Courageous heroes of W. Scott (Based on the novel “Ivanhoe”)

The “historical” block of the Literary Education Program in the 7th grade opens with the study of the novel “Ivanhoe” by the English romantic writer W. Scott. Within the framework of this block, students will have to understand the features of the genre of the historical novel, reflect on the peculiarities of perception and depiction of “long ago” days gone by” W. Scott, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov.

The first question that is worth asking the guys: what makes us classify such different works as the historical genre, such as the novels “Ivanhoe” and “The Captain’s Daughter”, the poem “The Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov” (all of these works are studied in one block)?

The action of the novel "Ivanhoe" takes place in the 11th century. the events of the Pugachev rebellion, which formed the basis of " The captain's daughter”, removed by more than sixty years from the time of its writing, in “Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov” Lermontov immerses the reader in the era of the reign of Ivan the Terrible. Obviously, the main thing is that historical works are created much more later era, described in them. This gives authors the opportunity to look at historical events from a certain time distance, to comprehend what was happening in a new way. Writers rely on historical documents they have studied, and the realities of the past arise in the work, and folk life and customs are described in detail. The author defends an individual view of the events of the distant past, is based on his own historical concept, and in one way or another expresses his attitude towards real historical characters. Nevertheless, remoteness in time does not remove the relevance of the problems of a historical work.

Reflecting on the features of the genre, we can compare the historical novel with the Old Russian chronicle or Western European chronicle. What do they have in common and how do they differ?

First of all, the narration is about events of the past, but the chronicle and chronicle create the impression of an independent objective narration. The chronicler does not compose anything; he talks about what, in his opinion, really happened. He tells the story consistently and in detail, trying to create a systematic, holistic picture of the world. The chronicle resembles a personal diary, but it is dedicated not to the life of an individual, but to the history of some lands, the reign of European sovereigns and the life of the people during different periods of government. In a historical novel, fiction and historical facts are closely intertwined, real historical figures act and fictional characters.

So, in the process of studying W. Scott’s novel, we will try to understand from what point of view the author views history, how history and fiction are intertwined in the novel, how the Middle Ages appear to the reader in the image English writer-romance.

Speaking about the novel “Ivanhoe,” we should think about what signs of a chivalric romance can be found in it. Students are already familiar with fragments of A.D.’s article. Mikhailov “Novel and Tale of the High Middle Ages” (the entire article was published in the 22nd volume of BVL “Medieval Novel and Tale”). Thus, the features of the genre of the historical novel in comparison with the chronicle (chronicle) and chivalric romance the Middle Ages will become more apparent to students.

Students will note the similarities between the knight Ivanhoe and the heroes of a chivalric novel. Scott's novel performs a “popular science” function, providing historical information about the life of medieval England, it combines stories about the crusade and the code of knightly honor, and at the center of the novel is a love affair. Then we invite students to think about why the novel “Ivanhoe” is not is a chivalric novel, firstly, because it was written in the 19th century, and not in the Middle Ages, and secondly, there is nothing fantastic or magical in it, but the reader is presented with a picturesque picture of historical events. The basis of the novel is traditional. V. Scott interweaves love and political intrigues. In the center of the story is a couple in love - Knight Ivanhoe and Lady Rowena, whose fate and well-being depend on the course of history.

What does the happiness of lovers depend on? It depends on what turn historical events will take and who will win the historical conflict. Who are its participants? The conflict unfolds between two warring camps: the Normans, who conquered England at the end of the 11th century, and the Anglo-Saxons, who had owned it for several centuries and in turn ousted the Briton tribes. Against the backdrop of picturesque historical events, a hero acts, faithful to the code of honor, in any situation acting in accordance with a sense of duty and remaining faithful to his beautiful beloved. What actions consistent with the knightly code of honor does Ivanhoe perform? Under the guise of a pilgrim, he is the only one who, taking pity on the weak old moneylender Isaac, gives him a place at the hearth; anonymously challenges the invincible Temple knight Boisguillebert to battle; stands up for the honor of Cedric’s son (that is, for his own, but again anonymously); saves Isaac from robbery and death; wins several duels of the Knights Templar; fights alongside Richard the Lionheart; takes part in a crusade; saves the beautiful Rebekah, throughout the novel without betraying the knightly concepts of honor.

Built on a fascinating solving of successively emerging mysteries (the mystery of Cedric Sax's son, the mystery of the pilgrim, the mystery of the Disinherited Knight, the mystery of the Black Knight), the novel combines intrigue, picturesque spectacle and philosophical understanding events. As homework For one of the lessons, students were asked to write out from the novel (or note in the text) the definitions of knightly honor and the components of the code of honor of medieval knights (chapters 10, 28, 29). Here's what we found out:

The duty of a true knight is to be a supporter of the weakest party.

Strict concepts of knightly honor prohibited any violence against a knight who was in a helpless state.

It is difficult for a person experienced in knightly deeds to remain inactive, like some monk or woman, while others around him perform valiant deeds. “After all, battle is our daily bread, the smoke of battle is the air we breathe! We do not live and do not want to live except surrounded by an aura of victory and glory! These are the laws of chivalry, we have sworn to fulfill them and sacrifice everything for them we hold dear in life.”

The knight's reward is glory, it will perpetuate the name of the hero.

The chivalrous spirit distinguishes a valiant warrior from a commoner and a savage; it teaches one to value one’s life incomparably lower than honor, to triumph over all hardships, worries and suffering, and to fear nothing but disgrace.

Chivalry is a source of the purest and noblest affections, support for the oppressed, protection of the offended, a bulwark against the arbitrariness of rulers. Without him, noble honor would be an empty phrase.

Freedom finds its best patrons in knightly spears and swords.

What action is impossible for a true knight? Who breaks the laws of chivalry?

The worst crime of a knight is betrayal of honor and duty. Crime is punishable by death (Von de Boeuf and Briand de Boisguillebert), punishment is inevitable.

Which of the novel's heroes, besides Ivanhoe, can be called a true knight? Of course, this is Richard the Lionheart. What feats does he perform? The romantic Richard Plantagenet is most attracted to the life of a simple knight errant; what is most dear to him is the glory that he wins alone with his steady hand and sword, rather than the victory won at the head of a hundred thousand army. It is about him that Rebekah, watching the battle from the tower, says: “He rushes into battle, as if at a merry feast. It is not just the power of his muscles that controls his blows - it seems as if he puts his whole soul into every blow inflicted on the enemy. This is terrible and a majestic spectacle when the hand and heart of one person defeats hundreds of people.” Then you can read to students an excerpt from chapter 41, in which W. Scott himself talks about the difference between the historical prototype and his literary counterpart. Why does a real historical character change so much under the pen of a novelist?

