Explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms. Explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the earth's crust

Practical work

in geography

8th grade

Practical work №1

“Characteristics of the Russian State Enterprise. Comparison of the Russian State Enterprise with the State Enterprises of other countries.”

Target: Describe the geographical location of Russia.

Equipment: outline map of Russia, physical map of Russia, political and administrative map of Russia, pencil, colored pencils, eraser.

! Geographic latitude

meridian from the equator to the parallel passing through this point.

Geographic longitude given point is determined by the value in degrees of arc

parallels from the prime meridian to the meridian passing through this point.

Work progress:

Task 1. Remember the plan for characterizing the geographical location of the country:

Position relative to the equator.

Position relative to the prime meridian.

Position on the mainland, part of the world.

Seas and oceans washing the country (maritime borders).

Neighboring states.

Coordinates of the extreme points of the country.

Assessment of the country's geographical location for living and economic activity population.

Task 2. Characteristics of the geographical location of Russia.

Compare the area of ​​Russia with the area of ​​the continents and largest states (Table 1, Table 2).Draw a conclusion.

Table 1.

Area of ​​continents

Area, million sq. km.

Eurasia

Africa

30,3

North America

24,2

South America

18,2

Antarctica

Australia

Table 2.

Areas of the largest countries in the world

Area, million sq. km.

Russia

17,1

Canada

9,98

China

9,56

USA

9,36

Brazil

8,51

Australia

7,59

2. Determine Russia’s attitude to the equator, the prime meridian, the tropics, and the polar circles.

3. Determine on what continent, in what part of it the country is located. In what parts of the world?

4. Identify the seas and oceans washing Russia.

5. Name the countries with which Russia borders.

Determine which countries have the longest border.

Determine with which countries the border passes through mountains and rivers.

Determine which countries Russia borders only by sea.

Draw a conclusion about the length of Russia's land and sea borders .

6. Find the extreme points of Russia. Determine their coordinates (Memo No. 2)

7. Determine the extent of Russia from north to south, from west to east.

Draw a conclusion where the extent is greatest and where it is least.

8. What is the “Russian sector of the Arctic?”

Task 3. Highlight the positive and negative features of Russia's geographical location. Fill out table 3.

Table 3.

Negative traits geographical location of Russia

Task 4. According to the proposed plan, tell us about the features of the geographical location of Russia.

Tasks on the contour map: (memo No. 1)

1. Mark the state border of Russia on the contour map.

2. Sign border states.

3. Mark the extreme points of Russia, sign their coordinates (Cape Chelyuskin, Cape Fligeli, Cape Dezhnev, Baltic Spit, Mount Bazardyuzyu).

4. Sign the natural boundaries of Russia (Ratmanov Island, the Caucasus, the Caspian Lowland, Altai, the Bering, Kunashir, La Perouse straits).

Memo No. 1.

Rules for working on a contour map.

1. Every contour map sign. In the upper right corner, write the name of the future card (for example, “ Geographical location Russia")

2. Complete all the inscriptions from the beginning in pencil: small, clear, beautiful, in block letters. Check it out. Use ink of the appropriate color.

The names of rivers and mountains are located along the rivers and ridges, respectively, the names of the lowlands - along the parallels.

If the name of a geographical object does not fit on the map, then put a number next to it, and in the symbols of the map they write what this number means.

3. Color the map with colored pencils.

4. If necessary, fill in the map legend.

Memo No. 2

The sequence of actions when determining the geographic latitude of an object:

1. find the parallel closest to the object from the equator and determine its latitude;

2. determine the number of degrees from this parallel to the object;

3. add the resulting number to the latitude of the parallel.

4. determine in which hemisphere, northern or southern, the object is located.

The sequence of actions when determining the geographic longitude of an object:

1. find the meridian closest to the object from the side of the prime meridian and determine its longitude;

2. determine the number of degrees from this meridian to the object;

3. add the resulting number to the longitude of the meridian;

4. determine in which hemisphere, Western or Eastern, the object is located.

Comparison of the geographical location of Russia and other countries.

Target: Determine the features of the geographical location of Russia in comparison with other countries.

Equipment: physical map of Russia, political and administrative map of Russia, political map of the world.

Work progress:

Task 1. Compare the geographical position of Russia with the position of the largest countries in the world by area - Canada, USA, China. (For a plan for characterizing the geographic location, see practical work No. 1).

Draw a conclusion:

With which country does Russia have a similar geographical location?

The geographical location of which countries differs significantly from the geographical location of Russia.

