I could never forget and in which I still see something prophetic when I consider the strange circumstances of my life with it.

It seemed to me that the storm was still raging and we were still wandering through the snowy desert... Suddenly I saw a gate and drove into the manor’s courtyard of our estate. My first thought was the fear that my father would be angry with me for my involuntary return to my parents’ roof and would consider it deliberate disobedience. With anxiety, I jumped out of the wagon and saw: mother met me on the porch with an appearance of deep grief. “Hush,” she says me - father sick on the verge of death and wants to say goodbye to you." Struck by fear, I follow her into the bedroom. I see the room is dimly lit; people with sad faces are standing by the bed. I quietly approach the bed; mother raises the curtain... I knelt down and directed my eyes are on the patient. Well?.. Instead of my father, I see a man with a black beard lying in the bed, looking at me cheerfully. I turned to my mother in bewilderment, telling her: “What does this mean? This is not father. And why should I ask for a man’s blessing?”...

1.3. Fell into the snow; bear quickly

She is grabbed and carried;

She is emotionlessly submissive;

Doesn't move, doesn't die;

He rushes her along the forest road;

Suddenly, between the trees there is a miserable hut;

All around is wilderness, he is everywhere

Covered in desert snow,

And it shines brightly through the window,

And in the hut there was screaming and noise;

The bear said: my godfather is here.

Warm yourself up with him a little!

And he walks straight into the canopy,

And he puts it on the threshold.

2. Read the text, find the names of works of art hidden in it. Write them down and indicate the author.

“Mentally running through his life, he asked himself with painful anguish: “Who is to blame for the fact that he, who successfully started his career as a financier, fell off a cliff and found himself at the bottom of society. What to do? The most ordinary story! Such is the fate of a person who believes in the kindness and gentle tenderness of the world. How hard it is for him to understand the truth that our world is an empty, cold house, whose inhabitants have an empty, cold heart beating. The world is a trap for the gullible, a huge barge laden with the outcasts.”

It was already getting dark. Purple clouds were creeping across the low sky, harbingers of an approaching thunderstorm. The streets became dark, like the wilds of a dense, impenetrable forest, in which, as if coming from the depths of memory, the call of the ancestors sounded someone’s quiet, stern voice. Hiding his nose in the beaver collar of his overcoat, he, not paying attention to the raindrops, walked alone and slowly through the empty city, like a holy passion-bearer making a cleansing walk through torment.

3. Explain literary terms:

Allegory - ; anapest -; annotation-; antithesis-; aphorism -; alliteration -.

4. What directions and trends in Russian literature of the early 20th century influenced the work of the best poets and prose writers of this time? Name the representatives of these movements.

5 . 1. V. Mayakovsky’s first public performance with poetry reading took place in the famous artistic basement _____________________________________________________

2. In 1918 At a poetry evening at the Polytechnic Museum in Moscow _______________

__________________ was elected, Mayakovsky took second place, and Balmont took third place.

3. Since the autumn of 1905, __________ has become the brightest literary salon in St. Petersburg

Vyacheslav Ivanov, his apartment in a building on Tavricheskaya Street, located on the top floor, in the corner tower.

4. The publishing house ____________ led by M. Gorky in different years included L. Andreev, I. Bunin, V. Veresaev, N. Garin-Mikhailovsky, A. Kuprin, I. Shevelev and other writers

5. In 1907 The premiere of A. Blok's play _____________ took place at the V.F. Komissarzhevskaya Theater, with music by M.A. Kuzmin.

6. A. Blok said that Vrubel’s “Demon” and Lermontov’s “Demon” are “symbols of our time.” Write short article about this artist, name his most famous paintings.

7. 1. In the period 1900-1903. the poet created his best poems:

“Verblessness”, “I am the sophistication of Russian slow speech...”, “Most tender of all.” In 1904-1905 The Scorpio publishing house published a collection of the poet's poems in two volumes. This period ends with the collection “Liturgy of Beauty. Elemental Hymns”, in which the poet reproaches people who “have fallen out of love with the Sun”.

8. 1. Determine the poetic meter, rhyme, and method of rhyming in each passage;

1. My queen has a high palace,

About seven golden pillars,

My queen has a seven-sided crown,

There are countless expensive stones in it

2. Insomnia. Homer. Tight sails.

I read the list of ships to the middle:

This long brood, this train

Crane,

That once rose above Hellas.

3. She came in from the cold,

Flushed,

Filled the room

The aroma of air and perfume.

9. Choose a match: writer - work:

1. M Sholokhov 1. “Brest Fortress”

2. V. Nekrasov 2. “Borodino”

3. V. Bykov 3. “And the dawns here are quiet”

4. A. Tvardovsky 4. “Obelisk”

5. K. Simonov 5. “White Guard”

6. M. Lermontov 6. “The Fate of Man”

7. N. Bulgakov 7. “Wait for me”

8. B. Vasiliev 8. “Hot Snow”

9. Yu. Bondarev 9. “Vasily Terkin”

10. S. Smirnov 10. “In the trenches of Stalingrad”

10. Analysis of the poetic text.

M.Yu.Lermontov

"Sky and Stars"

Clear evening sky
The distant stars are clear,
Clear as the happiness of a child;
ABOUT! Why can't I think:
Stars, you are clear, like my happiness!