The true knight Ivanhoe, who did not exist in reality, and the true knight Richard the Lionheart, whose historical appearance, to put it mildly, did not quite correspond to the romantic image, are necessary for Walter Scott to embody his own ideas in the novel, and he is well aware that the real Richard I was not at all a romantic knight without fear and reproach.

The female characters are of particular interest in the novel. Let the students name the heroines through whom the plot moves, find their portraits, and describe their characters. Invite students to recall the image of the heroine romantic work. What qualities of romantic heroines do Rebekah and Rowena have? Which heroine resonates with you the most?

If the blond Lady Rowena is a fairly typical romantic image of a beautiful lady, for whom the knight performs his feats and who in the finale brilliantly plays the role of a well-deserved reward, then the image of the beautiful Jewish woman Rebekah is more complex. By virtue of her origin, placed in a special position, the brave and generous Rebekah expresses an attitude towards current events worthy of the lips of her creator. Thus, she accompanies the description of Richard’s exploits with the exclamation: “Forgive him, God, the sin of bloodshed!”, obviously assessing the military exploits of the English king differently (compared to Ivanhoe). Entering into an argument with Ivanhoe, with whom she is secretly in love, Rebekah calls the feats of chivalry sacrifice to the demon of vanity and self-immolation before Moloch. Unlike most heroes who dream of military feats, Rebekah heals wounds, heals the sick. Rebekah also has her own concepts of honor, she reproaches Boisguillebert for the fact that he is going to betray his Order for her sake. her faith. It is she who, in a situation of choosing between life and death, conducts philosophical discussions with the indomitable templar about the role of fate. She owns the words, clearly ahead of her time, that “people often blame the consequences of their own violent passions on fate.” She is able to objectively (and poetically) evaluate the character of her cruel captor Boisguillebert: “You have a strong soul; sometimes noble and great impulses flare up in it. But it is like a neglected garden belonging to a careless owner: weeds have grown in it and drowned out healthy shoots.” She is not destined to be happy: Rebekah embodies the author’s idea that “self-denial and sacrifice of one’s passions in the name of duty are rarely rewarded and that the inner consciousness of fulfilled duties gives a person a true reward - peace of mind, which no one can take away or take away. give.”

So, each hero received what he deserved: Richard the Lionheart - fame and memory of his descendants, Ivanhoe - glory and his beloved, but the highest reward was received by Rebecca, who abandoned her unhappy passion - peace of mind. The fate of heroes who do not follow the code of honor has already been mentioned above.

Researchers of W. Scott’s creativity note that that in his novels the writer comprehends the philosophical ideas of historical development. From Scott's point of view, history develops according to special laws, society goes through periods of cruelty, gradually moving towards more moral state society. These periods of cruelty are associated with the struggle of conquered peoples with their conquerors. As a result, each subsequent stage of development, reconciling the warring parties, makes society more perfect. The terrible fruits of the conquests are described in chapter 23, where the “Saxon Chronicle” is quoted (the description of the “terrible deeds” echoes the description of the brutal suppression of the rebellion in Pushkin’s “The Captain’s Daughter” - see the missing chapter).

As a result, each subsequent stage of development, reconciling the warring parties, makes society more perfect. It is no coincidence that the novel “Ivanhoe” ends with the wedding of Ivanhoe and Rowena, and the noble Normans and Saxons present at the wedding understand that “by peaceful means they could achieve much greater success than as a result of unreliable success in an internecine war”, “they saw in the union of this couple a guarantee of the future peace and harmony of the two tribes; from that time on, these warring tribes merged and lost their distinction.” Have students explain using the text. last chapter, why the wedding of Ivanhoe and Rowena completes both love and political storylines novel.

In order to summarize what has been learned in lessons on W. Scott’s novel “Ivanhoe,” you can use materials that include the text of W. Thackeray’s famous parody “Rebekah and Rowena.”

A kind of continuation-parody of the English satirist William Thackeray (1811-1863) “Rebekah and Rowena” appears in print thirty years after the publication of “Ivanhoe”. It is openly burlesque in nature and ridicules what Thackeray categorically does not accept in historical romantic novels. The objects of parody are the romanticization of history, the main plot devices, romantic style and romantic pathos, and first of all the characters of the characters, their sublime feelings. All these features of the romantic historical novel are reduced and ridiculed, and the subsequent actions of the heroes are explained by their new, modern (sometimes very vulgar) “bourgeois” values.

In one of his letters, Thackeray defines his views as follows: “The art of the novel is to depict Nature - to convey with the greatest completeness the sense of reality.” And also: “From my point of view, a frock coat should be a frock coat, and a poker should be a poker, and nothing to others. It is not clear to me why a frock coat should be called an embroidered tunic, and a poker a red-hot pantomime weapon.” Thackeray is a supporter of realism, making strict demands on art. He does not accept the poetry of Byron and Shelley, finding in them too sublime, exaggerated, and therefore false feelings. Deviation from the naturalness and simplicity of the image causes its condemnation and ridicule.

For work on the final lesson You can distribute fragments of the parody text to each student (or groups) and ask them to answer the following questions: What and who is Thackeray laughing at? What is he parodying? How does he make the reader laugh? How do the characters' characters and their actions change in the parody? How does the author explain these changes? Look in the preface to Ivanhoe for Scott's possible response to Thackeray's parody (note that W. Scott could not have read Rebecca and Rowena, since the parody appeared after his death).

In the future, the materials obtained from studying W. Scott’s novel “Ivanhoe” can be used when working on “The Captain’s Daughter” by A.S. Pushkin. It is known that Pushkin highly valued the novels of W. Scott, and his archive contains a short article dedicated to the Scottish novelist.

You can give students assignments revealing the connection between the historical works of W. Scott and A.S. Pushkin (this work will help to better understand the uniqueness of Pushkin’s approach to history in “The Captain’s Daughter”):

1. Ivanhoe and Grinev. Write down the rules of noble honor from Pushkin’s novel, compare them with the code of a true knight in the novel “Ivanhoe.”

“I involuntarily squeezed the hilt of my sword, remembering that the day before I had received it from her hands, as if in defense of my beloved. My heart was burning. I imagined myself as her knight. I longed to prove that I was worthy of her trust, and began to wait impatiently decisive moment” (Grinev).

“Take care of your honor from a young age.” (Epigraph. Given by the publisher.)