Task 2. Highlight the features of the geographical location of Russia in comparison with other countries of the world. Working with the textbook page 12.

Practical work No. 2

“Determination of standard time for different points in Russia.” Russia on time zone map

Target: Learn to determine standard time.

Equipment: Time zone map of Russia

! Standard Time - this is time within the same time zone.

Local time - this is time on one meridian.

Maternity time – advance standard time one hour.

Summer time - moving the clock hand one hour ahead compared to the zone and

maternity time.

Date line - 180 meridian, the beginning of a new day. Crossing this line, we

we get from one day to another.

The time difference between time zones is 1 hour. Moving east, when crossing a time zone, time is added by 1 hour. When moving west, one hour decreases.

Time zones begin from the Greenwich meridian.

There are 11 time zones in Russia.

The surface of the entire globe is divided into 24 time zones.

Work progress:

Task 1.

1. Determine how many degrees the Earth rotates around its axis in 1 hour, in 4 minutes.

2. Determine what time zone your locality is in.

Task 2. Calculate the standard time in Yakutsk, provided that in Omsk the standard time is 10 hours.

The sequence of this task:

Determine the longitude of the cities of Omsk and Yakutsk.

Determine time in the city of Yakutsk.

Write down answer

Task 3. Determine the time in Vladivostok if it is 12 o'clock in Moscow.

Practical work No. 3

“Explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the earth’s crust using the example of individual territories.”

Target: Establish a connection between tectonic structure, relief and minerals.

Equipment: tectonic map of Russia, physical map of Russia, mineral resources Russia.

! Platforms – the oldest, relatively stable and leveled areas of the earth’s surface

bark.

Plates is a young platform.

Shields – the emergence of a foundation composed of crystalline rocks to the surface.

Landforms – plains (lowlands, hills, plateaus) and mountains.

Minerals are mineral formations in the earth's crust that can

effectively used on the farm.

Minerals: ore (metal) in igneous rocks

non-metallic (non-metallic) in sedimentary rocks

Work progress:

Task 1. Compare the contents of the tectonic and physical maps.

Find platforms and plates on the tectonic map.

Overlay a physical map on the tectonic map and determine what relief forms are located on the platforms and plates.

Find shields on the tectonic map.

What landforms correspond to shields?

Identify areas of folding.

What landforms correspond to folded areas.

Identify which minerals correspond to each tectonic structure.

Task 2. Establish the relationship between the tectonic structure, relief and minerals in certain territories of our country.

Summarize the factual material proving the existence of such a connection in the form of Table 4.

Table 4.

The corresponding landform

Most common minerals

East European Platform

West Siberian Plate

Siberian platform

Areas of Cenozoic folding

Areas of Hercynian folding

Baltic shield

Aldan shield

Conclusions about the established dependence.

What tectonic structures correspond to plains, mountains, highlands.

What is the pattern in the distribution of minerals?

Practical work No. 4

“Determination from maps of patterns of distribution of solar radiation, radiation balance, distribution of average temperatures and amount of precipitation throughout the country.”

Target: Establish patterns of distribution of solar radiation, air temperature and precipitation on the territory of Russia.

Equipment: maps: total solar radiation,

average temperatures in January

average July temperatures,

annual precipitation,

evaporation and volatility.

! Solar radiation - radiation of heat and light from the sun.

Total radiation - the total amount of solar energy reaching

surface of the Earth.

Volatility - is the amount of moisture that can evaporate from a surface when

given atmospheric conditions.

Evaporation - This is the entry of water vapor into the atmosphere from the surface of water, ice,

vegetation, soil.

Humidity coefficient is the ratio of annual precipitation to

evaporation rate for the same period.

K = O/I.

K = 1 sufficient moisture

K > 1 excess moisture

TO< 1 увлажнение недостаточное

Work progress:

Task 1. Using climate maps, fill out table 5.

Table 5.

Total radiation,

kcal/cm. sq.

Annual precipitation, mm

Evaporates

bridge, mm

Coefficient

moisturizing

Hydration

Temperature

Moscow

Arkhangelsk

Astrakhan

Saint Petersburg

Norilsk

Yakutsk

Krasnoyarsk

Draw a conclusion:

In what direction does the temperature change in January and June?

What determines the distribution of solar radiation?

In what direction does the amount of precipitation change? Explain your reasons

uneven distribution of precipitation.

Establish a relationship between the amount of solar radiation and evaporation

Practical work No. 5

“Determination of weather features for various points using a synoptic map. Weather forecast".

