Gorky M. Main dates of life and work

Maxim Gorky (real name - Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov). Born on March 16 (28), 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod - died on June 18, 1936 in Gorki, Moscow Region. Russian writer, prose writer, playwright. One of the most significant and famous Russian writers and thinkers in the world.

Since 1918, he has been nominated 5 times for Nobel Prize according to literature. On turn of the 19th century and XX centuries, he became famous as the author of works with a revolutionary tendency, personally close to the Social Democrats and in opposition to the tsarist regime.

Initially, Gorky was skeptical about October Revolution. However, after several years cultural work in Soviet Russia (in Petrograd he headed the publishing house “World Literature”, interceded with the Bolsheviks for those arrested) and life abroad in the 1920s (Berlin, Marienbad, Sorrento), returned to the USSR, where recent years got life official recognition as founder socialist realism.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, he was one of the ideologists of god-building; in 1909, he helped participants in this movement maintain a factional school on the island of Capri for workers, which he called “the literary center of god-building.”

Mother - Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina (1842-1879) - from a bourgeois family; Having become a widow at an early age, she remarried and died of consumption. Gorky’s grandfather Savvaty Peshkov rose to the rank of officer, but was demoted and exiled to Siberia “for cruel treatment of lower ranks,” after which he enrolled as a bourgeois. His son Maxim ran away from his father five times and at the age of 17 he left home forever. Orphaned early, Alexey spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather Kashirin. From the age of 11 he was forced to go “into the people”: he worked as a “boy” in a store, as a buffet cook on a steamship, as a baker, studied in an icon-painting workshop, etc.

In January 1889, at a personal request (a complaint in verse), he was transferred to the Borisoglebsk station, then as a weighmaster to the Krutaya station.

In the spring of 1891 he set out to wander and soon reached the Caucasus.

1895 - “Chelkash”, “Old Woman Izergil”.

From October 1897 to mid-January 1898, he lived in the village of Kamenka (now the city of Kuvshinovo, Tver Region) in the apartment of his friend Nikolai Zakharovich Vasiliev, who worked at the Kamensk paper factory and led an illegal workers' Marxist circle. Subsequently, the life impressions of this period served the writer as material for the novel “The Life of Klim Samgin.” 1898 - The publishing house of Dorovatsky and A.P. Charushnikov published the first volume of Gorky's works. In those years, the circulation of the young author's first book rarely exceeded 1000 copies. A. I. Bogdanovich advised to release the first two volumes of M. Gorky’s “Essays and Stories”, 1200 copies each. Publishers “took a chance” and released more. The first volume of the 1st edition of “Essays and Stories” was published in a circulation of 3,000 copies.

1899 - novel “Foma Gordeev”, prose poem “Song of the Falcon”.

1900-1901 - the novel “Three”, personal acquaintance with,.

1900-1913 - participates in the work of the publishing house "Knowledge".

March 1901 - “Song of the Petrel” was created by M. Gorky in Nizhny Novgorod. Participation in Marxist workers' circles in Nizhny Novgorod, Sormovo, St. Petersburg; wrote a proclamation calling for the fight against autocracy. Arrested and expelled from Nizhny Novgorod.

In 1901, M. Gorky turned to drama. Creates the plays “The Bourgeois” (1901), “At the Lower Depths” (1902). In 1902, he became the godfather and adoptive father of the Jew Zinovy Sverdlov, who took the surname Peshkov and converted to Orthodoxy. This was necessary in order for Zinovy to receive the right to live in Moscow.

February 21 - election of M. Gorky to honorary academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature.

1904-1905 - writes the plays “Summer Residents”, “Children of the Sun”, “Barbarians”. Meets Lenin. For the revolutionary proclamation and in connection with the execution on January 9, he was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Famous artists Gerhart Hauptmann, Auguste Rodin, Thomas Hardy, George Meredith, Italian writers Grazia Deledda, Mario Rapisardi, Edmondo de Amicis, composer Giacomo Puccini, philosopher Benedetto Croce and other representatives of the creative and scientific world from Germany, France, spoke in defense of Gorky. England. Student demonstrations took place in Rome. Under public pressure, he was released on bail on February 14, 1905. Participant in the revolution of 1905-1907. In November 1905 he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.

1906, February - Gorky and his actual wife, actress Maria Andreeva, travel through Europe to America, where they stayed until the fall. Abroad, the writer creates satirical pamphlets about the “bourgeois” culture of France and the USA (“My Interviews”, “In America”). Returning to Russia in the fall, he writes the play “Enemies” and creates the novel “Mother”. At the end of 1906, due to tuberculosis, he settled in Italy on the island of Capri, where he lived with Andreeva for 7 years (from 1906 to 1913). Checked into the prestigious Quisisana Hotel. From March 1909 to February 1911 he lived at the Villa Spinola (now Bering), stayed at the villas (they have commemorative plaques about his stay) Blesius (from 1906 to 1909) and Serfina (now Pierina) ). On Capri, Gorky wrote “Confession” (1908), where his philosophical differences with Lenin and rapprochement with the god-builders Lunacharsky and Bogdanov were clearly outlined.

1907 - delegate with the right of advisory vote to the V Congress of the RSDLP.

1908 - play “The Last”, story “The Life of an Useless Person”.

1909 - the stories “The Town of Okurov”, “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin”.

1913 - Gorky edits the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda, the art department of the Bolshevik magazine Prosveshchenie, and publishes the first collection of proletarian writers. Writes "Tales of Italy".

At the end of December 1913, after the announcement of a general amnesty on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the Romanovs, Gorky returned to Russia and settled in St. Petersburg.

1914 - founded the journal “Letopis” and the publishing house “Parus”.

1912-1916 - M. Gorky creates a series of stories and essays that made up the collection “Across Rus'”, autobiographical stories “Childhood”, “In People”. In 1916, the Parus publishing house published the autobiographical story “In People” and a series of essays “Across Rus'.” The last part of the trilogy, “My Universities,” was written in 1923.