“Serve faithfully to whom you pledge allegiance; obey your superiors; do not chase their affection; do not ask for service; do not talk yourself out of service; and remember the proverb: take care of your dress again, but take care of your honor from a young age” (parting words of the elder Grinev).

“I am a natural nobleman; I swore allegiance to the Empress: I cannot serve you”; “What will it be like when I refuse to serve, when my service is needed?”; “The duty of honor required my presence in the army of the empress” (Grinev).

“I looked with disgust at the nobleman lying at the feet of the runaway Cossack” (Grinev about Shvabrin).

“It is not execution that is terrible... But for a nobleman to betray his oath, to unite with robbers, with murderers, with runaway slaves!.. Shame and disgrace to our family!” (senior Grinev).

2. Find in the chapter “Pugachevism” Grinev’s reasoning, which polemicizes Scott’s idea about the laws of social development. (Society goes through periods of cruelty, gradually moving towards a more moral state. These periods of cruelty are associated with the struggle of the conquered with the conquerors. As a result, each subsequent stage of development, reconciling the warring, makes society more perfect.)

“When I remember that this happened in my lifetime and that I have now lived to see the gentle reign of Emperor Alexander, I cannot help but marvel at the rapid successes of enlightenment and the spread of the rules of philanthropy. Young man! if my notes fall into your hands, remember that the best and most durable changes are those that come from improving morals, without any violent upheavals.”

3. Epigraphs to chapters.

Compare several epigraphs to chapters in the novel “Ivanhoe” and several epigraphs in “The Captain’s Daughter”. What is their role?

4. Folk ballads and folk songs by Scott and Pushkin.

Compare the role of stylizations of folk ballads included in the text in the novel “Ivanhoe” and folk songs in “The Captain’s Daughter”. For example, Ulrika’s song (Chapter 31) and the song “Don’t make noise, mother green oak tree...” (Chapter 7 “Uninvited Guest”).

5. How are Gurt (slave, then free squire of Ivanhoe) and Savelich similar? How are they different?

6. What do the principles of constructing the novels of Scott and Pushkin have in common?

Obviously, at the center of the story is a couple in love, whose fate depends on the turn of historical events, two warring camps, between which the hero is located. “Two camps, two truths, one destiny,” writes A.N. Arkhangelsky aphoristically in the book “Pushkin’s Heroes.” Compare the two meanings of the fairy tale told by Pugachev to Grinev. Pugachev: “Rather than feed on carrion for three hundred years, it’s better to drink living blood once.” , and then what God will give!” Grinev: “But to live by murder and robbery means for me to peck at carrion.”

7. What does Ivanhoe believe in and what does Grinev believe in? Who, from your point of view, is freer?

8. What is the role of chance in the novels of W. Scott and A.S. Pushkin?

What accidents control Ivanhoe's fate? A chance meeting with Briand Boisguillebert and the prior, whom he takes to his father's house; accidentally meets Isaac and his daughter at his father's house; by chance the Black Knight ends up at the tournament and saves Ivanhoe; witnesses to the tournament accidentally learn the name of the Knight Disinherited... and so on.

What accidents control Grinev's fate? Accidentally caught in a snowstorm, he is accidentally saved by a black-bearded man who happens to be Pugachev, Pugachev accidentally recognizes Savelich and has mercy on Pyotr Andreich, by chance Grinev finds out that Masha is in the hands of the traitor Shvabrin... and so on.

(For more information about the poetics of chance, see A.N. Arkhangelsky’s book “Pushkin’s Heroes.”)

9. Do you think it can be attributed to W. Scott’s novel “Ivanhoe” and the novel by A.S. Pushkin’s “The Captain’s Daughter” is a well-known principle of the French novelist Dumas the Father (“The Three Musketeers” and so on): “History is the nail on which I hang my picture.” Give reasons for your point of view.

LESSON 20

Subject. History and fate of man: Ivanhoe, his devotion, honesty, nobility

Goal: work on the image of the main character; drawing up a story plan; development of sacred speech; showing the role of the composition of the work in the development of the storyline and the creation of hero images; nurturing a culture of sacred speech, a culture of response: logic, consistency, evidence, the ability to express and defend one’s opinion.

Equipment: illustrations for the novel by V. Scott "Ivanhoe"(required - an image of the hero's shield).

II. Update background knowledge and student skills

Conversation with the class

Name the main episodes in which Ivanhoe participates. (Dinner at the house of Cedric Sax, knightly tournament, captivity in the castle, defense of Rebecca)

Four episodes with the participation of the main character - is it a lot or not enough to get a definite idea about him?

What other information complements the image? (Events “behind the scenes”: a story about a tournament in a crusade, the reason for Cedric’s son’s abdication; thoughts of other characters about him)

What does the hero's shield look like and what is the motto on it? (Use illustration)

Do you think it represents the situation correctly?

III. Formation of new knowledge, skills and abilities. drawing up a plan for the image of Ivanhoe

Teacher. Let me remind you that the story (and the plan, of course, too) should consist of three main parts: an introduction, a main part (disclosure of the topic) and a conclusion.

Talking about literary hero, you must indicate the work and the author when the events occur, main idea works.

Hood. I. Kuskov. Ivanhoe Shield

Approximate plan (drawn up together with the teacher)

I. Introduction Images in W. Scott’s novel “Ivanhoe” of the struggle between the Anglo-Saxons and the Normans in the 12th century. and the connection of these events with the fate of the main character.

II. The main part of Wilfred Ivanhoe is an example of courage, true nobility, and honesty.

1. The origin and upbringing of the hero.

2. Reasons for disinheritance and expulsion from home.

3. Ivanhoe - a loyal knight of Richard the Lionheart: participation in the crusade, defending the honor of the Anglo-Saxons in the tournament, returning to his homeland in order to assist the king.

4. The modesty of a knight and a sense of human dignity (laid down at Cedric’s dinner).

5. Ivanhoe’s humanity (relation to old Isaac).

6. Gratitude, respect and love for the young man:

a) the gratitude of the saved Isaac;

b) loyalty and devotion to Gurth;

c) protection of Lady Rowena;

d) father's pride in his son;

d) attitude towards servants.

7. Courage and skill at the tournament:

a) remarkable skill in handling a horse and wielding a weapon;

b) courage and desire to measure strength specifically with Boisguillebert;

c) modesty (didn’t want to give my name);

d) serious endurance (during injury);

e) loyalty to the beloved;

f) absence of envy towards the winners (prizes).

8. Nobility and the ability to think about others during captivity:

a) fair treatment of Rebecca (didn’t make the girl upset);

b) a request to save the father first.

