The problem of heroism: arguments from literature. Arguments on the topic “War” for the Unified State Exam essay The problem of showing true heroism in war

The problem of courage, heroism, self-sacrifice in war according to the text by V. M. Bogomolov

Many great poets and writers have discussed duty in war. Millions of people died defending their home. Yes, they died, but they are alive in our memory.

In his text, V.M. Bogomolov raises the problem of courage, heroism, and self-sacrifice in war.

It turned out that the Nazis were nearby. The bombing began. A mine hit the barge and a fire started. The fire was near the ammunition. But no one could even think about escaping. “The fire burned our hands and faces. It's stuffy. During the day. It’s hard to breathe,” writes Bogomolov. The soldiers extinguished the longboat, and the ammunition did not catch fire.” All the longboats and boats of the Volga flotilla had so many such voyages that they couldn’t be counted. Heroic flights,” writes Bogomolov. Indeed, every day spent in war is already a feat. Sacrificing a lot, not sparing themselves, these people did everything to save their Motherland.

The author's position is clear: war is the strangest thing that can happen on Earth. Preserving and creating a face is a huge feat and heroism. The future depends only on us. If we preserve and increase the “feat”, then we will preserve peace on Earth.

I remember the main character of the story of the same name by V. Bykov “Sotnikov.” It so happened that he and Rybak were captured by the Nazis. Sotnikov sacrificed his life, but did not betray his Motherland, as Rybak did. Sotnikov even tried to save the lives of other people. He stepped towards his own death with a high sense of dignity and pride for his own country. Such an act is heroism and self-sacrifice.

And in B. Vasiliev’s story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet,” the girls act heroically. A women's anti-aircraft battalion arrives to see Captain Vaskov. He goes on a mission with 5 girls. They learn that fascist scouts are approaching to detain them, the girls had to die. Rita Osyanina, Lisa Brichkina, Zhenya Komelkova, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak died defending their homeland. One drowned in a swamp, the others were shot. But, one way or another, they detained the enemy. The girls accomplished a feat.

Having analyzed this problem, I came to the conclusion that there is a place for heroism in war. After all, they are able to sacrifice themselves, be courageous and strong. Such people are capable of much, and everyone who defends honor and independence with arms in their hands native land, can be called a hero. The writer admires the feat of Soviet soldiers. And at the same time, talking about this story, he shows it as something taken for granted, a common thing in war.

Enemy bombers hovered over the Volga day and night. They chased not only tugboats and self-propelled guns, but also fishing boats and small rafts - sometimes the wounded were transported onto them.

Composition

In difficult times of war, when hunger and death become constant companions, not everyone is given the ability to sacrifice themselves for the good of the Motherland. In this text V.M. Bogomolov invites us to think about the problem of heroism.

Addressing this problem, the author cites as an example the story of the “heroic voyage”, which during the Great Patriotic War was able to deliver ammunition to the other side through shelling and explosions. The writer focuses on the nondescript nature of the “steamboat” transporting a barge with boxes, and on the unimpressiveness of the crew itself, consisting of three people. However, all this was just a first impression. Later V.M. Bogomolov shows us the indestructibility of the “old Volgar”, who was not at all afraid of the shelling, and the self-sacrifice of Irina and the soldiers who, through smoke, fire and the risk of flying into the air at any moment, saved the boxes from the fire. The author brings us to the idea of ​​the incredible fortitude of the entire crew, ready to sacrifice their lives for the sake of preserving ammunition and the further victory of their Fatherland in the war.

The author believes that heroism is a sense of duty to one’s people and one’s Fatherland. Selflessly defending their homeland during the war, the fighters are driven precisely by heroism, an urgent need to help their homeland in any way.

I completely agree with the opinion Soviet writer and I also believe that a sense of patriotism, a sense of duty to the fatherland can force a person, despite any difficulties, to perform heroic deeds.

We can observe the manifestation of true heroism in Boris Polevoy’s story “The Tale of a Real Man.” This work is based on real facts from the biography of fighter pilot Alexei Maresyev, who, having been shot down in battle over occupied territory, with damaged feet, but not a broken spirit, made his way through the forest for a long time and ended up with the partisans. And later, having lost both legs, the hero, driven by the desire to do as much as possible for his country, again takes the helm and replenishes the treasury of aerial victories of the Soviet Union.