1917-1919 - M. Gorky does a lot of social and political work, criticizes the methods of the Bolsheviks, condemns their attitude towards the old intelligentsia, saves a number of its representatives from Bolshevik repression and famine.

1921 - M. Gorky’s departure abroad. The official reason for his departure was the resumption of his illness and the need, at Lenin’s insistence, for treatment abroad. According to another version, Gorky was forced to leave due to worsening ideological differences with the established government. In 1921-1923 lived in Helsingfors (Helsinki), Berlin, Prague.

1925 - novel “The Artamonov Case”.

1928 - at the invitation of the Soviet government and personally comes to the USSR for the first time and makes a 5-week trip around the country: Kursk, Kharkov, Crimea, Rostov-on-Don, Nizhny Novgorod, during which Gorky is shown the achievements of the USSR, which are reflected in the series of essays “Across the Soviet Union.” But he doesn’t stay in the USSR, he goes back to Italy.

1929 - comes to the USSR for the second time and on June 20-23 visits the Solovetsky special purpose camp and writes a laudatory review of its regime. On October 12, 1929, Gorky left for Italy.

1932, March - two central Soviet newspapers “Pravda” and “Izvestia” simultaneously published an article-pamphlet by Gorky under the title that became catchphrase- “Who are you with, masters of culture?”

1932, October - Gorky finally returns to Soviet Union. The government provided him with the former mansion of Ryabushinsky on Spiridonovka, dachas in Gorki and Teselli (Crimea). Here he receives Stalin’s order - to prepare the ground for the 1st Congress Soviet writers, and to do this, carry out preparatory work among them. Gorky created many newspapers and magazines: the book series “History of factories and factories”, “History civil war", "Poet's Library", "The History of a Young Man of the 19th Century", the magazine "Literary Studies", he writes the plays "Yegor Bulychev and others" (1932), "Dostigaev and others" (1933).

1934 - Gorky holds the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, giving the main report at it.

1934 - co-editor of the book “Stalin Canal”.

In 1925-1936 he wrote the novel “The Life of Klim Samgin”, which remained unfinished.

On May 11, 1934, Gorky’s son, Maxim Peshkov, unexpectedly dies. M. Gorky died on June 18, 1936 in Gorki, having outlived his son by a little more than two years. After his death, he was cremated and his ashes were placed in an urn in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow. Before cremation, M. Gorky's brain was removed and taken to the Moscow Brain Institute for further study.

The circumstances of the death of Maxim Gorky and his son are considered “suspicious” by many; there were rumors of poisoning, which, however, were not confirmed.

On May 27, 1936, after visiting his son’s grave, Gorky caught a cold in the cold windy weather and fell ill. He was ill for three weeks and died on June 18. At the funeral, among others, Stalin carried Gorky’s coffin. It is interesting that among other accusations against Genrikh Yagoda at the Third Moscow Trial in 1938 there was an accusation of poisoning Gorky’s son. According to Yagoda's interrogations, Maxim Gorky was killed by order, and the murder of Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, was his personal initiative. Some publications blame Stalin for Gorky's death. An important precedent for the medical side of the accusations in the “Doctors' Case” was the Third Moscow Trial (1938), where among the defendants were three doctors (Kazakov, Levin and Pletnev), accused of the murders of Gorky and others.

Personal life of Maxim Gorky:

Wife 1896-1903 - Ekaterina Pavlovna Peshkova (nee Volzhina) (1876-1965). The divorce was not formalized.

Son - Maxim Alekseevich Peshkov (1897-1934), his wife Vvedenskaya, Nadezhda Alekseevna (“Timosha”).

Granddaughter - Peshkova, Marfa Maksimovna, her husband Beria, Sergo Lavrentievich.

Great-granddaughters - Nina and Nadezhda.

Great-grandson - Sergei (they bore the surname “Peshkov” because of the fate of Beria).

Granddaughter - Peshkova, Daria Maksimovna, her husband Grave, Alexander Konstantinovich.

Great-grandson - Maxim.

Great-granddaughter - Ekaterina (bears the surname Peshkov).

Great-great-grandson - Alexey Peshkov, son of Catherine.

Daughter - Ekaterina Alekseevna Peshkova (1898-1903).

Adopted and godson - Peshkov, Zinovy Alekseevich, brother of Yakov Sverdlov, Gorky's godson, who took his last name, and de facto adopted son, his wife Lydia Burago.

Actual wife in 1903-1919. - Maria Fedorovna Andreeva (1868-1953) - actress, revolutionary, Soviet statesman and party leader.

Adopted daughter - Ekaterina Andreevna Zhelyabuzhskaya (father - actual state councilor Zhelyabuzhsky, Andrei Alekseevich).

Adopted son - Zhelyabuzhsky, Yuri Andreevich (father - actual state councilor Zhelyabuzhsky, Andrey Alekseevich).

Cohabitant in 1920-1933 - Budberg, Maria Ignatievna (1892-1974) - baroness, adventurer.

Novels by Maxim Gorky:

1899 - “Foma Gordeev”
1900-1901 - “Three”
1906 - “Mother” (second edition - 1907)
1925 - “The Artamonov Case”
1925-1936 - “The Life of Klim Samgin.”

Stories by Maxim Gorky:

1894 - “Poor Pavel”
1900 - “Man. Essays" (remained unfinished; the third chapter was not published during the author’s lifetime)
1908 - “The Life of an Useless Man.”
1908 - “Confession”
1909 - “Summer”
1909 - “The Town of Okurov”, “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin”.
1913-1914 - “Childhood”
1915-1916 - “In People”
1923 - “My Universities”
1929 - “At the End of the Earth.”

Stories and essays by Maxim Gorky:

1892 - “The Girl and Death” (fairy tale poem, published in July 1917 in the newspaper “ New life»)
1892 - “Makar Chudra”
1892 - “Emelyan Pilyai”
1892 - “Grandfather Arkhip and Lyonka”
1895 - “Chelkash”, “Old Woman Izergil”, “Song of the Falcon” (prose poem)
1897 - " Former people", "The Orlov Spouses", "Malva", "Konovalov".
1898 - “Essays and Stories” (collection)
1899 - “Twenty-six and one”
1901 - “Song of the Petrel” (prose poem)
1903 - “Man” (prose poem)
1906 - “Comrade!”, “Sage”
1908 - “Soldiers”
1911 - “Tales of Italy”
1912-1917 - “Across Rus'” (cycle of stories)
1924 - “Stories of 1922-1924”
1924 - “Notes from a Diary” (series of stories)
1929 - “Solovki” (essay).