9. The role of three tournaments from the life of Ivanhoe as one of the principles for constructing the plot of the work:

a) great gratitude to the girl for saving and helping at the call of her heart;

b) the victory of the enemy is like God’s providence.

10. Further events in the life of a hero - the pattern of his fate.

11. Can we say that Ivanhoe builds his own destiny? Does the motto on Ivanhoe's shield correspond to how his fate turned out? Why did the father again become a supporter of his son?

(The roots of a patriot are in native land, return to father)

III. Conclusion. Wilfred Ivanhoe, the main character of the novel, is a man of his time, an example of the best knightly virtues.

My attitude towards the hero.

IV. Development of sacred broadcasting. students' story about Ivanhoe according to the plan

V. Summing up the lesson

VI. Homework

Try to plan a story about Richard the Lionheart, Cedric Sax, Losksli, Wambu (optional); select materials about Lady Rowena and Rebekah (according to options).

I'M GOING TO CLASS

Marina PAVLOVA, Moscow

Walter Scott "Ivanhoe"

Materials for studying historical novel in 7th grade

The “historical” block of the MIROS Literary Education Program in the 7th grade opens with the study of the novel “Ivanhoe” by the English romantic writer W. Scott. As part of this block, students will have to understand the features of the genre of the historical novel, reflect on the features of perception and depiction of “bygone days” by V. Scott, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov.

The first question that is worth asking the guys: what makes us classify such different works as the historical genre, such as the novels “Ivanhoe” and “The Captain’s Daughter”, the poem “The Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov” (all of these works are studied in one block)?

The action of the novel "Ivanhoe" takes place in the 11th century. the events of the Pugachev rebellion, which formed the basis of “The Captain’s Daughter,” are removed by more than sixty years from the time of its writing; in “The Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov,” Lermontov immerses the reader in the era of the reign of Ivan the Terrible. Obviously, the main thing is that historical works are created much later than the era described in them. This gives the authors the opportunity to look at historical events from a certain time distance and to understand what was happening in a new way. Writers rely on historical documents they have studied, and the realities of the past arise in the work, and folk life and customs are described in detail. The author defends an individual view of the events of the distant past, is based on his own historical concept, and in one way or another expresses his attitude towards real historical characters. Nevertheless, remoteness in time does not remove the relevance of the problems of a historical work.

Reflecting on the features of the genre, we can compare the historical novel with the Old Russian chronicle or Western European chronicle. What do they have in common and how do they differ?

First of all, the narration is about events of the past, but the chronicle and chronicle create the impression of an independent objective narration. The chronicler does not compose anything; he talks about what, in his opinion, really happened. He tells the story consistently and in detail, trying to create a systematic, holistic picture of the world. The chronicle resembles a personal diary, but it is dedicated not to the life of an individual, but to the history of some lands, the reign of European sovereigns and the life of the people during different periods of government. In a historical novel, fiction and historical facts are closely intertwined, real historical figures and fictional characters act.

So, in the process of studying W. Scott’s novel, we will try to understand from what point of view the author views history, how history and fiction are intertwined in the novel, how the Middle Ages appear to the reader in the image of the English romantic writer.

Speaking about the novel “Ivanhoe,” we should think about what signs of a chivalric romance can be found in it. Students are already familiar with fragments of A.D.’s article. Mikhailov "Novel and Tale" High Middle Ages"(the entire article was published in the 22nd volume of the BVL "Medieval Novel and Tale"). Thus, the features of the genre of the historical novel in comparison with the chronicle and the chivalric romance of the Middle Ages will become more obvious to students.

Students will note the similarities between the knight Ivanhoe and the heroes of a chivalric novel. Scott's novel performs a “popular science” function, providing historical information about the life of medieval England, it combines stories about the crusade and the code of knightly honor, and at the center of the novel is a love affair. Then we invite students to think about why the novel “Ivanhoe” is not a chivalric novel. Firstly, because it was written in the 19th century, and not in the Middle Ages, and secondly, there is nothing fantastic or magical in it, but the reader is presented with a picturesque picture of historical events. The novel is based on the traditional interweaving of love and political intrigues for W. Scott. At the center of the story is a couple in love - Knight Ivanhoe and Lady Rowena, whose fate and well-being depend on the course of history.

What does the happiness of lovers depend on? It depends on what turn historical events will take and who will win the historical conflict. Who are its participants? The conflict unfolds between two warring camps: the Normans, who conquered England at the end of the 11th century, and the Anglo-Saxons, who had owned it for several centuries and in turn ousted the Briton tribes. Against the backdrop of picturesque historical events, a hero acts, faithful to the code of honor, in any situation acting in accordance with a sense of duty and remaining faithful to his beautiful beloved. What actions consistent with the knightly code of honor does Ivanhoe perform? Under the guise of a pilgrim, he is the only one who, taking pity on the weak old moneylender Isaac, gives him a place at the hearth; anonymously challenges the invincible Temple knight Boisguillebert to battle; stands up for the honor of Cedric’s son (that is, for his own, but again anonymously); saves Isaac from robbery and death; wins several duels of the Knights Templar; fights alongside Richard the Lionheart; takes part in a crusade; saves the beautiful Rebekah, throughout the novel without betraying the knightly concepts of honor.

Built on a fascinating solving of successively emerging mysteries (the mystery of Cedric Sax's son, the mystery of the pilgrim, the mystery of the Disinherited Knight, the mystery of the Black Knight), the novel combines intrigue, picturesque spectacle and philosophical understanding of events. As homework for one of the lessons, students were asked to copy from the novel (or note in the text) the definitions of knightly honor and the components of the code of honor of medieval knights (chapters 10, 28, 29). Here's what we found out:

The duty of a true knight is to be a supporter of the weakest party.

Strict concepts of knightly honor prohibited any violence against a knight who was in a helpless state.

It is difficult for a person experienced in knightly deeds to remain inactive, like some monk or woman, while others around him perform valiant deeds. “After all, battle is our daily bread, the smoke of battle is the air we breathe! We do not live and do not want to live except surrounded by a halo of victory and glory! These are the laws of chivalry, we have sworn to fulfill them and for their sake we sacrifice everything that is dear to us in life.”

N The knight's castle is glory, it will perpetuate the name of the hero.

The chivalrous spirit distinguishes a valiant warrior from a commoner and a savage; it teaches one to value one’s life incomparably lower than honor, to triumph over all hardships, worries and suffering, and to fear nothing but disgrace.