Why are you unhappy?
Will people tell me?
That makes me unhappy
Good people are like the stars and the sky -
Stars and sky! - and I’m a man!..

People to each other
Envy is nourished;
I, on the contrary,
I only envy the beautiful stars,
I would only like to take their place.

Literary heroes, as a rule, are the fiction of the author. But some of them still have real prototypes that lived at the time of the author, or known historical figures. We will tell you who these strangers were to a wide circle readers figures.

1. Sherlock Holmes

Even the author himself admitted that Sherlock Holmes has many similarities with his mentor Joe Bell. On the pages of his autobiography one could read that the writer often recalled his teacher, spoke about his eagle profile, inquisitive mind and amazing intuition. According to him, the doctor could turn any matter into a precise, systematized scientific discipline.

Often Dr. Bell used deductive methods of inquiry. Just by looking at a person he could tell about his habits, his biography, and sometimes even make a diagnosis. After the novel was published, Conan Doyle corresponded with the “prototype” of Holmes, and he told him that perhaps this is exactly what his career would have turned out like if he had chosen a different path.

2. James Bond

The literary history of James Bond began with a series of books that were written by intelligence officer Ian Fleming. The first book in the series, Casino Royale, was published in 1953, a few years after Fleming was assigned to monitor Prince Bernard, who had defected from German service to English intelligence. After much mutual suspicion, the scouts began good friends. Bond took over from Prince Bernard to order a Vodka Martini, adding the legendary “Shaken, not stirred.”

3. Ostap Bender

The man who became the prototype of the great schemer from the “12 chairs” of Ilf and Petrov, at the age of 80, still worked as a conductor on railway on the train from Moscow to Tashkent. Born in Odessa, Ostap Shor was from a young age prone to adventure. He presented himself either as an artist or as a chess grandmaster, and even acted as a member of one of the anti-Soviet parties.

Only thanks to his remarkable imagination, Ostap Shor managed to return from Moscow to Odessa, where he served in the criminal investigation department and fought against local banditry. This is probably where Ostap Bender’s respectful attitude towards the Criminal Code comes from.

4. Professor Preobrazhensky

Professor Preobrazhensky from the famous Bulgakov novel “ Heart of a Dog"was also real prototype- French surgeon of Russian origin Samuil Abramovich Voronov. At the beginning of the 20th century, this man made a real splash in Europe by transplanting monkey glands into humans to rejuvenate the body. The first operations demonstrated a simply amazing effect: elderly patients experienced a resumption of sexual activity, improved memory and vision, ease of movement, and children who were lagging behind in mental development gained mental alertness.

Thousands of people were treated in Voronova, and the doctor himself opened his own monkey nursery on the French Riviera. But very little time passed and the miracle doctor’s patients began to feel worse. Rumors arose that the result of the treatment was just self-hypnosis, and Voronov was called a charlatan.

5. Peter Pan

The boy with the beautiful fairy Tinkerbell was given to the world and to James Barry himself, the author of the written work, by the Davis couple (Arthur and Sylvia). The prototype for Peter Pan was Michael, one of their sons. The fairy-tale hero received from the real boy not only his age and character, but also nightmares. And the novel itself is a dedication to the author’s brother, David, who died a day before his 14th birthday while ice skating.

6. Dorian Gray

It's a shame, but main character The novel “The Picture of Dorian Gray” significantly spoiled the reputation of its real-life original. John Gray, who in his youth was a protégé and close friend of Oscar Wilde, was handsome, rugged, and had the appearance of a 15-year-old boy. But their happy union came to an end when journalists became aware of their relationship. An angry Gray went to court and obtained an apology from the newspaper's editors, but after that his friendship with Wilde ended. Soon John Gray met Andre Raffalovich, a poet and native of Russia. They converted to Catholicism, and after some time Gray became a priest at St. Patrick's Church in Edinburgh.

7. Alice

The story of Alice in Wonderland began on the day Lewis Carroll walked with the daughters of the rector of Oxford University, Henry Lidell, among whom was Alice Lidell. Carroll came up with the story on the fly at the request of the children, but the next time he did not forget about it, he began to compose a sequel. Two years later, the author presented Alice with a manuscript consisting of four chapters, to which was attached a photograph of Alice herself at the age of seven. It was entitled “A Christmas gift to a dear girl in memory of a summer day.”