Target: Learn to make a weather forecast using various sources of geographic information.

Equipment: synoptic map, weather diagrams.

! Weather - the state of the troposphere in a given place for a certain period

time.

The atmospheric front is a kind of transition zone separating different

their properties of air masses.

Task 1. Determine the weather condition using a synoptic map in the Urals, the Central part of the East European Plain according to the plan:

1. Air temperature.

3. Cloudiness, precipitation.

4. Which atmospheric front affects the weather condition.

5. What is the expected weather forecast for the near future.

Draw a conclusion:

Determine the reasons for the differences in weather. Explain the difference in atmospheric circulation.

Practical work No. 6

"Characteristics of the climate of Western Siberia." Types of climates in Russia

Target: Determine the influence of the climate of different areas of the country on human activity.

Equipment: climate maps of Russia, agroclimatic map of Russia.

! Climate Human activity

Amount of heat

Agriculture

Precipitation

Promote development

Climatic resorts

Humidity coefficient

Harsh winter

Agricultural work

make it difficult

Excess moisture

Construction

Great aridity

Development of new territories

Task 1. Determine the influence of climate on human activity. Fill out table 6.

Table 6.

Climate zone

Climate features

Climate influence on human activity

promotes

makes it difficult

North of the East European Plain

Central part of the East European Plain

South of the East European Plain

Draw a conclusion: What is the influence of climate on human life and activity.

Practical work No. 7

"Characteristics of the Volga River." Diversity of inland waters of Russia. Rivers.

Target: Compile a detailed description of the river using various sources of information.

Equipment: climate maps of Russia, physical map of Russia, climatograms, atlas maps.

! River mode – natural change in the state of the river over time: high water, low water,

flood, freeze-up, ice drift.

Types of river water regime: - rivers with spring floods;

Rivers with summer floods;

Rivers with flood regime.

Low water - the lowest water level in the river.

High water – the highest water level in the river.

Flood – a short-term rise in the water level in the river.

Annual flow is the amount of water flowing in a river bed per year.

River slope – the ratio of the magnitude of the river’s fall to its length.

U = P: L . (unit cm/km)

Fall of the River – the excess of the source of the river above the mouth.

P = I-U (unit m)

River feeding: rain, snow, soil, glacial, mixed.

Task 1. Give a detailed description of the river according to plan:

1. Name of the river.

2. Source, direction of flow, mouth.

3. Which ocean does it belong to?

The rivers of Russia belong to the basins of the Arctic, Pacific, Atlantic oceans and internal drainage (rivers flowing into lakes).

4. Power supply.

To answer, you need to open a climate map and climatogram, determine the time of maximum precipitation.

5. Type of water regime.

See river nutrition.

6. Fall and slope of the river.

7. Annual flow.

Determined from the map of annual river flow.

8. Flow characteristics.

The nature of the current is determined by a physical map; it is necessary to determine the landforms (plain or mountains). According to the nature of the river flow, there are flat, calm and smooth flows, or mountain, stormy and fast flows. .

9. Economic use of the river and her security.

Rivers are used as transport routes, in industry and agriculture, for irrigation, in everyday life, as water resources, and as a source of fresh water. Fishing, timber rafting. Choose the meaning in relation to your river.

Practical work No. 8

"Patterns of distribution of land waters and associated hazardous natural phenomena." Lakes, swamps, underground waters. Glaciers. Permafrost.

Target: Establish the relationship between land waters, climate and relief.

Equipment: physical map of Russia.

! River – water flow, flowing in the depression it has created.

underground water - water found in the earth's crust.

Lake - a closed body of water formed on the land surface in a natural environment

deepening.

Glacier - long-term accumulation of ice on land.

Swamp - an area of ​​the earth's surface that is heavily moistened and overgrown with moisture-loving

vegetation.

Permafrost - these are rock strata that contain ice, not

thawing over time.

Floods - this is the flooding of vast areas of territory along with populated areas

points, industrial and agricultural enterprises.

Sat down – rapid mud-stone flows that occur after heavy rains or during

intense snowmelt.

Work progress:

Task 1. Compare the waters of land and dangerous natural phenomena associated with them. Highlight the areas of their distribution throughout the country.

Sushi waters:

Rivers Lakes Swamps Glaciers Permafrost Groundwater

Hazardous natural phenomena:

Floods Droughts Showers Snowfalls Mudflows Avalanches Ice Ice Landslides

Distribution areas:

Regions of the Caucasus

Rivers of Northern drainage

Mountains of Southern Siberia

Rivers of the Far East

West Siberian Plain

North-west Russian Plain

Amur basin

Vasyuganye

Altai

Eastern Siberia

Kamchatka

Northern Urals

Enter the data in table 7

Table 7.