Chivalry is a source of the purest and noblest affections, support for the oppressed, protection of the offended, a bulwark against the arbitrariness of rulers. Without him, noble honor would be an empty phrase.

Freedom finds its best patrons in knightly spears and swords.

What action is impossible for a true knight? Who breaks the laws of chivalry?

The worst crime of a knight is betrayal of honor and duty. Crime is punishable by death (Von de Boeuf and Briand de Boisguillebert), punishment is inevitable.

Which of the novel's heroes, besides Ivanhoe, can be called a true knight? Of course, this is Richard the Lionheart. What feats does he perform? The romantic Richard Plantagenet is most attracted to the life of a simple knight errant; what is most dear to him is the glory that he wins alone with his steady hand and sword, rather than the victory won at the head of a hundred thousand army. It is about him that Rebekah, watching the battle from the tower, says: “He rushes into battle, as if to a merry feast. It is not just the strength of his muscles that controls his blows - it seems as if he puts his whole soul into every blow he inflicts on the enemy. This is a terrible and majestic spectacle when the hand and heart of one person defeats hundreds of people.” Then you can read to students an excerpt from chapter 41, in which W. Scott himself talks about the difference between the historical prototype and its literary counterpart. Why does a real historical character change so much under the pen of a novelist?

The true knight Ivanhoe, who did not exist in reality, and the true knight Richard the Lionheart, whose historical appearance, to put it mildly, did not quite correspond to the romantic image, are necessary for Walter Scott to embody his own ideas in the novel, and he is well aware that the real Richard I was not at all a romantic knight without fear and reproach.

Of particular interest in the novel are female images. Let the students name the heroines through whom the plot moves, find their portraits, and describe their characters. Invite students to recall the image of the heroine of a romantic work. What qualities of romantic heroines do Rebekah and Rowena have? Which heroine resonates with you the most?

If the blond Lady Rowena is a fairly typical romantic image of a beautiful lady, for whom the knight performs his feats and who in the finale brilliantly plays the role of a well-deserved reward, then the image of the beautiful Jewish woman Rebekah is more complex. By virtue of her origin, placed in a special position, the brave and generous Rebekah expresses an attitude towards current events worthy of the lips of her creator. Thus, she accompanies the description of Richard’s exploits with the exclamation: “Forgive him, God, the sin of bloodshed!”, obviously assessing the military exploits of the English king differently (compared to Ivanhoe). Entering into an argument with Ivanhoe, with whom she is secretly in love, Rebekah calls the feats of chivalry a sacrifice to the demon of vanity and self-immolation before Moloch. Unlike most heroes who dream of military feats, Rebekah heals wounds and heals the sick. Rebekah also has her own ideas about honor; she reproaches Boisguillebert for the fact that he is going to betray his Order and his faith for her sake. It is she who, in a situation of choice between life and death, conducts philosophical discussions with the indomitable templar about the role of fate. She owns the words, clearly ahead of her time, that “people often blame the consequences of their own violent passions on fate.” She is able to objectively (and poetically) assess the character of her cruel captor Boisguillebert: “You have a strong soul; sometimes noble and great impulses flare up in her. But it is like a neglected garden belonging to a careless owner: weeds have grown in it and drowned out healthy shoots.” She is not destined to be happy: Rebekah embodies the author’s idea that “self-denial and sacrifice of one’s passions in the name of duty are rarely rewarded and that the inner consciousness of fulfilled duties gives a person a true reward - peace of mind, which no one can take away or give "

So, each hero received what he deserved: Richard the Lionheart - fame and memory of his descendants, Ivanhoe - glory and his beloved, but the highest reward was received by Rebecca, who abandoned her unhappy passion - peace of mind. The fate of heroes who do not follow the code of honor has already been mentioned above.

Researchers of W. Scott’s creativity note that that in his novels the writer comprehends the philosophical ideas of historical development. From Scott's point of view, history develops according to special laws, society goes through periods of cruelty, gradually moving towards a more moral state of society. These periods of cruelty are associated with the struggle of conquered peoples with their conquerors. As a result, each subsequent stage of development, reconciling the warring parties, makes society more perfect. The terrible fruits of the conquests are described in chapter 23, where the “Saxon Chronicle” is quoted (the description of the “terrible deeds” echoes the description of the brutal suppression of the rebellion in Pushkin’s “The Captain’s Daughter” - see the missing chapter).

As a result, each subsequent stage of development, reconciling the warring parties, makes society more perfect. It is no coincidence that the novel “Ivanhoe” ends with the wedding of Ivanhoe and Rowena, and the noble Normans and Saxons present at the wedding understand that “by peaceful means they could achieve much greater success than as a result of unreliable success in an internecine war,” “they saw in the union of this couple a guarantee of the future peace and harmony of the two tribes; from that time on, these warring tribes merged and lost their distinction.” Invite students to explain, using the text from the last chapter, why Ivanhoe and Rowena's wedding brings closure to both the romance and political storylines of the novel.

In order to summarize what has been learned in lessons on W. Scott’s novel “Ivanhoe,” you can use materials that include the text of W. Thackeray’s famous parody “Rebekah and Rowena.”

A kind of continuation-parody of the English satirist William Thackeray (1811-1863) “Rebekah and Rowena” appears in print thirty years after the publication of “Ivanhoe”. It is openly burlesque in nature and satirizes what Thackeray categorically does not accept in historical romantic novels. The objects of parody are the romanticization of history, the main plot devices, romantic style and romantic pathos, and, first of all, the characters of the heroes, their sublime feelings. All these features of the romantic historical novel are demoted and ridiculed, and the subsequent actions of the heroes are explained by their new, modern (sometimes very vulgar) “bourgeois” values.

In one of his letters, Thackeray defines his views as follows: “The art of the novel lies in depicting Nature - conveying the most complete sense of reality.” And again: “From my point of view, a frock coat should be a frock coat, and a poker should be a poker, and nothing else. It is not clear to me why a frock coat should be called an embroidered tunic, and a poker a red-hot pantomime weapon.” Thackeray is a supporter of realism, making strict demands on art. He does not accept the poetry of Byron and Shelley, finding in them too sublime, exaggerated, and therefore false feelings. Deviation from the naturalness and simplicity of the image causes its condemnation and ridicule.

For work on the final lesson You can distribute fragments of the parody text to each student (or groups) and ask them to answer the following questions: What and who is Thackeray laughing at? What is he parodying? How does he make the reader laugh? How do the characters' characters and their actions change in the parody? How does the author explain these changes? Look in the preface to Ivanhoe for Scott's possible response to Thackeray's parody (note that W. Scott could not have read Rebecca and Rowena, since the parody appeared after his death).