The problem of heroism and courage is also revealed in the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man". The main character, Andrei Sokolov, who lost his entire family, was still capable of last bit of strength repay your debt to your homeland. He was a military driver until the end, and when he was captured, he was not embarrassed for a moment in front of Miller, was not afraid of death, and showed him all the power of the Russian character. Later, Sokolov escaped from captivity and, even being terribly exhausted and tormented, was still full of readiness to sacrifice himself for the sake of victory.

Thus, we can conclude that in the all-consuming, all-destructive conditions of war, the simplest person, endowed only with a deep sense of love for the Motherland and a sincere desire to help, can show himself to be a true hero.

In this article, you are offered problems found in texts for preparing for the Unified State Exam in Russian, and literary arguments to them. All of them are available for download in table format, link at the end of the page.

1. True and false heroism is revealed to us on the pages novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". The people carry within themselves true love to the Motherland, he defends it with his chest, dies for it during the war, without receiving orders and ranks. The picture is completely different in high society, which only pretends to be patriotic if it is fashionable. Thus, Prince Vasily Kuragin went to both a salon glorifying Napoleon and a salon opposing the emperor. Also, nobles willingly begin to love and glorify the fatherland when it brings benefits. So, Boris Drubetskoy takes advantage of the war to advance his career. It is thanks to the people with their true patriotism Russia was freed from the French invaders. But its false manifestations almost destroyed the country. As you know, the Russian emperor did not spare his troops and did not want to delay the decisive battle. The situation was saved by Kutuzov, who, with the help of delay, exhausted the French army and saved thousands of lives of ordinary people.
2. Heroism does not only manifest itself in war. Sonya Marmeladova, g the heroine of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", had to become a prostitute to help the family not die of hunger. A believing girl broke the commandments and committed sin for the sake of her stepmother and her children. If it weren't for her and her dedication, they wouldn't have survived. But Luzhin, who shouts at every corner about his virtue and generosity, and presents his undertakings as heroic (especially his marriage to the dowry Duna Raskolnikova), turns out to be a pathetic egoist who is ready to go over his head for the sake of his goals. The difference is that Sonya's heroism saves people, and Luzhin's falsehood destroys them.

Heroism in war

1. A hero is not a person without fear, he is someone who can overcome fear and go into battle for the sake of his goals and beliefs. Such a hero is described in the story by M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man" in the image of Andrei Sokolov. This is a completely ordinary person who lived like everyone else. But when the thunder struck, he became a real hero: he carried shells under fire, because it was impossible otherwise, because his own people were in danger; endured captivity and a concentration camp without betraying anyone; endured the death of his loved ones, being reborn for the fate of the orphan Vanka he had chosen. Andrei’s heroism lies in the fact that he set the salvation of the country as the main task of his life and fought to the end for this.
2. Sotnikov, hero story of the same name by V. Bykov, at the beginning of the work it seems not at all heroic. Moreover, it was he who became the reason for his captivity, and Rybak suffered along with him. However, Sotnikov is trying to atone for his guilt, take everything upon himself, and save a woman and an old man who accidentally came under investigation. But the brave partisan Rybak is a coward and only tries to save his own skin by informing on everyone. The traitor survives, but is forever covered in the blood of innocent sufferers. And in the awkward and unlucky Sotnikov, a real hero is revealed, worthy of respect and unquenchable historical memory. Thus, in war, heroism is especially important because other lives depend on its manifestation.

The purpose of heroism

1. Rita Osyanina, heroine story by B. Vasilyev “And the dawns here are quiet”, lost her beloved husband in the first days of the war, leaving her with a small son. But the young woman could not stay away from the general grief, she went to the front, hoping to avenge her husband and protect tens of thousands of children from the enemy. True heroism was to go into an unequal battle with the Nazis. Rita, her friend from the department, Zhenya Komelkova, and their chief, Sergeant Major Vaskov, opposed the Nazi detachment and prepared for mortal combat, and the girls actually died. But it’s impossible otherwise, it’s not just traveling behind you, it’s the Motherland behind you. Thus, they sacrificed themselves to save the fatherland.
2. Ivan Kuzmich Mironov, hero of the story A.S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter» , showed heroic qualities during the defense of the Belogorodskaya fortress. He remains steadfast and does not hesitate, he is supported by the duty of honor, the military oath. When the commandant was captured by rioters, Ivan Kuzmich remained faithful to the oath and did not recognize Pugachev, although this threatened death. Military duty forced Mironov to undertake the feat, despite the fact that he had to pay for it with his life. He sacrificed himself to remain true to his beliefs.