Natural hazards

Areas of distribution

Draw a conclusion:

Task 2. Suggest measures to combat natural disasters.

Practical work No. 9

"Forecasting changes in flora and fauna under given conditions of change in the natural complex."

Target: Prove the dependence of flora and fauna on other components of nature.

Equipment: atlas maps.

! Components of nature : plants, animals, climate, water, relief, useful

fossils, humans, soils,

Natural complex - this is an area of ​​the earth's surface that differs

characteristics of natural components that are in complex interaction.

Levels of natural complexes: local, regional, global.

Changes in the natural complex at the local level are associated with changes in the local

level (with individual relief elements).

Changes in the natural complex at the regional level are associated with tectonic

movements, solar radiation.

Changes in the global natural complex are associated with

interpenetration of the Earth's shells.

All natural complexes change influenced by human activity.

Work progress:

Task 1. Make a forecast of changes in flora and fauna when the components of nature change. Fill out table 9.

Table 9.

Characteristics of nature's components

Initial state of flora and fauna

Changing other components of nature

State of flora and fauna

after change

Draw a conclusion about the dependence of flora and fauna on other components of nature.

Practical work No. 10 “Characteristics of a natural area.”

Target: Establish the relationship between the components of nature in various natural zones.

Equipment: atlas maps.

! Natural area

RELIEF

(altitude)

Task 1. Using atlas maps, establish the relationship between the components of nature in different natural zones. Record the results of your work in the form of diagram 2.

Scheme 2.

Example: Dependence between the components of nature in the tundra zone

Geographical location:

along the coast of the Arctic Ocean

Climate:

subarctic – harsh winter, long and cold (-32 C), short summer(+ 4 C in the north, + 10 C in the south); There is little precipitation (200 - 300 mm per year), but there is excessive moisture (K more than 1.5)

Practical work No. 11

“Identification from maps of the main areas for growing grain and industrial crops, the main areas for livestock raising.”

Goal: Identification of the main areas for growing grain and industrial crops, the main areas for livestock raising in Russia. Test your ability to work with various forms educational material, reflect the results of the work in the table.

Work progress:

1. Using atlas maps, determine the specialization of agriculture in the tundra zone; taiga and mixed forests; deciduous forests and forest-steppes; steppes; semi-deserts and deserts. Present the results in table form.

growing

Cereals

culture

Technical

culture

Livestock

Tundra

Reindeer husbandry.

Taiga and mixed

forests.

Rye, barley.

Flax, potatoes.

Dairy farming,

Pig farming.

Broadleaf

forests and forest-steppes.

Wheat, barley, oats, millet.

Sugar beet.

Beef cattle breeding, pig farming, poultry farming.

Steppes.

Wheat, corn, buckwheat.

Sunflower, sugar beet, mustard.

Beef cattle breeding,

pig farming, poultry farming, horse breeding.

Semi-deserts and deserts.

Barley, wheat.

Sheep breeding.

Conclusion: agricultural specialization (both crop production and livestock production) depends on the climate. Thus, in the conditions of the temperate zone, with sufficient moisture on non-chernozem infertile soils, crop production specializes in growing cold-resistant, unpretentious crops: grains (rye, barley), technical ones - flax, potatoes. In the forest-steppe and steppe zones, crops that are more demanding on soil fertility are grown - corn, millet, wheat and buckwheat. The same dependence can be seen in the specialization of livestock farming, which is highly dependent on the feed supply. In conditions of a meager food supply, the following areas are distinguished: reindeer husbandry (tundra), sheep husbandry (deserts and semi-deserts), meat cattle breeding, pig breeding (unpretentiousness, consumption of waste from the processing of industrial crops - sunflower, sugar beets). In conditions of good fodder - dairy cattle breeding (on succulent grasses).

Additional material for teachers:

Grain is the main agricultural product. Healthy food products are produced from grain: flour, bread products. Grain is necessary for the good development of poultry farming, which is combined with an increase in the production of meat and other food products.

Cereals serve as a resource for the production of molasses and alcohol.

Globally increasing grain production is a key task for agriculture. Along with increasing grain production, significant attention is paid to improving the quality of grain crops, as well as, primarily, to expanding the production of strong wheat, as well as the most important cereal grain crops.