8. Karabas-Barabas

As you know, Alexey Tolstoy only planned to present Carlo Collodio’s “Pinocchio” in Russian, but it turned out that he wrote an independent story, in which analogies were clearly drawn with cultural figures of that time. Since Tolstoy had no weakness for Meyerhold’s theater and its biomechanics, it was the director of this theater who got the role of Karabas-Barabas. You can even guess the parody in the name: Karabas is the Marquis of Karabas from Perrault’s fairy tale, and Barabas is from the Italian word for swindler - baraba. But the no less telling role of the leech seller Duremar went to Meyerhold’s assistant, who worked under the pseudonym Voldemar Luscinius.

9. Lolita

According to the memoirs of Brian Boyd, a biographer of Vladimir Nabokov, when the writer was working on his scandalous novel Lolita, he regularly looked through newspaper sections that published reports of murder and violence. His attention was drawn to the sensational story of Sally Horner and Frank Lasalle, which occurred in 1948: a middle-aged man kidnapped 12-year-old Sally Horner and kept her with him for almost 2 years until the police found her in a California hotel. Lasalle, like Nabokov’s hero, passed off the girl as his daughter. Nabokov even briefly mentions this incident in the book in the words of Humbert: “Did I do to Dolly the same thing that Frank LaSalle, a 50-year-old mechanic, did to eleven-year-old Sally Horner in ’48?”

10. Carlson

The story of Carlson’s creation is mythologized and incredible. Literary scholars claim that Hermann Goering became a possible prototype of this funny character. And although Astrid Lindgren’s relatives deny this version, such rumors still exist today.

Astrid Lindgren met Goering in the 1920s when he organized air shows in Sweden. At that time, Goering was just “in the prime of his life,” a famous ace pilot, a man with charisma and a wonderful appetite. The motor behind Carlson’s back is an interpretation of Goering’s flying experience.

Supporters of this version note that for some time Astrid Lindgren was an ardent fan of the National Socialist Party of Sweden. The book about Carlson was published in 1955, so there could be no talk of a direct analogy. However, it is possible that the charismatic image of the young Goering influenced the appearance of the charming Carlson.

11. One-Legged John Silver

Robert Louis Stevenson in the novel “Treasure Island” portrayed his friend Williams Hansley not at all as a critic and poet, which he essentially was, but as a real villain. During his childhood, William suffered from tuberculosis and his leg was amputated at the knee. Before the book appeared on store shelves, Stevenson told a friend: “I have to confess to you, Evil on the surface, but kind at heart, John Silver was copied from you. You're not offended, are you?

12. Winnie the Pooh Bear

According to one version, the world-famous teddy bear got its name in honor of the favorite toy of the writer Milne’s son Christopher Robin. However, like all the other characters in the book. But in fact, this name comes from the nickname Winnipeg - that was the name of the bear who lived in the London Zoo from 1915 to 1934. This bear had many child fans, including Christopher Robin.

13. Dean Moriarty and Sal Paradise

Despite the fact that the main characters in the book are named Sal and Dean, Jack Kerouac's novel On the Road is purely autobiographical. One can only guess why Kerouac abandoned his name in the very famous book for the beatniks.

14. Daisy Buchanan

In the novel “The Great Gatsby,” its author Francis Scott Fitzgerald deeply and soulfully described Ginevra King, his first love. Their romance lasted from 1915 to 1917. But due to different social statuses they separated, after which Fitzgerald wrote that "poor boys should not even think of marrying rich girls." This phrase was included not only in the book, but also in the film of the same name. Ginevra King became the prototype for Isabel Borge in “Beyond Paradise” and Judy Jones in “Winter Dreams.”

Especially for those who like to sit up and read. If you choose these books, you will definitely not be disappointed.

1.1. Suddenly there is a snowstorm all around;

The snow is falling in clumps;

The black corvid, whistling with its wing,

Hovering over the sleigh;

The raven croaks: sadness!

The horses are in a hurry

They look sensitively into the distance,

Raising their manes.

1.2. Then everything disappeared: the meadows and the skies.

We're in a dark room. To complete the miracle

The floor opened - and you are from there,

Pale as death, and hair on end!

Then the doors opened with thunder

Some are not people or animals.

We were separated - and they tortured the one sitting with me

1.3 . This night they dressed me in the evening...

black blanket

on a yew bed;

scooped me blue wine,

mixed with grief;

they poured filthy foreigners on me from the empty quivers

large pearls on the chest

and undead me.

1.4 .And now I’m walking around like crazy. All night long such rubbish was in my eyes... Yes, it was you, mother, then father... As soon as I started to fall asleep, I saw that you, mother, deigned to beat father... So I felt sorry for... you, mother: you are so tired, beating father ...

2. What works are the excerpts taken from? Name their authors and genre

belonging.

2.1. Kings and kingdoms of the earth are a delight,

Beloved silence,

The bliss of the villages, the city fence,

How useful and beautiful you are!

The flowers around you are full of flowers

And the fields in the fields turn yellow;

The ships are full of treasures

They dare to follow you into the sea;

You pour in with a generous hand

Your wealth on earth.

2.2. The sensitive, kind old woman, seeing her daughter’s tirelessness, often pressed her to her weakly beating heart, called her divine mercy, nurse, the joy of her old age, and prayed to God to reward her for what she did for her mother.