Plays by Maxim Gorky:

1901 - “The Bourgeois”
1902 - “At the Bottom”
1904 - “Summer Residents”
1905 - “Children of the Sun”
1905 - “Barbarians”
1906 - “Enemies”
1908 - “The Last”
1910 - "Jackass"
1910 - “Children” (“Meeting”)
1910 - “Vassa Zheleznova” (2nd edition - 1933; 3rd edition - 1935)
1913 - “Zykovs”
1913 - “False Coin”
1915 - “The Old Man” (staged on January 1, 1919 on the stage of the State Academic Maly Theater; published 1921 in Berlin).
1930-1931 - “Somov and others”
1931 - “Egor Bulychov and others”
1932 - “Dostigaev and others.”

Journalism of Maxim Gorky:

1906 - “My Interviews”, “In America” (pamphlets)
1917-1918 - a series of articles “Untimely Thoughts” in the newspaper “New Life” (published in a separate publication in 1918).
1922 - “On the Russian peasantry.”

Real name and surname - Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov.

Russian writer, publicist, public figure. Maxim Gorky was born March 16 (28), 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod in a bourgeois family. He lost his parents early and was raised in his grandfather’s family. He graduated from two classes of a suburban primary school in Kunavin (now Kanavino), a suburb of Nizhny Novgorod, but was unable to continue his education due to poverty (his grandfather’s dyeing establishment went bankrupt). M. Gorky was forced to work from the age of ten. Possessing a unique memory, Gorky spent his whole life intensely engaged in self-education. In 1884 went to Kazan, where he participated in the work of underground populist circles; connection with the revolutionary movement largely determined his life and creative aspirations. In 1888-1889 and 1891-1892. wandered around the south of Russia; impressions from these “walks around Rus'” subsequently became the most important source of plots and images for his work (primarily his early work).

The first publication was the story “Makar Chudra”, published in the Tiflis newspaper “Caucasus” September 12, 1892. In 1893-1896. Gorky actively collaborated with Volga newspapers, where he published many feuilletons and stories. The name of Gorky gained all-Russian and all-European fame soon after the release of his first collection “Essays and Stories” (vol. 1-2, 1898 ), in which the sharpness and brightness in conveying the realities of life was combined with neo-romantic pathos, with a passionate call for the transformation of man and the world (“Old Woman Izergil”, “Konovalov”, “Chelkash”, “Malva”, “On Rafts”, “Song of Sokol”, etc.). The symbol of the growing revolutionary movement in Russia became the “Song of the Petrel” ( 1901 ).

With the beginning of Gorky's work in 1900 His long-term literary and organizational activity began at the Znanie publishing house. He expanded the publishing program, organized since 1904 the release of the famous collections “Knowledge” rallied around the publishing house the largest writers close to the realistic direction (I. Bunin, L. Andreev, A. Kuprin, etc.), and actually led this direction in its opposition to modernism.

At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. M. Gorky’s first novels “Foma Gordeev” were published (1899) and "Three" ( 1900) . In 1902 His first plays were staged at the Moscow Art Theater - “Philistines” and “At the Lower Depths”. Together with the plays "Summer Residents" ( 1904 ), "Children of the Sun" ( 1905 ), "Barbarians" ( 1906 ) they defined a unique Gorky type of Russian realistic theater of the early 20th century, based on acute social conflict and clearly expressed ideological character. The play “At the Lower Depths” is still preserved in the repertoire of many theaters around the world.

Involved in active political activity at the beginning of the first Russian revolution, Gorky was forced in January 1906 emigrate (returned at the end of 1913). The peak of the writer’s conscious political engagement (social-democratic overtones) occurred in 1906-1907 years when the plays “Enemies” were published ( 1906 ), novel "Mother" ( 1906-1907 ), journalistic collections “My Interviews” and “In America” (both 1906 ).

A new turn in Gorky’s worldview and stylistic manner was revealed in the stories “The Town of Okurov” ( 1909-1910 ) and “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin” ( 1910-1911 ), as well as in autobiographical prose 1910s.: stories “Master” ( 1913 ), "Childhood" ( 1913-1914 ), "In People" ( 1916 ), collection of stories “Across Rus'” ( 1912-1917 ) etc.: Gorky addressed the problem of Russian national character. The same trends were reflected in the so-called. second dramaturgical cycle: plays “Eccentrics” ( 1910 ), “Vassa Zheleznova” (1st ed. – 1910 ), "Old Man" (created in 1915, published in 1918 ), etc.

During the period of revolutions 1917 Gorky sought to fight the anti-humanistic and anti-cultural tyranny that the Bolsheviks relied on (a series of articles “Untimely Thoughts” in the newspaper “New Life”). After October 1917 on the one hand, he became involved in the cultural and social work of new institutions, and on the other hand, he criticized the Bolshevik terror and tried to save representatives of the creative intelligentsia from arrests and executions (in some cases, successfully). Increasing disagreements with the policies of V. Lenin led Gorky to October 1921 to emigration (formally it was presented as going abroad for treatment), which actually (with interruptions) continued before 1933.

First half of the 1920s marked by Gorky's search for new principles of artistic worldview. The book “Notes from a Diary” was written in an experimental memoir-fragmentary form. Memories" ( 1924 ), at the center of which is the theme of the Russian national character and its contradictory complexity. Collection "Stories of 1922-1924" ( 1925 ) marked by an interest in secrets human soul, a psychologically complicated type of hero, gravitating towards conventionally fantastic visionary perspectives that were unusual for the former Gorky. In the 1920s Gorky’s work began on broad artistic canvases highlighting Russia’s recent past: “My Universities” ( 1923 ), novel “The Artamonov Case” ( 1925 ), epic novel “The Life of Klim Samgin” (parts 1-3, 1927-1931 ; unfinished 4 hours, 1937 ). Later, this panorama was supplemented by a cycle of plays: “Yegor Bulychov and others” ( 1932 ), "Dostigaev and others" ( 1933 ), “Vassa Zheleznova” (2nd edition, 1936 ).