To successfully solve these problems, it is necessary to improve the use of agricultural technology, introduce more high-yielding hybrids, and improve the structure of sown areas. Great importance is also attached to the high-quality use of fertilizers. The cultivated grain crops belong to such botanical families as buckwheat and legumes.

Nutritional value The digestibility of grains is determined by the digestibility of the components that form them, and also fluctuates depending on many factors. Cereals, which belong to various types, differ not only in the ratio of nutritional components, but also in their properties.

Subject:“Explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the earth’s crust using the example of individual territories.”
Goals of work: establish the relationship between the location of large landforms and the structure of the earth’s crust; test and evaluate the ability to compare maps and explain identified patterns; Using a tectonic map, determine the patterns of distribution of igneous and sedimentary minerals; explain the identified patterns.

^ Work progress

1. After comparing the physical and tectonic maps of the atlas, determine which tectonic structures the indicated landforms correspond to. Draw a conclusion about the dependence of relief on the structure of the earth's crust. Explain the identified pattern.

2. Present the results of your work in the form of a table.

4. How are the types of igneous and metamorphic deposits indicated on the map? Sedimentary?

5. Which of them are found on the platforms? What minerals (igneous or sedimentary) are confined to the sedimentary cover? What are the protrusions of the crystalline foundation of ancient platforms onto the surface (shields and massifs)?

6. What types of deposits (igneous or sedimentary) are confined to folded areas?

7. Present the results of the analysis in the form of a table and draw a conclusion about the established relationship.

^ Practical work No. 4

Subject:“Determination from maps of patterns of distribution of solar radiation, radiation balance. Identification of features of the distribution of average temperatures in January and July, annual precipitation throughout the country.”
^ Objectives of the work: determine patterns of distribution of total radiation, explain the identified patterns; study the distribution of temperatures and precipitation throughout the territory of our country, learn to explain the reasons for such distribution; learn to work with various climate maps, draw generalizations and conclusions based on their analysis.
^ Work progress

1. 
   Look at Figure 31 on page 59 in your textbook. How are the total solar radiation values ​​shown on the map? In what units is it measured?
2. 
   Determine the total radiation for points located at different latitudes. Present the results of your work in the form of a table.

1. 
   Conclude what pattern is visible in the distribution of total radiation. Explain your results.
2. 
   Look at Figure 35 on page 64 of the textbook. How is the distribution of January temperatures across the territory of our country shown? How are the January isotherms in the European and Asian parts of Russia? Where are the areas with the highest temperatures in January? The lowest? Where is the pole of cold in our country?
3. 
   Conclude which of the main climate-forming factors has the most significant impact on the distribution of January temperatures. Write a brief summary in your notebook.
4. 
   Look at Figure 36 on page 65 in your textbook. How is the distribution of air temperatures in July shown? Determine which areas of the country have the lowest July temperatures and which have the highest. What are they equal to?
5. 
   Conclude which of the main climate-forming factors has the most significant impact on the distribution of July temperatures. Write a brief summary in your notebook.
6. 
   Look at Figure 37 on page 66 of the textbook. How is the amount of precipitation shown? Where does the most rainfall occur? Where is the least?
7. 
   Conclude which climate-forming factors have the most significant impact on the distribution of precipitation throughout the country. Write a brief summary in your notebook.

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Subject: Explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the earth's crust using the example of individual territories.

Goals of work:

1. Establish the relationship between the location of large landforms and the structure of the earth’s crust.

2. Check and evaluate the ability to compare cards and explain the identified patterns.

3. Using a tectonic map, determine the patterns of distribution of igneous and sedimentary minerals.

4. Explain the identified patterns.

Work sequence

1. After comparing the physical and tectonic maps of the atlas, determine which tectonic structures the indicated landforms correspond to. Draw a conclusion about the dependence of relief on the structure of the earth's crust. Explain the identified pattern.

2. Present the results of your work in the form of a table.

1. Using the map of the atlas “Tectonics and Mineral Resources”, determine what minerals the territory of our country is rich in.

2. How are the types of igneous and metamorphic deposits indicated on the map? Sedimentary?

3. Which of them are found on platforms? What minerals (igneous or sedimentary) are confined to the sedimentary cover? What are the protrusions of the crystalline foundation of ancient platforms onto the surface (shields and massifs)?

4. What types of deposits (igneous or sedimentary) are confined to folded areas?

5. Present the results of the analysis in the form of a table and draw a conclusion about the established relationship.

Practical work No. 3

Subject:“Explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the earth’s crust using the example of individual territories.”