In the future, the materials obtained from studying W. Scott’s novel “Ivanhoe” can be used when working on “The Captain’s Daughter” by A.S. Pushkin. It is known that Pushkin highly valued the novels of W. Scott, and his archive contains a short article dedicated to the Scottish novelist.

You can give students assignments revealing the connection between the historical works of W. Scott and A.S. Pushkin (this work will help to better understand the uniqueness of Pushkin’s approach to history in “The Captain’s Daughter”):

1. Ivanhoe and Grinev. Write down the rules of noble honor from Pushkin’s novel, compare them with the code of a true knight in the novel “Ivanhoe.”

“I involuntarily squeezed the hilt of my sword, remembering that the day before I received it from her hands, as if to protect my beloved. My heart was burning. I imagined myself as her knight. I longed to prove that I was worthy of her trust, and began to eagerly await the decisive moment” (Grinev).

“Take care of your honor from a young age.” (Epigraph. Given by the publisher.)

“Serve faithfully to whom you pledge allegiance; obey your superiors; Don’t chase their affection; don’t ask for service; do not dissuade yourself from serving; and remember the proverb: take care of your dress again, but take care of your honor from a young age” (parting words of the elder Grinev).

“I am a natural nobleman; I swore allegiance to the Empress: I cannot serve you”; “What will it be like when I refuse to serve, when my service is needed?”; “The duty of honor required my presence in the army of the empress” (Grinev).

“I looked with disgust at the nobleman lying at the feet of the runaway Cossack” (Grinev about Shvabrin).

“It is not execution that is terrible... But for a nobleman to betray his oath, to unite with robbers, with murderers, with runaway slaves!.. Shame and disgrace to our family!” (senior Grinev).

2. Find in the chapter “Pugachevism” Grinev’s reasoning, which polemicizes Scott’s idea about the laws of social development. (Society goes through periods of cruelty, gradually moving towards a more moral state. These periods of cruelty are associated with the struggle of the conquered with the conquerors. As a result, each subsequent stage of development, reconciling the warring, makes society more perfect.)

“When I remember that this happened in my lifetime and that I have now lived to see the meek reign of Emperor Alexander, I cannot help but be amazed at the rapid successes of enlightenment and the spread of the rules of philanthropy. Young man! If my notes fall into your hands, remember that the best and most lasting changes are those that come from improving morals, without any violent upheaval.”

3. Epigraphs to chapters.

Compare several epigraphs to chapters in the novel “Ivanhoe” and several epigraphs in “The Captain’s Daughter”. What is their role?

4. Folk ballads and folk songs by Scott and Pushkin.

Compare the role of stylizations of folk ballads included in the text in the novel “Ivanhoe” and folk songs in “The Captain’s Daughter”. For example, Ulrika’s song (Chapter 31) and the song “Don’t make noise, mother green oak tree...” (Chapter 7 “Uninvited Guest”).

5. How are Gurt (slave, then free squire of Ivanhoe) and Savelich similar? How are they different?

6. What do the principles of constructing the novels of Scott and Pushkin have in common?

Obviously, at the center of the story is a couple in love, whose fate depends on the turn of historical events, two warring camps, between which the hero is located. “Two camps, two truths, one destiny” - this is how A.N. writes aphoristically. Arkhangelsky in the book “Heroes of Pushkin”. Compare the two meanings of the fairy tale told by Pugachev to Grinev. Pugachev: “Rather than eat carrion for three hundred years, it’s better to get drunk with living blood, and then what God will give!” Grinev: “But to live by murder and robbery means for me to peck at carrion.”

7. What does Ivanhoe believe in and what does Grinev believe in? Who, from your point of view, is freer?

8. What is the role of chance in the novels of W. Scott and A.S. Pushkin?

What accidents control Ivanhoe's fate? A chance meeting with Briand Boisguillebert and the prior, whom he takes to his father's house; accidentally meets Isaac and his daughter at his father's house; by chance the Black Knight ends up at the tournament and saves Ivanhoe; witnesses to the tournament accidentally learn the name of the Knight Disinherited... and so on.

What accidents control Grinev's fate? Accidentally caught in a snowstorm, he is accidentally saved by a black-bearded man who happens to be Pugachev, Pugachev accidentally recognizes Savelich and has mercy on Pyotr Andreich, by chance Grinev finds out that Masha is in the hands of the traitor Shvabrin... and so on.

(For more information about the poetics of chance, see A.N. Arkhangelsky’s book “Pushkin’s Heroes.”)

D History foreign literature 19th century. Romanticism: Educational and methodological complex of the discipline / Compiled by: M.A. Kovaleva; Biysk ped. state University named after V. M. Shukshina.

Biography of Walter Scott

Walter Scott was born in Scotland, in the city of Edinburgh, in the family of a lawyer. From the very early childhood he was interested in history. The future writer had a phenomenal memory: he easily remembered dates, events, names, titles.

After graduating from school, the writer worked for several years in his father's law office. During this period, he reads a lot, and much of it in the original language. Walter Scott was fluent in French, Spanish, Italian, German languages and Latin. In the nineties of the 18th century, Scott was interested in German romanticism. He entered literature primarily as a poet.

In 1811, Walter Scott purchased 100 acres of land on the south bank of the River Tweed that had once belonged to Melrose Abbey. At this site, Scott began building a mansion in the old Scottish baronial style, calling it Abbotsford (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Abbotsford Mansion

Scott turned the Abbotsford estate into a kind of museum of Scotland's past. The mansion was built according to Scott's own design. Construction was completed in 1824. From 1826 until his death in 1832, Walter Scott lived and worked constantly in Abbotsford.

In 1813, while going through his manuscripts, Walter Scott unexpectedly came across the manuscript of the novel he began writing in 1805. After re-reading the manuscript, he decided to continue working on it. In the shortest possible time, literally in a year, Walter Scott writes his first historical novel, Waverley. From this moment the writer's worldwide fame as the author of a historical novel begins.

In Scotland, in the very center of Edinburgh, there is an unusual monument - this majestic structure consists of a sixty-meter-high pointed arch, which resembles a Gothic medieval cathedral (Fig. 3). Under the arch, on a pedestal, to which steps lead, is a white marble statue of Walter Scott. The writer sits with a book in his hand. Next to him is his beloved dog, who looks devotedly at his owner. In the niches of the tower are figures of heroes from W. Scott's books.

Rice. 3. Monument to Walter Scott

“I erected a monument to myself, not made by hands...” - these lines are from the famous poem by A.S. Pushkin suits Walter Scott perfectly. He continues to live in his great works.