Finally returning to the USSR in May 1933, Gorky took an active part in cultural construction, led the preparations for the 1st All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, and participated in the creation of a number of institutes, publishing houses and magazines. His speeches and organizational efforts played a significant role in establishing the aesthetics of socialist realism. Journalism of these years characterizes Gorky as one of the ideologists of the Soviet system, indirectly and directly advocating the Stalinist regime. At the same time, he repeatedly appealed to Stalin with petitions on behalf of repressed figures of science, literature and art.

The pinnacle of M. Gorky’s creativity includes a series of memoir portraits of his contemporaries (L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov, L.N. Andreev, etc.), created by him in different times.

June 18, 1936 Maxim Gorky died in Moscow and was buried on Red Square (the urn with his ashes was buried in the Kremlin wall).

Alexey Peshkov, better known under the pseudonym Maxim Gorky, is one of the most influential and famous writers USSR.

Childhood and adolescence

Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov was born on March 16, 1868 in. His father's name was Maxim Peshkov. He worked as a simple carpenter, and later was the head of a shipping company.

Maxim Gorky

The writer’s mother, Varvara Vasilievna, died quite early from consumption. In this regard, his grandmother, Akulina Ivanovna, took over the upbringing of little Alyosha.

Alexey Peshkov's life was not easy, so at the age of 11 he had to go to work. He was a messenger in a grocery store, then a bartender on a ship, and then an assistant to a baker and icon painter.

In such works of Gorky as “Childhood”, “My Universities” and “In People”, one can find quite a lot of details of his biography.

From childhood, Maxim Gorky was drawn to knowledge and dreamed of getting a good education.

However, attempts to enter Kazan University were unsuccessful.

Soon, due to the fact that Gorky was in a Marxist circle, he was arrested, but then he was released.

In October 1888, Alexey Maksimovich began working as a watchman on the railway. When the future writer turns 23, he decides to give up everything and go on a journey around.

He managed to walk all the way to the Caucasus. During his travels, Gorky received a lot of impressions, which in the future will be reflected in his biography in general, and his work in particular.

Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov

The real name of Maxim Gorky is Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov. The pseudonym “Maxim Gorky,” by which most readers know him, first appeared on September 12, 1892 in the Tiflis newspaper “Caucasus” in the caption to the story “Makar Chudra.”

An interesting fact is that Gorky had another pseudonym with which he sometimes signed his works: Yehudiel Chlamida.

Special features of Maxim Gorky

Abroad

Having gained a certain fame, Gorky travels to America, and after that to Italy. His moves have nothing to do with politics, but are dictated solely by family circumstances.

To be fair, it must be said that Gorky’s entire biography is permeated with constant trips abroad.

Only towards the end of his life did he stop traveling constantly.

While traveling, Gorky actively wrote books of a revolutionary nature. In 1913, he returned to the Russian Empire and settled in St. Petersburg, working in various publishing houses.

It is interesting that although the writer himself had Marxist views, he was quite skeptical about the Great October Revolution.

After the end of the civil war, Peshkov again went abroad due to disagreements with new government. Only in 1932 did he finally and irrevocably return to his homeland.

Creation

In 1892, Maxim Gorky published his famous story “Makar Chudra”. However, his two-volume collection “Essays and Stories” brought him real fame.

It is curious that the circulation of his works was three times higher than the circulation of other writers. From his pen, one after another, the stories “Old Woman Izergil”, “Twenty-Six and One”, “Former People”, as well as the poems “Song of the Petrel” and “Song of the Falcon” came out.

In addition to serious stories, Maxim Gorky also wrote works for children. He owns many fairy tales. The most famous among them are “Samovar”, “Tales of Italy”, “Sparrow” and many others.

Gorky and Tolstoy, 1900

As a result, Maria lived with him for 16 years, although their marriage was not officially registered. The busy schedule of the sought-after actress forced Gorky to travel to Italy and the United States of America several times.

It is interesting that before meeting Gorky, Andreeva already had children: a son and a daughter. As a rule, the writer was involved in their upbringing.

Immediately after the revolution, Maria Andreeva became seriously interested in party activities. Because of this, she practically stopped paying attention to her husband and children.

As a result, in 1919, relations between them suffered a crushing fiasco.

Gorky openly told Andreeva that he was leaving for his secretary, Maria Budberg, with whom he would live for 13 years, and also in a “civil marriage.”

The writer’s acquaintances and relatives were aware that this secretary had stormy affairs on the side. In principle, this is understandable, because she was 24 years younger than her husband.

So, one of her lovers was the famous English writer– . After Gorky's death, Andreeva immediately moved in with Wells.

There is an opinion that Maria Budberg, who had a reputation as an adventurer and collaborated with the NKVD, could well have been a double agent (like), working for both Soviet and British intelligence.

Death of Gorky

The last years of his life, Maxim Gorky worked in a variety of publishing houses. Everyone considered it an honor to publish such a famous and popular writer, whose authority was indisputable.

In 1934, Gorky held the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, and gave the main report at it. His biography and literary activity are considered the standard for young talents.

In the same year, Gorky acted as co-editor of the book “The White Sea-Baltic Canal named after Stalin.” This work (see) was described as “the first book in Russian literature glorifying slave labor.”

When Gorky’s beloved son unexpectedly died, the writer’s health took a sharp turn. During his next visit to the grave of the deceased, he caught a serious cold.

For 3 weeks he was tormented by a fever, due to which he died on June 18, 1936. It was decided to cremate the body of the great proletarian writer and place the ashes in the Kremlin wall on. An interesting fact is that before cremation, Gorky’s brain was removed for scientific research.