2.3 . Suddenly there is a snowstorm all around;

The snow is falling in clumps;

The black corvid, whistling with its wing,

Hovering over the sleigh;

The raven croaks: sadness!

The horses are in a hurry

They look sensitively into the distance,

Raising their manes.

3. In the list of works by A. Pushkin below, their names are mixed up. From the words that make up the incorrect titles, restore the true names.

“Journey to the village of Kirdzhali”, “Prisoner of Peter the Great”, “Arap in Kolomna”, “The House of an Egyptian Peasant Woman”, “Caucasian Robbers”, “The History of Arzrum”, “The Brothers of Count Nulin”, “Nights of the Young Lady Goryukhina”.

4. What literary heroes, real historical figures, are depicted in the following passages? Name the work and author.

4.1 . His eyes

They shine. His face is terrible.

The movements are fast. He's wonderful.

He's like God's thunderstorm.

It's coming. They bring him a horse.

The faithful horse is zealous and humble,

Feeling the fatal fire,

Trembling. He looks askance with his eyes

And rushes in the dust of battle,

Proud of the mighty rider.

4.2 . Here the king frowned his black eyebrows

And he focused his keen eyes on him,

Like a hawk looked from the heights of heaven

To the young blue-winged dove, -

Yes, the young fighter did not look up.

4.3. He was wearing a beautiful Cossack caftan trimmed with braid. Tall sable hat with

golden tassels were pulled over his sparkling eyes. ... sat in first place,

leaning his elbows on the table and propping up his black beard with his wide fist.

5. What work are we talking about?

5.1. “The greatest patriotic poem is dedicated not to one of the victories, of which Russian weapons had many, but to a terrible defeat, in which for the first time in Russian history the prince was captured and the army was almost destroyed!” ()

5.2 . They say that one of the young nobles recognized himself in the hero of this work and was so shocked that he threw himself into learning, studied at home and abroad, studied languages, philosophy, the history of painting... This was Nikolai Alekseevich Olenin, one of the most educated people of his time .

5.3 . When I was passing through Yekaterinoslavl, two brothers escaped from the local prison. The poet himself testifies to this: “In 1820... two robbers, chained together, swam across the Dnieper and escaped. Their rest on the island and the drowning of one of the guards were not invented by me.” This incident became the reason for writing a long poem, which the author then destroyed, leaving only the beginning. This passage turned into an independent poem.

6. Explain the meaning of mythological names in the given texts.

6.1. Like a crane's wedge into foreign borders -

On the heads of kings there is divine foam -

Where are you sailing? Whenever Elena

What is Troy alone for you, Achaean men?

(O. Mandelstam)

6.2. “Here are the winds, the grandchildren of Stribog, blowing arrows from the sea...” (“The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”)

7. Give an interpretation of the literary terms mentioned in the excerpt from the work “A Fairy Tale for Children.”

The weapon is excellent: you throw an epigram in the face of your enemies...

Do you want to annoy your friends?

Give them a poem or a drama!

8. Interpretation of the poetic text. Offer your own version of a literary analysis of this poem.

Does the beast roar in the deep forest,

Is the horn blowing, is the thunder roaring,

Is the maiden behind the hill singing?

For every sound

Your response in the empty air

You will give birth suddenly.

You listen to the roar of thunder,

And the voice of the storm and the waves,

And the cry of rural shepherds -

And you send an answer;

You don’t have any feedback... That’s it

And you, poet! (1831)

Genre features 1 point; - chronotope 1 point; - poetic vocabulary 2 points;

Poetic syntax 2 points - sound writing 2 points; - integrity and compositional harmony of interpretation 2 points.

The maximum number of points is 24. The maximum number of points for the entire work is 60 points.

Copyright Competition -K2
The word "hero" ("heros" - Greek) means a demigod or deified person.
Among the ancient Greeks, heroes were either half-breeds (one of the parents is a god, the other is a human), or outstanding men who became famous for their deeds, for example, military exploits or travel. But, in any case, the title of hero gave a person a lot of advantages. They worshiped him and composed poems and other songs in his honor. Gradually, the concept of “hero” migrated to literature, where it has stuck to this day.
Now, in our understanding, a hero can be either a “noble man” or a “worthless man” if he acts within the framework of a work of art.

The term “hero” is adjacent to the term “character”, and often these terms are perceived as synonyms.
Person in Ancient Rome they called the mask that the actor put on before the performance - tragic or comic.

A hero and a character are not the same thing.

A LITERARY HERO is an exponent of plot action that reveals the content of the work.

CHARACTER is any character in the work.

