Arguments for writing the Unified State Examination. The problem of historical memory

What contribution can a person make to national culture? I believe that any transformative human activity that has a positive impact on the development of the country can become a real cultural value. However, not everyone is able to realize themselves in modern society. It was precisely this problem of contribution to national culture that Daniil Aleksandrovich Granin considered.

The text proposed for analysis tells about the life of the famous Russian figure Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, who extracted ancient Russian literature from insulation.

Thus, he made a huge contribution to the development of national culture. How to achieve such a result? Dmitry Sergeevich advises not to remain silent and always express your opinion, because activity can benefit the fatherland. This is the main idea contained in sentences No. 37-38: “Even in dead-end cases,” said Dmitry Sergeevich, “when everything is deaf, when they don’t hear you, be kind enough to express your opinion. Don’t remain silent, speak up.”

I think that author's position formulated in sentence No. 36: “He did not create a doctrine, but he created the image of a defender of culture, a true citizen.” Here Daniil Aleksandrovich Granin expresses his attitude towards the person whose life he describes. The author argues that the protection of national culture can be a significant contribution.

Sharing the writer’s point of view, I would like to add that every citizen must protect the cultural values ​​of his fatherland. In addition, a person is able to implement activities in such a way that they benefit the state and become a cultural contribution.

We are convinced of this by reading L. Volynsky’s book “The Face of Time”. Let us remember the episode about Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov, a famous entrepreneur and philanthropist. He had a love for painting and wanted to open an art gallery in Moscow for the common people, which would display the works of Russian artists. To achieve his goal, Pyotr Mikhailovich traveled a lot to workshops and exhibitions, buying up the paintings he liked. Opening Tretyakov Gallery became a huge contribution to national culture.

Another example is the story by K. G. Paustovsky “Creaky Floorboards” about the famous Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. The action of the work took place in a house in Rudny Yar, around which there was a forest that inspired the genius. Pyotr Ilyich forbade walking through the rooms when he was working, since the creaking of the old floorboards bothered him. The composer created classic examples of Russian musical art. His work is a real cultural value for Russia.

Thus, every person is able to contribute to the development of national culture. This may be in the form of protecting culture or creating something new that benefits the country.

Literary arguments to essay - reasoning. Unified State Examination, Russian language.

1) What is the meaning of life?

1. The author writes about the meaning of life, and Eugene Onegin in the novel of the same name by A.S. Pushkin comes to mind. Bitter is the fate of those who have not found their place in life! Onegin is a gifted man, one of the best people of that time, but he did nothing but evil - he killed a friend, brought misfortune to Tatyana who loved him:

Having lived without a goal, without work

Until twenty-six years old,

Languishing in idle leisure,

No work, no wife, no business

I didn't know how to do anything.

2. People who have not found the purpose of life are unhappy. Pechorin in “Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov is active, smart, resourceful, observant, but all his actions are random, his activity is fruitless, and he is unhappy, none of the manifestations of his will has a deep purpose. The hero bitterly asks himself: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?..”

3.Throughout life path Pierre Bezukhov tirelessly searched for himself and the true meaning of life. After painful trials, he became able not only to think about the meaning of life, but also to perform specific actions that require will and determination. In the epilogue of L.N. Tolstoy’s novel, we meet Pierre, carried away by the ideas of Decembrism, protesting against the existing social system and fighting for the just life of the very people of which he feels himself a part. According to Tolstoy, this organic combination of the personal and the national contains both the meaning of life and happiness.

2) Fathers and sons. Upbringing.

1. It seems like Bazarov - goodie in the novel by I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”. He is smart, brave, independent in his judgment, a progressive man of his time, but readers are confused by his attitude towards his parents, who love their son madly, but he is deliberately rude to them. Yes, Evgeny practically does not communicate with old people. How sad they are! And only Odintsova he said wonderful words about his parents, but the old people themselves never heard them.

2. In general, the problem of “fathers” and “children” is typical for Russian literature. In A.N. Ostrovsky’s drama “The Thunderstorm,” it takes on a tragic sound, since young people who want to live by their own minds emerge from blind obedience to the domostroy.

And in the novel by I.S. Turgenev, the generation of children represented by Yevgeny Bazarov is already decisively going their own way, sweeping away established authorities. And the contradictions between two generations are often painful.

3) Impudence. Rudeness. Behavior in society.

1. Human incontinence, disrespectful attitude towards others, rudeness and rudeness are directly related to improper upbringing in the family. Therefore, Mitrofanushka in D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor” says unforgivable, rude words. In Mrs. Prostakova's house, rude language and beatings are a common occurrence. So mother says to Pravdin: “...now I scold, now I fight; This is how the house holds together.”

2. Famusov appears before us as a rude, ignorant person in A. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit.” He is rude to dependent people, speaks grumpily, rudely, calls the servants names in every possible way, regardless of their age.

3. You can cite the image of the mayor from the comedy “The Inspector General”. A positive example: A. Bolkonsky.

4) The problem of poverty, social inequality.