The mystery of death

In more later years Increasingly, the question began to be raised that Gorky was deliberately poisoned. Among the suspects was People's Commissar Genrikh Yagoda, who was in love and had a relationship with Gorky's wife.

They were also suspected. During the period of repression and the sensational “Doctors' Case,” three doctors were accused of Gorky’s death.

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Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

Maxim Gorky is the literary pseudonym of Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov; the incorrect use of the writer’s real name in combination with the pseudonym - Alexey Maksimovich Gorky, (March 16 (28), 1868, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire- June 18, 1936, Gorki, Moscow region, USSR) - Russian writer, prose writer, playwright. One of the most significant and famous Russian writers and thinkers in the world. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, he became famous as the author of works with a revolutionary tendency, personally close to the Social Democrats and in opposition to the tsarist regime.

Initially, Gorky was skeptical about the October Revolution. However, after several years of cultural work in Soviet Russia (in Petrograd he headed the publishing house “World Literature”, interceded with the Bolsheviks for those arrested) and life abroad in the 1920s (Berlin, Marienbad, Sorrento), he returned to the USSR, where in recent years life received official recognition as the founder of socialist realism.

Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov was born in Nizhny Novgorod, in the family of a carpenter (according to another version, the manager of the Astrakhan office of the shipping company I.S. Kolchin) - Maxim Savvatyevich Peshkov (1840-1871), who was the son of a soldier demoted from the officers. M. S. Peshkov worked as a manager of a shipping office in the last years of his life, but died of cholera. Mother - Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina (1842-1879) - from a bourgeois family; Having become a widow at an early age, she remarried and died of consumption. Gorky’s grandfather Savvaty Peshkov rose to the rank of officer, but was demoted and exiled to Siberia “for cruel treatment of lower ranks,” after which he enrolled as a bourgeois. His son Maxim ran away from his father five times and at the age of 17 he left home forever. Orphaned early, Gorky spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather Kashirin. From the age of 11 he was forced to go “into the people”: he worked as a “boy” in a store, as a buffet cook on a steamship, as a baker, studied in an icon-painting workshop, etc.

In 1884 he tried to enter Kazan University. I became acquainted with Marxist literature and propaganda work.
In 1888, he was arrested for connections with N. E. Fedoseev’s circle. He was under constant police surveillance. In October 1888, he became a watchman at the Dobrinka station of the Gryaze-Tsaritsyn Railway. Impressions from his stay in Dobrinka will serve as the basis for the autobiographical story “Watchman” and the story “Boredom for the Sake.”
In January 1889, at a personal request (a complaint in verse), he was transferred to the Borisoglebsk station, then as a weighmaster to the Krutaya station.
In the spring of 1891 he set out to wander and soon reached the Caucasus.

Literary and social activities

In 1892 he first appeared in print with the story “Makar Chudra”. Returning to Nizhny Novgorod, he publishes reviews and feuilletons in Volzhsky Vestnik, Samara Gazeta, Nizhny Novgorod Listok, etc.
1895 - “Chelkash”, “Old Woman Izergil”.
1896 - Gorky writes a response to the first cinematic session in Nizhny Novgorod:

And suddenly something clicks, everything disappears, and a railway train appears on the screen. He rushes like an arrow straight towards you - watch out! It seems that he is about to rush into the darkness in which you are sitting, and turn you into a torn bag of skin, full of crumpled meat and crushed bones, and destroy, turn into rubble and dust this hall and this building where there is so much wine , women, music and vice.

1897 - “Former People”, “The Orlov Spouses”, “Malva”, “Konovalov”.
From October 1897 to mid-January 1898, he lived in the village of Kamenka (now the city of Kuvshinovo, Tver Region) in the apartment of his friend Nikolai Zakharovich Vasiliev, who worked at the Kamensk paper factory and led an illegal workers' Marxist circle. Subsequently, the life impressions of this period served the writer as material for the novel “The Life of Klim Samgin.”
1898 - The publishing house of Dorovatsky and A.P. Charushnikov published the first volume of Gorky's works. In those years, the circulation of the young author's first book rarely exceeded 1000 copies. A. I. Bogdanovich advised to release the first two volumes of M. Gorky’s “Essays and Stories”, 1200 copies each. Publishers “took a chance” and released more. The first volume of the 1st edition of “Essays and Stories” was published in a circulation of 3,000 copies.
1899 - novel “Foma Gordeev”, prose poem “Song of the Falcon”.
1900-1901 - the novel “Three”, personal acquaintance with Chekhov, Tolstoy.

1900-1913 - participates in the work of the publishing house "Knowledge".
March 1901 - “Song of the Petrel” was created by M. Gorky in Nizhny Novgorod. Participation in Marxist workers' circles in Nizhny Novgorod, Sormovo, St. Petersburg; wrote a proclamation calling for the fight against autocracy. Arrested and expelled from Nizhny Novgorod.

In 1902, Gorky was elected an honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences... But before Gorky could exercise his new rights, his election was annulled by the government, since the newly elected academician was “under police surveillance.” In this regard, Chekhov and Korolenko refused membership in the Academy

1904-1905 - writes the plays “Summer Residents”, “Children of the Sun”, “Barbarians”. Meets Lenin. For the revolutionary proclamation and in connection with the execution on January 9, he was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Famous artists G. Hauptmann, A. France, O. Rodin, T. Hardy, J. Meredith, Italian writers G. Deledda, M. Rapisardi, E. de Amicis, composer G. Puccini, philosopher B. spoke in defense of Gorky. Croce and other representatives of the creative and scientific world from Germany, France, England. Student demonstrations took place in Rome. Under public pressure, he was released on bail on February 14, 1905. Participant in the revolution of 1905-1907. In November 1905 he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.

1906, February - Gorky and Maria Andreeva travel through Europe to America. Abroad, the writer creates satirical pamphlets about the “bourgeois” culture of France and the USA (“My Interviews”, “In America”). He writes the play “Enemies” and creates the novel “Mother”. Due to tuberculosis, he settled in Italy on the island of Capri, where he lived for 7 years (from 1906 to 1913). Checked into the prestigious Quisisana Hotel. From March 1909 to February 1911 he lived at the Villa Spinola (now Bering), stayed at the villas (they have commemorative plaques about his stay) Blesius (from 1906 to 1909) and Serfina (now Pierina) ). On Capri, Gorky wrote “Confession” (1908), where his philosophical differences with Lenin and rapprochement with the god-builders Lunacharsky and Bogdanov were clearly outlined.