Moral feat

1. It is extremely difficult to remain human after going through blood and bullets. Andrey Sokolov, hero story “The Fate of Man” by M.A. Sholokhov, not only fought, but was also captured, taken to a concentration camp, escaped, and then lost his entire family. It was the family that was the hero’s guiding star; having lost it, he gave up on himself. However, after the war, Sokolov met the orphan boy Vanka, whose fate was also crippled by the war, and the hero did not pass by, did not let the state or other people take care of the orphan, Andrei became a father for Vanka, giving himself and him a chance to find a new meaning in life. The fact that he opened his heart to this boy is a moral feat that was no easier for him than courage in battle or endurance in the camp.
2. During military operations, you sometimes forget that the enemy is also a person and, most likely, was sent to your homeland by war out of necessity. But it’s even more terrible when the war is civil, when a brother, a friend, or a fellow villager can turn out to be the enemy. Grigory Melekhov, hero novel by M.A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don» , in the new conditions of confrontation between the power of the Bolsheviks and the power of the Cossack atamans, constantly wavered. Justice called him to the side of the first, and he fought for the Reds. But in one battle, the hero saw the inhuman execution of prisoners, unarmed people. This senseless cruelty turned the hero away from his past views. Finally confused between the parties, he surrenders to the winner, just to see the children. He realized that family was more important to him than his own life, more important than principles and views, for the sake of it it was worth taking risks, giving up, so that the children could at least see their father, who was always lost in battles.

Heroism in love

1. The manifestation of heroism is possible not only on the battlefield; sometimes it is no less required in everyday life. Zheltkov, hero story by A.I. Kuprin " Garnet bracelet» , performed a real feat of love, laying life on her altar. Just once he saw Vera, he lived only for her. When the husband and brother of his beloved forbade Zheltkov from even writing to her, he could not live and committed suicide. But he even accepted death with the words to Vera: “Let it shine your name" He committed this act so that his beloved would find peace. This is a real feat for the sake of love.
2. The heroism of the mother is reflected in the story L. Ulitskaya “Daughter of Bukhara”. Alya, main character, gave birth to a daughter, Milochka, with Down syndrome. The woman devoted her entire life to raising her daughter with a then rare diagnosis. Her husband left her, she had to not only take care of her daughter, but also work as a nurse. And later, the mother fell ill, did not receive treatment, but arranged for Milochka better things: work in a workshop gluing envelopes, marriage, education in a special school. Having done everything she could, Alya left to die. The mother’s heroism is everyday, unnoticeable, but no less important.

War is the most difficult and difficult time for all people. These are experiences, fear, mental and physical pain. The hardest thing at this time is for the participants in the war and hostilities. They are the ones who protect the people at risk own life.

What is war? How to overcome fear during combat? These and other questions are raised by Viktor Aleksandrovich Kurochkin in his text. However, the author examines in more detail the problem of the manifestation of heroism in war.

To attract the attention of readers to the problem posed, the writer talks about the heroic act of Sanya Maleshkin in the war. The hero, to help the tank driver overcome his fear, ran in front of the self-propelled gun, not even thinking that he could easily be killed.

He knew that the order to drive the Nazis out of the village must be carried out, no matter what. The author also draws our attention to the fact that Sanya did not give up his driver and when asked why he was running in front of the tank, he answered: “He was very cold, so he ran to warm up.” It is in performing courageous and risky actions that true heroism lies. It was no coincidence that Maleshkin was nominated for the title of Hero.

V.A. Kurochkin believes that a true hero is a person who will defend his homeland, his people and comrades, no matter what. And even danger and risk of his own life will not prevent him from fulfilling his duty.