Among Scott's many works, perhaps the most popular was the novel Ivanhoe. The novel takes place in England in the 12th century. The conflict unfolds between two warring camps: the Normans, who conquered England at the end of the 12th century, and the Anglo-Saxons, who owned the territory of the country for several centuries. The novel, like all of Scott's work, is characterized by the interweaving of political and love intrigue. Providing information about medieval England, the author tells us about knightly honor, love, and loyalty.

Against the backdrop of picturesque historical events, the hero, Ivanhoe, acts, faithful to the code of honor, in any situation acting in accordance with a sense of duty and remaining faithful to his beautiful beloved. He wins the Knights Templar in duels, fights Richard the Lionheart, takes part in a crusade, protects the defenseless, fights for his love.

Thus, through the fictional story of the brave knight Ivanhoe, a historical era is presented - the life of England in the 12th century.

The historical flavor of the era is created in the novel using the following techniques:

1. direct historical commentary,

2. details of the era (interior, clothing, traditions),

3. presence of historical characters.

Let's work with the text and select quotes that recreate the era. First of all, we will pay attention to direct historical commentary, which is the main technique in historical prose. We have already encountered this technique in the works of Pushkin and Gogol. However, if the named authors' direct historical commentary was rather concise, then in Walter Scott's novel we see a detailed account of events; the author depicts to us the historical situation that developed in England in the 12th century. So, let's turn to the text. This is what is said about feudal fragmentation.

“...in terms of time, the events described in it refer to the end of the reign of Richard I, when the return of the king from long captivity seemed a desirable, but already impossible event to desperate subjects who were subjected to endless oppression by the nobility. The feudal lords, who had received exorbitant power during the reign of Stephen, but were forced to submit to the royal authority of the prudent Henry II, now again committed outrages, as in former times; Disregarding the weak attempts of the English Council of State to limit their arbitrariness, they strengthened their castles, increased the number of vassals, and forced the entire district into obedience and vassalage.…»

Confrontation between the Anglo-Saxons and the Normans (indigenous inhabitants and conquerors):

“The conquest of England by the Norman Duke William greatly increased the tyranny of the feudal lords and deepened the suffering of the lower classes. Four generations were unable to mix together the hostile blood of the Normans and Anglo-Saxons or to reconcile by common language and mutual interests the hated nations, one of which was still reveling in victory, and the other was suffering from the consequences of its defeat... Almost without exception, the Saxon princes and Saxon nobility were either exterminated or deprived of their possessions; The number of small Saxon owners who retained the lands of their fathers was also small. The kings constantly sought, through legal and illegal measures, to weaken that part of the population that experienced an innate hatred of the conquerors. All monarchs Norman origin showed clear preference for their fellow tribesmen».

The situation of the common people:

“At that time, the English people were in a rather sad situation... Many peasants, driven to despair by the oppression of feudal lords and the merciless application of laws on forest protection, united into large detachments that ruled the forests and wastelands, not at all afraid of the local authorities. In turn, the nobles, playing the role of autocratic rulers, gathered around themselves entire gangs, not much different from bandits... It is not surprising that under such difficult conditions of existence, the English people experienced great disasters in the present and had every reason to fear even worse ones in the future . To top it all off, some dangerous contagious disease has spread throughout the country. Having found favorable soil for itself in the difficult living conditions of the lower strata of society, it claimed many victims, and the survivors often envied the dead who were spared from impending troubles».

Thus, in detailed, direct historical commentary, Walter Scott describes the situation in 12th-century England. It is against the backdrop of this situation that the main events of the novel unfold. Speaking about the historical novel, we also noted the large role of the description of the setting and clothing of the heroes. Walter Scott pays great attention to this; he describes in detail appearance their heroes. Let's give an example.

“His clothes consisted of one leather jacket, made from the tanned skin of some animal, fur side up; over time, the fur had become so worn out that from the few remaining scraps it was impossible to determine which animal it belonged to. This primitive robe covered its owner from neck to knees and replaced all parts of ordinary clothing. The collar was so wide that the jacket was worn over the head, like our shirts or ancient chain mail. To make the jacket fit more closely to the body, it was tied with a wide leather belt with a copper clasp. A bag was hung from the belt on one side, and a ram's horn with a pipe on the other. Sticking out of his belt was a long, wide knife with a horn handle; Such knives were made right there in the neighborhood, and were already known then as Sheffield knives. On his feet this man wore sandal-like shoes with straps made of bearskin, and thinner and narrower straps went around his calves, leaving his knees bare, as is customary among the Scots.».

We can easily recognize the swineherd Gurth in the illustration and are convinced that the artist fairly accurately reproduced his appearance from the description (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. A.Z. Itkin. Illustration for the book “Ivanhoe”

Let's name the events of the novel.

1. Crusades

2. Knight tournaments

3. Knights Templar

4. Archery competitions

5. The abduction of Rowena (Saxon) by the Normans

6. Torture of the Jew Isaac

7. The Trial of Rebekah

8. Forest robbers

So, we have considered the role historical commentary and a detailed description of clothing in a historical novel. An equally important role in a work of this genre is played by a historical character. Main historical figure in Walter Scott's novel Ivanhoe, the English king Richard the Lionheart became. His image in the novel is shrouded in an aura of mystery and romanticism. He appears incognito, first under the name of the Black Knight, and then under the name of the Knight of the Padded Castle. At first, he is perceived by readers as a simple knight-errant, to whom glory won alone is more valuable than glory at the head of a huge army. However, there is both physical and moral strength in this image, and it is gradually revealed. Let's see what characterization Rebekah gives him while watching the siege of the castle.

“He rushes into battle as if to a merry feast. It is not just the strength of his muscles that controls his blows - it seems as if he puts his whole soul into every blow he inflicts on the enemy. This is a terrible and majestic spectacle when the hand and heart of one person defeats a hundred people».

Traits such as courage, generosity and nobility were in fact characteristic of the king of England. But, undoubtedly, the image of Richard, who in W. Scott’s novel looks like a charming, simple man and a wise warrior who cares about the interests of his people and sincerely loves his subjects, is far from the historical truth. In the historical, authentic Richard, the features of courtly education were intertwined with the repulsive cruelty and greed of the feudal lord. The history of Richard's wars and raids is full of disgusting facts that strongly contradict the attractive image created by W. Scott. The real Richard the Lionheart was not so close to the common people of England, did not lead them to attack feudal castles, and did not judge so fairly and wisely (Fig. 5).