1907 - delegate with the right of advisory vote to the V Congress of the RSDLP.
1908 - play “The Last”, story “The Life of an Useless Person”.
1909 - the stories “The Town of Okurov”, “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin”.
1913 - Gorky edits the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda, the art department of the Bolshevik magazine Prosveshchenie, and publishes the first collection of proletarian writers. Writes "Tales of Italy".
At the end of December 1913, after the announcement of a general amnesty on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the Romanovs, Gorky returned to Russia and settled in St. Petersburg.

1914 - founded the journal “Letopis” and the publishing house “Parus”.
1912-1916 - M. Gorky creates a series of stories and essays that made up the collection “Across Rus'”, autobiographical stories “Childhood”, “In People”. In 1916, the Parus publishing house published the autobiographical story “In People” and a series of essays “Across Rus'.” The last part of the trilogy, “My Universities,” was written in 1923.
1917-1919 - M. Gorky does a lot of social and political work, criticizes the methods of the Bolsheviks, condemns their attitude towards the old intelligentsia, saves a number of its representatives from Bolshevik repression and famine.

Emigration

1928 - at the invitation of the Soviet government and Stalin personally, he tours the country, during which Gorky is shown the achievements of the USSR, which are reflected in the series of essays “Around the Soviet Union.”
1929 - Gorky visits the Solovetsky special purpose camp and writes a laudatory review of its regime. A fragment of A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s work “The Gulag Archipelago” is dedicated to this fact.

Return to the USSR

(From November 1935 to June 1936)

1932 - Gorky returns to the Soviet Union. The government provided him with the former mansion of Ryabushinsky on Spiridonovka, dachas in Gorki and Teselli (Crimea). Here he receives Stalin’s order - to prepare the ground for the 1st Congress of Soviet Writers, and for this to carry out preparatory work among them.
Gorky created many newspapers and magazines: the book series “History of Factories”, “History of the Civil War”, “The Poet’s Library”, “The History of a Young Man of the 19th Century”, the magazine “Literary Studies”, he writes plays “Yegor Bulychev and others” (1932), “Dostigaev and others” (1933).

1934 - Gorky holds the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, giving the main report at it.
1934 - co-editor of the book “Stalin Canal”.
In 1925-1936 he wrote the novel “The Life of Klim Samgin”, which remained unfinished.
On May 11, 1934, Gorky’s son, Maxim Peshkov, unexpectedly dies. M. Gorky died on June 18, 1936 in Gorki, having outlived his son by a little more than two years.
After his death, he was cremated and his ashes were placed in an urn in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow.

The circumstances of the death of Maxim Gorky and his son are considered “suspicious” by many; there were rumors of poisoning, which, however, were not confirmed. At the funeral, among others, Molotov and Stalin carried Gorky’s coffin. It is interesting that among other accusations against Genrikh Yagoda at the Third Moscow Trial in 1938 was the accusation of poisoning Gorky’s son. According to Yagoda's interrogations, Maxim Gorky was killed on Trotsky's orders, and the murder of Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, was his personal initiative. Some publications blame Stalin for Gorky's death. An important precedent for the medical side of the accusations in the “Doctors' Case” was the Third Moscow Trial (1938), where among the defendants were three doctors (Kazakov, Levin and Pletnev), accused of the murders of Gorky and others.

The mysterious death of Maxim Gorky

“Here medicine is innocent...” This is exactly what doctors Levin and Pletnev initially said, who treated the writer in the last months of his life and were later brought in as defendants in the trial of the “right-wing Trotskyist bloc.” Soon, however, they “admitted” deliberately incorrect treatment...
and even “showed” that their accomplices were nurses, who gave the patient up to 40 injections of camphor per day. But as it was in reality, there is no consensus.
Historian L. Fleischlan directly writes: “The fact of Gorky’s murder can be considered immutably established.” V. Khodasevich, on the contrary, believes in the natural cause of the death of the proletarian writer.

On the night when Maxim Gorky was dying, a terrible thunderstorm broke out at the state-owned dacha in Gorki-10.

The autopsy of the body was carried out right here, in the bedroom, on the table. The doctors were in a hurry. “When he died,” recalled Gorky’s secretary Pyotr Kryuchkov, “the doctors’ attitude towards him changed. For them he became just a corpse...

He was treated horribly. The orderly began to change his clothes and turned him from side to side, like a log. The autopsy began... Then they began to wash the insides. They sewed up the cut somehow with simple twine. The brain was put in a bucket..."

Kryuchkov personally carried this bucket, intended for the Brain Institute, into the car.

In Kryuchkov’s memoirs there is a strange entry: “Alexei Maksimovich died on the 8th.”

The writer’s widow Ekaterina Peshkova recalls: “June 8, 6 pm. Alexey Maksimovich’s condition deteriorated so much that the doctors, who had lost hope, warned us that a near end was inevitable... Alexey Maksimovich - in a chair with eyes closed, with his head bowed, leaning on one or the other hand, pressed to his temple and resting his elbow on the arm of the chair.

The pulse was barely noticeable, uneven, breathing became weaker, the face and ears and limbs of the hands turned blue. After a while, when we entered, hiccups began, restless movements of his hands, with which he seemed to be moving something away or taking something off..."

And suddenly the mise-en-scene changes... New faces appear. They waited in the living room. Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov enter the resurrected Gorky with a cheerful gait. They had already been informed that Gorky was dying. They came to say goodbye. Behind the scenes is the head of the NKVD, Genrikh Yagoda. He arrived before Stalin. The leader didn't like it.

“Why is this guy hanging out here? So that he wouldn’t be here.”

Stalin behaves like a master in the house. He scared Genrikh and intimidated Kryuchkov. "Why so many people? Who is responsible for this? Do you know what we can do to you?"