Reflecting on the problem posed, I remembered M. A. Sholokhov’s work “The Fate of a Man.” His main character During the war he faced not only physical but also moral difficulties. He lost his entire family, his closest people. However, this man, like a true Russian hero, found the strength to continue to defend his homeland, his people. Along with the heroic, Andrei Sokolov performs a moral feat: he adopts a child who lost his parents in the war. This man is an example of a true hero who cannot be broken by war and its terrible consequences.

A person who loves his homeland will never betray it. Even if it entails dire consequences. Let us recall V. Bykov’s work “Sotnikov”. His main character, along with a friend, was sent to search for food for the detachment. However, they were captured by the fascist police. Sotnikov endured all the torture and torment, but never gave out information to the enemies. However, his friend Rybak not only told everything, but also agreed to go serve with the Nazis, in order to save his life, he personally killed his comrade. Sotnikov turned out to be a true patriot, a man unable to betray his homeland even in the face of death. It is such a person that can be called a true hero.

Thus, true heroism can only be shown by a person who will fight for his homeland, risking his life and being in danger. And no obstacles can stand in the way of a true hero.

Literary and life arguments "Manifestation of heroism in war" and received the best answer

Answer from?Galina Kupina?[guru]
Heroism in war. Essay on the Unified State Exam.
War is always fear, grief, death. Everyone behaves differently in such a situation. One will show cowardice, and the other will become a real hero.
Of course, to forget and not convey such examples of heroism to new generations is like a crime. This should be done using the example of Soviet “military” literature - these are Unified State Exam arguments. The problem of heroism is illuminated for schoolchildren using examples from the works of Boris Polevoy, Mikhail Sholokhov, Boris Vasiliev.
Front-line correspondent of the Pravda newspaper Boris Polevoy was shocked by the story of the pilot of the 580th fighter regiment Alexey Maresyev. In the winter of 1942, it was shot down over the skies of the Novgorod region. The pilot, wounded in the legs, crawled for 18 days to reach his own people. He survived and made it, but his legs were “eaten” by gangrene. Amputation followed. Political instructor Sergei Vorobyov was also in the hospital where Alexey lay after the operation. He managed to spark Maresyev’s dream - to return to the sky as a fighter pilot. Overcoming the pain, Alexey learned not only to walk on prosthetics, but also to dance. The apotheosis of the story is the first air battle carried out by the pilot after being wounded.
The medical commission “capitulated.” During the war, the real Alexey Maresyev shot down 11 enemy planes, most of them - seven - after being wounded.
Soviet writers have convincingly revealed the problem of heroism. Arguments from the literature indicate that not only men, but also women called to serve, performed feats. Boris Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet” amazes with its drama. A large sabotage group of fascists, numbering 16 people, landed in the Soviet rear.
This topic was touched upon by many literary figures in our country. Tolstoy shows the difference between military aristocrats, and their ostentation, and those officers who, along with ordinary soldiers, heroically defended the Sevastopol bastions. These are the brave Kozeltsov brothers. Or a naval officer whose name remains unknown. All of them were distinguished by modesty, courage, heroism, and concern for their subordinates. These officers showed by their example how to fight, looking into the eyes of the enemy without fear.
Novel "War and Peace". It describes how, during military operations with the French army, an ordinary soldier Tushin, having a small battery, helped the whole army. Having such heroes as Matrosov A., Maresyev A., Gastello N., you don’t have to be afraid of any threats from the outside. And such people in our country have always been, are, and will be.
Also Tvardovsky A.T. in his creation “Vasily Terkin” shows the dedication of a fighter. During the crossing, they were fired upon by the Germans. The next day, when they came to collect the dead, they found a soldier swimming to the shore. One sailed only to inform how many allies remained on the other side. This is heroism - at the cost of your life, to provide assistance to achieve victory over the enemy.
Even children behaved heroically during the war. Ten to fourteen year olds worked equally with adults, without showing fatigue and without complaining of any difficulties.
Everyone knows Susanin, who led enemies deep into the forest, knowing what awaited him in the end. But he did it to save his people.
Thanks to true heroism, we now live in our peaceful country. And even an ordinary person, finding himself in a situation where the question of protecting his family, friends, and homeland arises, becomes a real hero, performing extraordinary actions worthy of admiration.