The word “character” is characteristic in that it does not carry any additional meanings.
Take, for example, the term “actor.” It is immediately clear that it must act = perform actions, and then a whole bunch of heroes do not fit this definition. Starting from Papa Pippi Longstocking, the mythical sea captain, and ending with the people in “Boris Godunov”, who, as always, are “silent”.
The emotional and evaluative connotation of the term “hero” implies exclusively positive qualities = heroism\heroism. And then even more people will not fall under this definition. Well, how about, say, calling Chichikov or Gobsek a hero?
And so literary scholars are fighting with philologists - who should be called a “hero” and who a “character”?
Time will tell who will win. For now we will count in a simple way.

A hero is an important character for expressing the idea of ​​a work. And the characters are everyone else.

A little later we'll talk about the character system in work of art, there will be talk about the main (heroes) and secondary (characters).

Now let's note a couple more definitions.

LYRICAL HERO
Concept lyrical hero was first formulated by Yu.N. Tynyanov in 1921 in relation to the work of A.A. Blok.
A lyrical hero is an image of a hero in a lyrical work, whose experiences, feelings, thoughts reflect the author’s worldview.
The lyrical hero is not an autobiographical image of the author.
You cannot say “lyrical character” - only “lyrical hero”.

THE IMAGE OF A HERO is an artistic generalization of human properties, character traits in the individual appearance of the hero.

LITERARY TYPE is a generalized image of human individuality, most characteristic of a certain social environment at a certain time. It connects two sides - the individual (single) and the general.
Typical does not mean average. The type concentrates in itself everything that is most striking, characteristic of an entire group of people - social, national, age, etc. For example, the type of Turgenev girl or a lady of Balzac's age.

CHARACTER AND CHARACTER

In modern literary criticism, character is the unique individuality of a character, his inner appearance, that is, what distinguishes him from other people.

Character consists of diverse traits and qualities that are not combined by chance. Every character has a main, dominant trait.

Character can be simple or complex.
A simple character is distinguished by integrity and staticity. The hero is either positive or negative.
Simple characters are traditionally combined into pairs, most often based on the opposition “bad” - “good”. Contrast sharpens the virtues goodies and belittles the merits of negative heroes. Example - Shvabrin and Grinev in “The Captain’s Daughter”
A complex character is the hero’s constant search for himself, the hero’s spiritual evolution, etc.
A complex character is very difficult to label as “positive” or “negative.” It contains inconsistency and paradox. Like Captain Zheglov, who almost sent poor Gruzdev to prison, but easily gave food cards to Sharapov’s neighbor.

STRUCTURE OF A LITERARY CHARACTER

A literary hero is a complex and multifaceted person. It has two appearances - external and internal.

To create the appearance of the hero they work:

PORTRAIT. This is a face, a figure, distinctive body features (for example, Quasimodo’s hump or Karenin’s ears).

CLOTHING, which can also reflect certain character traits of the hero.

SPEECH, the features of which characterize the hero no less than his appearance.

AGE, which determines the potential possibility of certain actions.

PROFESSION, which shows the degree of socialization of the hero, determines his position in society.

LIFE HISTORY. Information about the origin of the hero, his parents/relatives, the country and place where he lives, gives the hero sensually tangible realism and historical specificity.

The internal appearance of the hero consists of:

WORLDVIEW AND ETHICAL BELIEF, which provide the hero with value guidelines, give meaning to his existence.

THOUGHTS AND ATTITUDES that outline the diverse life of the hero’s soul.

FAITH (or lack thereof), which determines the presence of the hero in the spiritual field, his attitude towards God and the Church.

STATEMENTS AND ACTIONS, which indicate the results of the interaction of the soul and spirit of the hero.
The hero can not only reason and love, but also be aware of emotions, analyze his own activities, that is, reflect. Artistic reflection allows the author to identify the hero’s personal self-esteem and characterize his attitude towards himself.

CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT

So, a character is a fictional animate person with a certain character and unique external characteristics. The author must come up with this data and convincingly convey it to the reader.
If the author does not do this, the reader perceives the character as cardboard and is not included in his experiences.

Character development is a rather labor-intensive process and requires skill.
The most effective way is to write down on a separate sheet of paper all the personality traits of your character that you want to present to the reader. Straight to point.
The first point is the hero’s appearance (fat, thin, blond, brunette, etc.). The second point is age. The third is education and profession.
Be sure to answer (first of all, to yourself) the following questions:
- how does the character relate to other people? (sociable\closed, sensitive\callous, respectful\rude)
- How does the character feel about his work? (hardworking/lazy, creative/routine, responsible/irresponsible, proactive/passive)
- How does the character feel about himself? (has self-esteem, self-critical, proud, modest, arrogant, vain, arrogant, touchy, shy, selfish)
- how does the character feel about his things? (neat/sloppy, careful with things/careless)
The selection of questions is not random. The answers to them will give a FULL picture of the character's personality.
It is better to write down the answers and keep them before your eyes throughout the entire work on the work.
What will this give? Even if in the work you do not mention ALL QUALITIES of a personality (for minor and episodic characters it is not rational to do this), then all the same, the author’s FULL understanding of his characters will be transmitted to the reader and will make their images three-dimensional.

ARTISTIC DETAIL plays a huge role in creating/revealing character images.