Goals of work: establish the relationship between the location of large landforms and the structure of the earth’s crust; test and evaluate the ability to compare maps and explain identified patterns; Using a tectonic map, determine the patterns of distribution of igneous and sedimentary minerals; explain the identified patterns.

Work progress

1. After comparing the physical and tectonic maps of the atlas, determine which tectonic structures the indicated landforms correspond to. Draw a conclusion about the dependence of relief on the structure of the earth's crust. Explain the identified pattern.

2. Present the results of your work in the form of a table.

3. Using the map of the atlas “Tectonics and Mineral Resources,” determine what minerals the territory of our country is rich in.

4. How are the types of igneous and metamorphic deposits indicated on the map? Sedimentary?

5. Which of them are found on the platforms? What minerals (igneous or sedimentary) are confined to the sedimentary cover? What are the protrusions of the crystalline foundation of ancient platforms onto the surface (shields and massifs)?

6. What types of deposits (igneous or sedimentary) are confined to folded areas?

7. Present the results of the analysis in the form of a table and draw a conclusion about the established relationship.

Practical work No. 4

Subject:“Determination from maps of patterns of distribution of solar radiation, radiation balance. Identification of features of the distribution of average temperatures in January and July, annual precipitation throughout the country.”

Goals of work: determine patterns of distribution of total radiation, explain the identified patterns; study the distribution of temperatures and precipitation throughout the territory of our country, learn to explain the reasons for such distribution; learn to work with various climate maps, draw generalizations and conclusions based on their analysis.

Work progress

Look at Figure 31 on page 59 in your textbook. How are the total solar radiation values ​​shown on the map? In what units is it measured?

Determine the total radiation for points located at different latitudes. Present the results of your work in the form of a table.

Conclude what pattern is visible in the distribution of total radiation. Explain your results.

Look at Figure 35 on page 64 of the textbook. How is the distribution of January temperatures across the territory of our country shown? How are the January isotherms in the European and Asian parts of Russia? Where are the areas with the highest temperatures in January? The lowest? Where is the pole of cold in our country?

Conclude which of the main climate-forming factors has the most significant impact on the distribution of January temperatures. Write a brief summary in your notebook.

Look at Figure 36 on page 65 in your textbook. How is the distribution of air temperatures in July shown? Determine which areas of the country have the lowest July temperatures and which have the highest. What are they equal to?

Conclude which of the main climate-forming factors has the most significant impact on the distribution of July temperatures. Write a brief summary in your notebook.

Look at Figure 37 on page 66 of the textbook. How is the amount of precipitation shown? Where does the most rainfall occur? Where is the least?

Conclude which climate-forming factors have the most significant impact on the distribution of precipitation throughout the country. Write a brief summary in your notebook.

Today I will compose comparative characteristics the main geoparameters of the largest Russian plains - West Siberian and Russian, and will also try to identify the patterns of the location of their relief forms and the occurrence of minerals from the structures of the crust of our planet.

Relief, geological structure and minerals of the Russian Plain

The Russian Plain stretches in the northeastern region of Eastern Europe, from the coasts of the Caspian and Azov to the cold northern seas of the Barents and White. Its territory is outlined:

• from the west by the Vistula River;
• from the northwest by the Scandinavian ridge;
• from the southeast and southwest, respectively, by the Caucasus and the European mountains.

The plain is located on the plate of the same name of the Precambrian era (age more than 540 million years), the average, maximum and minimum heights are 170, 470 and -28 meters, respectively (the last indicator is the Caspian coast).

Almost all forms of relief are of tectonic origin. In the direction from north to south, a sharp alternation of large hills gives way to prevailing lowlands. Vast wetlands are rich in peat, and vast deposits of coal have been found in the mountains. The soil is very fertile.

Due to its length, the Russian Plain is susceptible to hurricanes and droughts, especially in the southern part (every third year there is abnormally low humidity).

West Siberian Plain, its geology and minerals

This plain is located in Asia, in its northern part; its territory is outlined:

• Kazakh small hills in the south;
• the coast of the Kara Sea in the north;
• Mountain Shoria and Altai in the southeast.

The plain is located on the folded West Siberian plate, formed in the Paleozoic era, that is, immediately after the Precambrian. The origin is also tectonic. The average height is about 150 meters, in the south and west - up to 250-300.

Since the West Siberian Plain has mostly lowland terrain, it is natural that gas, oil and peat deposits will form here (about 50% of Russia’s reserves).

Hurricanes are also common here, especially in coastal areas.