The “owner” has arrived... The leading party is his! All relatives and friends become only corps de ballet.

When Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov entered the bedroom, Gorky came to his senses so much that they started talking about literature. Gorky began to praise women writers, mentioned Karavaeva - and how many of them, how many more will appear, and everyone must be supported... Stalin playfully besieged Gorky: “We’ll talk about the matter when you get better.
If you are planning to get sick, get better soon. Or maybe there’s wine in the house, we’d like to drink a glass to your health.”

They brought wine... Everyone drank... As they left, at the door, Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov waved their hands. When they came out, Gorky allegedly said: “What good guys! How much strength they have...”

But how much can you trust these memories of Peshkova? In 1964, when asked by American journalist Isaac Levin about Gorky’s death, she answered: “Don’t ask me about that! I won’t be able to sleep for three days...”

The second time Stalin and his comrades came to the mortally ill Gorky on June 10 at two in the morning. But why? Gorky was sleeping. No matter how afraid the doctors were, Stalin was not allowed in. Stalin's third visit took place on June 12. Gorky did not sleep. The doctors gave us ten minutes to talk. What were they talking about? About Bolotnikov's peasant uprising... We moved on to the situation of the French peasantry.

It turns out that on June 8, the main concern of the Secretary General and Gorky, who returned from the other world, was writers, and on the 12th, French peasants became the main concern. All this is somehow very strange.

The leader’s visits seemed to magically revive Gorky. It was as if he did not dare to die without Stalin’s permission. This is incredible, but Budberg will say this directly:
“He essentially died on the 8th, and if not for Stalin’s visit, he would hardly have returned to life.”

Stalin was not a member of the Gorky family. This means that the attempted night invasion was out of necessity. And on the 8th, and the 10th, and the 12th, Stalin needed either a frank conversation with Gorky, or a steely confidence that such a frank conversation would not take place with someone else. For example, with Louis Aragon traveling from France. What would Gorky say, what statement could he make?

After Gorky’s death, Kryuchkov was accused of having “killed” Gorky’s son Maxim Peshkov with doctors Levin and Pletnev, on Yagoda’s instructions, using “sabotage methods of treatment.” But why?

If we follow the testimony of other defendants, the political calculations were made by the “customers” - Bukharin, Rykov and Zinoviev. In this way, they allegedly wanted to speed up the death of Gorky himself, carrying out the task of their “leader” Trotsky. Nevertheless, even at this trial there was no talk of the direct murder of Gorky. This version would be too incredible, because the patient was surrounded by 17 (!) doctors.

One of the first to speak about the poisoning of Gorky was the emigrant revolutionary B.I. Nikolaevsky. Allegedly, Gorky was presented with a bonbonniere containing poisoned sweets. But the candy version doesn't stand up to scrutiny.

Gorky did not like sweets, but he loved to treat them to guests, orderlies and, finally, his beloved granddaughters. Thus, it was possible to poison anyone around Gorky with sweets, except himself. Only an idiot could plan such a murder. Neither Stalin nor Yagoda were idiots.

There is no evidence of the murder of Gorky and his son Maxim. Meanwhile, tyrants also have the right to the presumption of innocence. Stalin committed enough crimes to pin one more on him - unproven.

The reality is this: on June 18, 1936, the great Russian writer Maxim Gorky died. His body, contrary to the will to bury him next to his son in the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent, was cremated by order of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, and the urn with the ashes was placed in the Kremlin wall.

Softmixer.com›2011/06/blog-post_18.html

The purpose of this article is to find out the real reason the passing away of the Russian writer ALEXEY MAKSIMOVITCH PESHKOV according to his FULL NAME code.

Watch "Logicology - about the fate of man" in advance.

Let's look at the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale\.

16 22 47 58 73 76 77 89 95 106 124 130 140 153 154 165 183 193 206 221 224 234 258
P E S H K O V A L E K S E Y M A K S I M O V I C H
258 242 236 211 200 185 182 181 169 163 152 134 128 118 105 104 93 75 65 52 37 34 24

1 13 19 30 48 54 64 77 78 89 107 117 130 145 148 158 182 198 204 229 240 255 258
A L E K S E Y M A K S I M O V I C H P E S H K O V
258 257 245 239 228 210 204 194 181 180 169 151 141 128 113 110 100 76 60 54 29 18 3

PESHKOV ALEXEY MAKSIMOVICH = 258.

89 = (pulmonary) HYPOK(sia)
___________________________
180 = (hypo)CSIA PULMONARY

107 = (pulmonary) HYPOXIS(ies)
___________________________
169 = (hypo)SIA PULMONARY

117 = (pulmonary) HYPOXY(s)
___________________________
151 = (hypox)PULMONARY

193 = PULMONARY HYPOXY(s)
____________________________
75 = (n)NEUMONI(s)

PE(restal) (dy)SH(at) + KO(nchina) + V(osp)ALE(nie) (lay down)K(theirs) + (i)S(move) (l)E(talny)Y + ( y)M(irritation) + (pulmonary)A(i) + (hypo)CSI(i) + (pneumatic)MO(niya) + B(inflammation) (pulmonary)I(x) + (con)Ch(ina)

258 = PE,SH, + KO, + V,ALE,K, + ,S,E,Y + ,M, + ,A,KSI, + ,MO, + V,I, + ,CH,.

3 18 36 42 55 69 70 75 98 99 118 133 139 149 180 194 226
V O S E M N A D C A T O E I J U N Y
226 223 208 190 184 171 157 156 151 128 127 108 93 87 77 46 32

"Deep" decryption offers the following option, in which all columns match:

BOS (burning) (pulmonary) E + (pneumatic) M (o) N (iya) + (stop) A (ser) DCA + TO (xic) (poisoning) E (mild) I (x) + (dying) Yu (shiy) + (sko)N(chals)I

226 = BOS,E + ,M,N, + ,A,DCA + TO,E,I, + ,Yu, + ,N,Ya.