An artistic detail is a detail that the author has endowed with significant semantic and emotional load.
A bright detail replaces entire descriptive fragments, cuts off unnecessary details that obscure the essence of the matter.
An expressive, successfully found detail is evidence of the author’s skill.

I would especially like to note such a moment as CHOOSING A CHARACTER NAME.

According to Pavel Florensky, “names are the essence of categories of personal knowledge.” Names are not just named, but actually declare the spiritual and physical essence of a person. They form special models of personal existence, which become common to each bearer of a certain name. Names predetermine a person’s spiritual qualities, actions and even fate.

The existence of a character in a work of fiction begins with the choice of his name. It is very important what you name your hero.
Compare the options for the name Anna - Anna, Anka, Anka, Nyura, Nyurka, Nyusha, Nyushka, Nyusya, Nyuska.
Each of the options crystallizes certain personality qualities and provides the key to character.
Once you have decided on a character name, don’t change it (unnecessarily) as you go along, as this can confuse the reader’s perception.
If in life you tend to call your friends and acquaintances diminutively and disparagingly (Svetka, Mashulya, Lenusik, Dimon), control your passion in writing. In a work of art, the use of such names must be justified. Numerous Vovkas and Tankas look terrible.

CHARACTER SYSTEM

A literary hero is a clearly individual person and at the same time clearly collective, that is, he is generated by the social environment and interpersonal relationships.

It is unlikely that there will be only one hero in your work (although this has happened). In most cases, the character is at the intersection of three rays.
The first is friends, associates (friendly relationships).
The second is enemies, ill-wishers (hostile relations).
Third – other strangers (neutral relationships)
These three rays (and the people in them) create a strict hierarchical structure or CHARACTER SYSTEM.
Characters are divided by the degree of author's attention (or frequency of depiction in a work), the purposes and functions that they perform.

Traditionally, there are main, secondary and episodic characters.

The MAIN CHARACTER(s) are always at the center of the work.
The main character actively masters and transforms artistic reality. His character (see above) predetermines events.

Axiom - the main character must be bright, that is, his structure must be spelled out thoroughly, no gaps are allowed.

SECONDARY CHARACTERS are located, although next to the main character, but somewhat behind, in the background, so to speak, of the artistic depiction.
The characters and portraits of minor characters are rarely detailed, more often they appear dotted. These heroes help the main characters to open up and ensure the development of the action.

Axiom – minor character cannot be brighter than the main thing.
Otherwise, he will pull the blanket over himself. An example from a related area. Film "Seventeen Moments of Spring". Remember the girl who pestered Stirlitz in one of the last episodes? (“They say about us mathematicians that we are terrible crackers.... But in love I am Einstein...”).
In the first edition of the film, the episode with her was much longer. Actress Inna Ulyanova was so good that she stole all the attention and distorted the scene. Let me remind you that there Stirlitz was supposed to receive important encryption from the center. However, no one remembered about the encryption; everyone reveled in the bright clownery of an EPISODIC (completely passable) character. Ulyanov, of course, is sorry, but director Lioznova completely accepted right decision and cut this scene. An example to think about, though!

EPISODIC HEROES are on the periphery of the world of the work. They may have no character at all, acting as passive executors of the author's will. Their functions are purely official.

POSITIVE and NEGATIVE HEROES usually divide the system of characters in a work into two warring factions (“red” - “white”, “ours” - “fascists”).

The theory of dividing characters according to ARCHETYPES is interesting.

An archetype is a primary idea expressed in symbols and images and underlying everything.
That is, each character in the work should serve as a symbol of something.

According to the classics, there are seven archetypes in literature.
So, the main character could be:
- The protagonist – the one who “accelerates the action”, the real Hero.
- Antagonist – completely the opposite of the Hero. I mean, a Villain.
- Guardian, Sage, Mentor and Helper - those who assist the Protagonist

Minor characters are:
- A bosom friend – symbolizes support and faith in the Main Character.
- Skeptic - questions everything that happens
- Reasonable - makes decisions based solely on logic.
- Emotional – reacts only with emotions.

For example, Rowling’s Harry Potter novels.
The main character is undoubtedly Harry Potter himself. He is opposed by the Villain - Voldemort. Professor Dumbledore=The Sage appears periodically.
And Harry's friends are the reasonable Hermione and the emotional Ron.

In conclusion, I would like to talk about the number of characters.
When there are many of them, this is bad, since they will begin to duplicate each other (there are only seven archetypes!). Competition among the characters will cause discoordination in the minds of the readers.
The most reasonable thing is to stupidly check your heroes by archetypes.
For example, in your novel there are three old women. The first is cheerful, the second is smart, and the third is just a lonely grandmother from the first floor. Ask yourself – what do they represent? And you will understand that a lonely old woman is superfluous. Her phrases (if there are any) can easily be conveyed to the second or first (old ladies). This way you will get rid of unnecessary verbal noise and concentrate on the idea.

After all, “The idea is the tyrant of the work” (c) Egri.