You and I have already repeatedly read various historical works and paid attention to the role of fiction. The author, talking about the events of the past, first of all tries to express his attitude and view of these events. This happened with W. Scott’s novel “Ivanhoe”. The author’s task is not to create a real historical character, but to convey his attitude towards him and, more importantly, the attitude of the common people towards him. That is why the novel is based not only on historical chronicles, but also on folk ballads. We know that folklore reflects the true view of the people on events. A specific example can be given - the episode when the Black Knight comes across the hut of a hermit monk in the forest, gets to know him, and sings songs with him. This particular episode is taken from a folk ballad.

Rice. 5. Richard the Lionheart

Let us remember that the main theme of the novel “Ivanhoe” is the depiction of the struggle between the Anglo-Saxons - the local population - and the Norman conquerors. The writer himself is on the side of the Anglo-Saxons. That is why, with the help of fiction, he wanted to show the unity of the king, local feudal lords and the common people. The author endows his Saxon heroes with the best traits - courage, honesty, nobility. This is how we see Cedric Sax, Athelstan, Ivanhoe. Positive heroes of the novel are contrasted with the Norman knights. These are people without shame and conscience, capable of the lowest and most vile acts in the name of achieving their selfish goals. The scenes of the kidnapping of Rowena, the imprisonment of Rebekah, and the torture of the Jew Isaac are disgusting. The fate of Urfrida, who became a victim of the tyranny of the Normans, is tragic.

“I was born,” she said, “not at all such a pitiful creature as you see me now, my father. I was free, happy, respected, loved and loved myself. Now I am a slave, unhappy and humiliated. While I was beautiful, I was a toy of the passions of my masters, and since my beauty faded, I became the object of their hatred and contempt. Is it surprising, my father, that I hated the human race and most of all the tribe to which I owed such a change in my destiny? Can a frail and wrinkled old woman, pouring out her anger in impotent curses, forget that she was once the daughter of the noble Thane of Torquilston, before whom thousands of vassals trembled?

The image of Urfrida became direct evidence of the long history of humiliation and oppression of the Saxons. Reading the work, we come across other examples of the disrespectful attitude of the Normans towards the Saxons. So, for example, during the knightly tournament, Prince John was very dissatisfied that Ivanhoe defeated, and the Saxon Rowena was elected queen of love and beauty.

Throughout the novel, the Normans call the Saxons pigs and mock their ideals and traditions. In response, the Saxon people composed a proverb.

Norman saws on our oaks,

The Norman yoke is on our shoulders,

Norman spoons in English porridge,

The Normans rule our homeland,

Until we throw all four away,

There will be no fun in our native country.

The cup of people's patience is full, which is why the climax of the novel was the episode of the capture of the castle. In this scene, the author showed the unity of the king, Saxon feudal lords, servants and even forest robbers. Everyone united for one goal - to repel a common enemy.

Locksley

Robin Hood is the hero of medieval English folk ballads, the leader of forest robbers (Fig. 6).

Rice. 6. Robin Hood

According to legend, he acted with his gang in Sherwood Forest near Nottingham - he robbed the rich, giving what he got to the poor.

Robin Hood was born in the village of Loxley, hence his second name - Robin Loxley.

Historians still argue whether the hero had his own historical prototype. Moreover, even if such a person lived, he most likely existed in the early 14th century, during the reign of Edward the Second.

However, Walter Scott uses fiction and places his hero in the era of the late 12th century. There are a lot of facts against this. For example, the novel talks about Locksley taking part in a shooting competition. Historians claim that such competitions began to be held in England no earlier than in the 13th century.

The scene of the farewell of the Black Knight and the leader of the forest robbers Loxley is interesting.

“Sir knight,” answered the robber, “each of us has our own secret. I leave it to you to judge me as you please. I myself have some guesses about you, but it is very possible that neither you nor I hit the target. But since I don’t ask you to tell me your secret, don’t be offended if I don’t tell you mine.
“Forgive me, brave yeoman,” said the knight, “your reproach is fair.” But it may happen that we will meet again and then we will not hide from each other. And now, I hope, we will part as friends?
“Here is my hand as a sign of friendship,” said Loxley, “and I can safely say that this is the hand of an honest Englishman, although now I am a robber.”
“Here’s my hand for you,” said the knight, “and know that I consider it an honor to shake your hand.” For whoever does good, having an unlimited opportunity to do evil, is worthy of praise not only for the good he has done, but also for all the evil that he does not do. Goodbye, brave robber!»

This is how King Richard the First of England and the legendary Robin Hood, the leader of a gang of forest robbers, said goodbye.

The ending of the novel is optimistic: good has triumphed, the enemy is defeated. That's what makes it different literary work from historical chronicle. Therefore, A. Dumas, the author of many historical novels, in particular the well-known work “The Three Musketeers,” argued: “History is the nail on which I hang my picture.”

References

1. Literature. 8th grade. Textbook at 2 o'clock. Korovina V.Ya. and others - 8th ed. - M.: Education, 2009.

2. Samarin R. / Walter Scott and his novel “Ivanhoe” / R. Samarin. - M., 1989. - p. 3-14.

3. Belsky A.A. / Walter Scott // Brief literary encyclopedia: In 8 volumes / A.A. Belsky - T.6. - M.: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1971. - 900 p.

Homework

1) Write an essay comparative characteristics Ivanhoe and Richard the Lionheart.

2) Answer the questions and complete the tasks:

1. Describe the acquaintance of a Jew and a disinherited knight.
2. Which of the knights who were the hosts of the tournament took part in the duel?
3. Who won and who lost?
4. What is the attitude of others towards the Jew? What is his character really like?
5. How much money did the knight’s servant give without inheritance to the Jew for armor and a horse?
6. What prize/award goes to the winner of the first day of the tournament?
7. How did Rowena and the disinherited knight accept the prince’s invitation to come to the castle for the first day feast and why?
8. Who was declared the winner of the second day of the tournament? What did he excel at?
9. What happened when the Tournament Queen put the crown on the disinherited knight? Why?
10. Did they recognize him at the tournament? And why?
11. Describe Ivanhoe’s relationship with his father
12. Which archer won, what did the loser say?
13. Why is Ivanhoe a knight without an inheritance?
3) Give a description of one of the characters in the novel. Consider the differences between a historical figure and a corresponding hero. Try to highlight the signs of that distant era in your answer. Don’t forget to say how you see the author’s attitude towards the hero.

Marina PAVLOVA, Moscow

Walter Scott "Ivanhoe"

Materials for studying historical novel in 7th grade