77 = (i)YUNYA

194 = EIGHTEENTH JUNE(s)

77 = HIT(s...)
_______________________________
194 = DAMAGE TO TOXIN(s)

194 - 77 = 117 = (pulmonary) HYPOXY(s); (affected) by TOXINS; (reflection) OF THE LUNGS.

Reference:

Pneumonia and heart: complications, symptoms...
provospalenie.ru›legkix/i-serdce.html
Pneumonia and the heart are interconnected. The acute course of pneumonia automatically negatively affects...

Toxic pulmonary edema - causes, symptoms...
KrasotaiMedicina.ru›diseases/zabolevanija_…
Toxic pulmonary edema is an acute inhalation injury to the lungs caused by inhalation of chemicals that have pulmonary toxicity. The clinical picture unfolds in stages; shortness of breath, cough, frothy sputum, chest pain...

Code for the number of full YEARS OF LIFE: 177-SIXTY + 84-EIGHT = 261.

25 31 49 68 97 102 108 126 158 177 180 195 213 219 232 261
SIXTY EIGHT
261 236 230 212 193 164 159 153 135 103 84 81 66 48 42 29

"Deep" decryption offers the following option, in which all columns match:

(died)Sh(y) + (stopped)E(but) S(heart) + (death)TH + D(hyani)E (interrupted)SYA + T(oxic) (reflection)V(letion) + O(stasis ) CE(rdtsa) + (c)M(ert)b

261 = ,Ш, + ,Е, С, + ,Тъ + Д,Э,СЯ + Т,В, + О, СО, + ,М,л.

Look at the column in the lower table of the FULL NAME code:

89 = DEATH
____________________________
180 = SIXTY V(eight)

89 = DEATH
______________________________
180 = EIGHTEENTH JU(nya)

89 = (pulmonary) HYPOK(sia)
___________________________
180 = (hypo)CSIA PULMONARY

180 - 89 = 91 = DYING.

1868 - Alexey Peshkov was born in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a carpenter - Maxim Savvatyevich Peshkov.

1884 – tried to enter Kazan University. Gets acquainted with Marxist literature and propaganda work.

1888 – arrested for connections with N.E. Fedoseev’s circle. Is under constant police surveillance. In October he became a watchman at the Dobrinka station of the Gryaze-Tsaritsyn Railway. Impressions from his stay in Dobrinka will serve as the basis for the autobiographical story “The Watchman” and the story “Boredom for the Sake.”

1889 , January - at personal request (complaint in verse), transferred to Borisoglebsk station, then as a weighmaster to Krutaya station.

1891 , spring - went to wander around the country and reached the Caucasus.

1892 – first appeared in print with the story “Makar Chudra”. Returning to Nizhny Novgorod, he publishes reviews and feuilletons in Volzhsky Vestnik, Samara Gazeta, Nizhny Novgorod Listok, etc.

1897 – “Former People”, “The Orlov Spouses”, “Malva”, “Konovalov”.

1897, October - mid-January 1898 - lives in the village of Kamenka (now the city of Kuvshinovo, Tver Region) in the apartment of his friend N.Z. Vasilyev, who worked at the Kamensk paper factory and led an illegal workers' Marxist circle. Life impressions of this period served as material for the novel “The Life of Klim Samgin.”

1898 – the publishing house of Dorovatsky and A.P. Charushnikov releases the first volume of Gorky’s works “Essays and Stories” in a circulation of 3,000 copies.

1899 - novel "Foma Gordeev".

1900–1901 – novel “Three”, personal acquaintance with Chekhov, Tolstoy.

1900–1913 – participates in the work of the publishing house "Znanie".

1901 , March - “Song of the Petrel” was created in Nizhny Novgorod. Participation in Marxist workers' circles in Nizhny Novgorod, Sormovo, St. Petersburg, wrote a proclamation calling for the fight against autocracy. Arrested and expelled from Nizhny Novgorod.
Turns to dramaturgy. Creates the play "The Bourgeois".

1902 - play "At the Bottom". Elected an honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. But before Gorky could exercise his new rights, his election was annulled by the government because the writer was “under police surveillance.”

1904–1905 - plays "Summer Residents", "Children of the Sun", "Barbarians". Meeting Lenin. He was arrested for a revolutionary proclamation in connection with the execution on January 9, but then released under public pressure. Participant in the revolution 1905-1907
In the fall of 1905 he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.

1906 – travels abroad, creates satirical pamphlets about the “bourgeois” culture of France and the USA (“My Interviews”, “In America”).
The play "Enemies", the novel "Mother". Due to tuberculosis, Gorky settled in Italy on the island of Capri, where he lived for 7 years.

1907 - Delegate to the V Congress of the RSDLP.

1908 – play “The Last”, story “The Life of an Useless Person”.

1909 – stories “Town of Okurov”, “Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin”.

1913 - edits the Bolshevik newspapers "Zvezda" and "Pravda", the art department of the Bolshevik magazine "Prosveshchenie", publishes the first collection of proletarian writers. Writes "Tales of Italy".

1912–1916 - creates a series of stories and essays that make up the collection “Across Rus'”, autobiographical stories “Childhood”, “In People”. The last part of the trilogy “My Universities” was written in 1923.

1917–1919 – carries out extensive social and political work.

1921 – M. Gorky’s departure abroad.

1921–1923 – lives in Helsingfors, Berlin, Prague.

1924 – lives in Italy, in Sorrento. Published memoirs about Lenin.

1925 - the novel “The Artamonov Case”, begins to write the novel “The Life of Klim Samgin”, which was never finished.

1928 - at the invitation of the Soviet government, makes a trip around the country, during which Gorky is shown the achievements of the USSR, depicted by the writer in the series of essays “Around the Soviet Union.”

1931 – visits the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp.

1932 - returns to the Soviet Union. Under the leadership of Gorky, many newspapers and magazines were created: the book series “History of Factories and Factories”, “History of the Civil War”, “Library of the Poet”, “History of a Young Man of the 19th Century”, and the magazine “Literary Studies”.
The play "Egor Bulychev and others."

1933 - play "Dostigaev and others".

1934 – Gorky holds the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers and makes the main report at it.