© Copyright: Copyright Competition -K2, 2013
Certificate of publication No. 213010300586
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Gorky believed that a writer is obliged to speculate and typify a real person, turning him into the hero of a novel, and the search for prototypes of Dostoevsky’s characters will even lead to philosophical volumes, touching on real people only in passing.

Nevertheless, as it turned out, very specific types of characters are most often and most strongly associated with their prototypes - adventurers of all kinds and stripes, or fairy-tale heroes. It’s not a fact that everything was exactly like this in reality due to the passage of years or the absence of the main persons, but at least these assumptions are very interesting

Let's remember a few:

Sherlock Holmes

Joseph Bell (Sherlock Holmes)

The author himself admitted that the image of Sherlock Holmes was related to the doctor Joseph Bell, Conan Doyle’s teacher. In his autobiography, he wrote: “I thought of my old teacher Joe Bell, his eagle profile, his inquisitive mind and his incredible ability to guess at all the details.

If he were a detective, he would definitely turn this amazing but disorganized case into something more like an exact science." “Use the power of deduction,” Bell often repeated, and confirmed his words in practice, being able to understand by appearance the patient’s biography, inclinations, and often diagnosis.

Later, after the release of the novels about Sherlock Holmes, Conan Doyle wrote to his teacher that the unique skills of his hero are not fiction, but just how Bell’s skills would logically develop if the circumstances were right. Bell answered him: “You yourself are Sherlock Holmes, and you know it very well!”

Ostap Bender

By the age of 80, Ostap Bender's prototype had become a quiet conductor of the Moscow-Tashkent train. In life, his name was Osip (Ostap) Shor, he was born in Odessa and, as expected, discovered a penchant for adventure during his student years.

Returning from Petrograd, where he studied for a year at the Technological Institute, Shor, having neither money nor profession, introduced himself first as a chess grandmaster, then contemporary artist, then a hiding member of the anti-Soviet party. Thanks to these skills, he reached his native Odessa, where he served in the criminal investigation department and fought local banditry, hence Ostap Bender’s respectful attitude towards the Criminal Code

Professor Preobrazhensky

With the prototype of Professor Preobrazhensky from Bulgakov’s “Heart of a Dog,” things are much more dramatic. He was a French surgeon of Russian origin, Samuil Abramovich Voronov, who in the first quarter of the twentieth century created a real sensation in European medicine.

He completely legally transplanted monkey glands into humans to rejuvenate the body. Moreover, the hype was justified - the first operations had the desired effect. As the newspapers wrote, children with mental disabilities acquired mental alertness, and even in one song of those times called Monkey-Doodle-Doo there were the words “If you are too old for dancing, get yourself a monkey iron.”

Voronov himself cited improvement in memory and vision, good spirits, ease of movement and resumption of sexual activity as the results of treatment. Thousands of people underwent treatment according to Voronov’s system, and the doctor himself, to simplify the practice, opened his own monkey nursery on the French Riviera.

However, after some time, patients began to feel a deterioration in the body’s condition, rumors appeared that the result of the treatment was nothing more than self-hypnosis, Voronov was branded a charlatan and disappeared from European science until the 90s, when his work began to be discussed again

But the main character of “The Picture of Dorian Gray” seriously spoiled the reputation of his real-life original. John Gray, a friend and protégé of Oscar Wilde in his youth, was famous for his penchant for the beautiful and the vicious, as well as for the appearance of a fifteen-year-old boy.

Wilde did not hide the similarity of his character with John, and the latter sometimes even called himself Dorian. The happy union ended the moment the newspapers began to write about it: John appeared there as the lover of Oscar Wilde, even more languid and apathetic than everyone who came before him.

An angry Gray filed a lawsuit and obtained an apology from the editor, but his friendship with the famous author slowly faded away. Soon Gray met his life partner - the poet and native of Russia Andre Raffalovich, together they converted to Catholicism, then Gray became a priest at St. Patrick's Church in Edinburgh.

Michael Davis (Peter Pan)

Acquaintance with the family of Sylvia and Arthur Davis gave James Matthew Barry, at that time already a famous playwright, his main character - Peter Pan, whose prototype was Michael, one of the Davis sons.

Peter Pan became the same age as Michael and acquired from him both some character traits and nightmares. It was from Michael that the portrait of Peter Pan was sculpted for the sculpture in Kensington Gardens.

The fairy tale itself was dedicated to Barry’s older brother, David, who died the day before his fourteenth birthday while skating and remained forever young in the memory of his loved ones.

The story of Alice in Wonderland began on the day Lewis Carroll walked with the daughters of the rector of Oxford University, Henry Lidell, among whom was Alice Lidell. Carroll came up with the story on the fly at the request of the children, but the next time he did not forget about it, he began to compose a sequel.

Two years later, the author presented Alice with a manuscript consisting of four chapters, to which was attached a photograph of Alice herself at the age of seven. It was entitled “A Christmas gift to a dear girl in memory of a summer day.”

While working on Lolita, Vladimir Nabokov, according to his biographer Brian Boyd, often scanned the crime sections of newspapers for stories of accidents, murders and violence. The story of Sally Horner and Frank Lasalle in 1948 clearly caught his attention.

It was reported that a middle-aged man had abducted twelve-year-old Sally Horner from New Jersey and kept her in his possession for nearly two years until she was found in a Southern California motel.

Lasalle, just like Nabokov’s hero, throughout the entire time passed Sally off as his daughter. Nabokov even briefly mentions this incident in the book in the words of Humbert: “Did I do to Dolly the same thing that Frank LaSalle, a fifty-year-old mechanic, did to eleven-year-old Sally Horner in ’48?”

Karabas-Barabas

Alexey Tolstoy, as is known, although he only sought to rewrite Carlo Collodio’s “Pinocchio” in Russian, published a completely independent story in which analogies with contemporary cultural figures are clearly read.

Tolstoy was not a fan of Meyerhold's theater and its biomechanics, so he got the role of the antagonist - Karabas-Barabas. The parody can be read even in the name: Karabas is the Marquis of Karabas from Perrault’s fairy tale, and Barabas is from the Italian word for swindler - baraba. Meyerhold's assistant, who worked under the pseudonym Voldemar Luscinius, got the no less eloquent role of Duremar

By the way, we once had a controversial story about this or that. But in reality

Perhaps the most incredible and mythologized story of the image is the story of Carlson’s creation. His possible prototype is Hermann Goering. Relatives of Astrid Lindgren, of course, refute this version, but it still exists and is actively discussed.

Astrid Lindgren and Goering met in the 1920s, when the latter organized an air show in Sweden. At that time, Goering was fully “in the prime of his life,” as Carlson liked to say about himself. After World War I, he became a famous ace pilot with a certain charisma and, according to legend, a good appetite.

The little engine behind Carlson’s back is often interpreted as an allusion to Goering’s flying practice. A possible confirmation of this analogy can be considered the fact that for a certain time Astrid Lindgren supported the ideas of the National Socialist Party of Sweden.

The book about Carlson was published already in the post-war period in 1955, so it would be madness to advocate a direct analogy of these heroes, however, it is quite possible that the vivid image of the young Goering remained in her memory and in one way or another influenced the appearance of the charming Carlson

And a little more about our Soviet cartoon:

In total, two episodes about Carlson were released: “Kid and Carlson” (1968) and “Carlson is back” (1970). Soyuzmultfilm was going to make a third one, but this idea was never realized. The studio archives still contain film that was planned to be used for filming a cartoon based on the third part of the trilogy about the Kid and Carlson - “Carlson Plays Pranks Again.”

Carlson, Malysh, Freken Bok and all the other characters were created by artist Anatoly Savchenko. He also suggested inviting Faina Ranevskaya to voice the “housekeeper.” Before her, a huge number of actresses auditioned for this role, and no one was suitable, but Ranevskaya was perfect. She had another “minus” - a difficult character. She called the director “baby” and categorically rejected all his comments. And when I first saw my heroine, I was scared, and then I was very offended by Savchenko. “Am I really that scary?” — the actress constantly asked. The explanation that this was not her portrait, but just an image, did not console Ranevskaya. She remained unconvinced.

Carlson also did not have a “voice” for a long time; Livanov found himself, by accident. The actor visited the creators of the cartoon every day for a game of chess, and one day while playing, director Boris Stepantsev complained to him that he couldn’t find a person to play Carlson. Vasily Livanov immediately went to the studio, tried out, and was approved. Later, the actor admitted that while working in the image of Carlson, he diligently parodied the famous director Grigory Roshal

One version explains that the teddy bear with sawdust in its head got its name from the nickname of Milne’s son Christopher Robin’s favorite toy. Just like the rest of the characters in the book.

However, in reality Winnie the Pooh was named after a real-life female bear who lived in the London Zoo. Her name was Winnipeg, and she entertained the residents of the British capital from 1915 to 1934. The bear had many admirers. Among them was Christopher Robin

One-legged John Silver

In Treasure Island, Robert Louis Stevenson portrayed his friend, poet and critic Williams Hansley, as good villain. As a child, William suffered from tuberculosis and doctors, for some unknown reason, decided to amputate one of his legs at the knee.

After the book was announced, the writer wrote to a friend: “I have a confession to make. Evil on the outside, but kind at heart, John Silver was based on you. You're not offended, are you?

An elegant man with a princely title, married to a Dutch princess and prone to dubious adventures - this is what the prototype of James Bond, Prince Bernard Van Lippe-Biesterfeld, actually looked like.

The adventures of James Bond began with a series of books written by English intelligence officer Ian Fleming. The first of them, Casino Royale, was published in 1953, a few years after Fleming was assigned as part of his duty to monitor Prince Bernard, who had defected from German service to British intelligence.

For those who don’t know, I’ll tell you what the sequel is