1. With stunning realism, F.M. Dostoevsky depicts the world of Russian reality in the novel “Crime and Punishment”. It shows the social injustice, hopelessness, and spiritual impasse that gave rise to Raskolnikov’s absurd theory. The heroes of the novel are poor people, humiliated by society, poverty is everywhere, suffering is everywhere. Together with the author, we feel pain for the fate of the children. Standing up for the disadvantaged is what matures in the minds of readers when they get acquainted with this work.

5) The problem of mercy.

1. It seems that from all the pages of F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” disadvantaged people ask us for help: Katerina Ivanovna, her children, Sonechka... The sad picture of the image of a humiliated person calls for our mercy and compassion: “Love your neighbor ..." The author believes that a person must find his way "to the kingdom of light and thought." He believes that a time will come when people will love each other. He claims that beauty will save the world.

2. In maintaining compassion for people, a merciful and patient soul, the moral height of a woman is revealed in A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor”. In all the trials that degrade human dignity, Matryona remains sincere, responsive, ready to help, capable of rejoicing in the happiness of others. This is the image of a righteous woman, a keeper of spiritual values. Without her, according to the proverb, “the village, the city, the whole land is not worth it.”

6) The problem of honor, duty, feat.

1. When you read about how Andrei Bolkonsky was mortally wounded, you feel horror. He did not rush forward with the banner, he simply did not lie down on the ground like the others, but continued to stand, knowing that the cannonball would explode. Bolkonsky could not do otherwise. He, with his sense of honor and duty, noble valor, did not want to do otherwise. There are always people who cannot run, remain silent, or hide from danger. They die before others because they are better. And their death is not meaningless: it gives birth to something in the souls of people, something very important.

7) The problem of happiness.

1. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel “War and Peace” leads us, the readers, to the idea that happiness is not expressed in wealth, not in nobility, not in fame, but in love, all-consuming and all-encompassing. Such happiness cannot be taught. Before his death, Prince Andrei defines his state as “happiness”, located in the intangible and external influences of the soul - “happiness of love”... The hero seems to be returning to the time of pure youth, to the ever-living springs of natural existence.

2. To be happy, you need to remember five simple rules. 1. Free your heart from hatred - forgive. 2. Free your heart from worries - most of them do not come true. 3. Lead simple life and appreciate what you have. 4.Give more. 5. Expect less.

8) My favorite work.

They say that every person in his life must raise a son, build a house, plant a tree. It seems to me that in spiritual life no one can do without Leo Tolstoy’s novel War and Peace. I think this book creates in the human soul the necessary moral foundation on which a temple of spirituality can be built. The novel is an encyclopedia of life; The fates and experiences of the heroes are relevant to this day. The author encourages us to learn from the mistakes of the characters in the work and live a “real life.”

9) Friendship.

Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov in Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” are people of “crystal honest, crystal soul.” They constitute the spiritual elite, the moral core to the “marrow of the bones” of a rotten society. These are friends, they are connected by liveliness of character and soul. Both hate " carnival masks"high society, mutually complement each other and become necessary for each other, despite the fact that they are so different. The heroes seek and learn the truth - such a goal justifies the value of their life and friendship.

10) Faith in God. Christian motives.

1. In the image of Sonya, F.M. Dostoevsky personifies the “Man of God”, who has not lost his cruel world connection with God, a passionate desire for “Life in Christ.” IN scary world In the novel Crime and Punishment, this girl is a moral ray of light that warms the heart of a criminal. Rodion heals his soul and returns to life with Sonya. It turns out that without God there is no life. So Dostoevsky thought, so Gumilyov later wrote:

2. The heroes of F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” read the parable of the resurrection of Lazarus. Through Sonya, the prodigal son - Rodion returns to real life and to God. Only at the end of the novel does he see “morning”, and under his pillow lies the Gospel. Biblical stories became the basis for the works of Pushkin, Lermontov, and Gogol. The poet Nikolai Gumilyov has wonderful words:

There is God, there is peace, they live forever;

And people's lives are instantaneous and miserable,

But a person contains everything within himself,

Who loves the world and believes in God.

11)Patriotism.

1. True patriots in Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace do not think about themselves, they feel the need for their own contribution and even sacrifice, but do not expect rewards for this, because they carry in their souls a genuine holy feeling of the Motherland.

Pierre Bezukhov gives his money, sells his estate to equip the regiment. True patriots There were also those who left Moscow, not wanting to submit to Napoleon. Petya Rostov is rushing to the front because “The Fatherland is in danger.” Russian men, dressed in soldiers' greatcoats, fiercely resist the enemy, because the feeling of patriotism is sacred and inalienable for them.

2. In Pushkin’s poetry we find sources of the purest patriotism. His “Poltava”, “Boris Godunov”, all appeals to Peter the Great, “slanderers of Russia”, his poem dedicated to the Borodino anniversary, testify to the depth of popular feeling and the power of patriotism, enlightened and sublime.

12) Family.

We, the readers, arouse special sympathy for the Rostov family in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace,” whose behavior reveals high nobility of feelings, kindness, even rare generosity, naturalness, closeness to the people, moral purity and integrity. The sense of family, which the Rostovs take sacred in peaceful life, will turn out to be historically significant in the course of Patriotic War 1812.

13) Conscience.

1.Probably, the last thing we, readers, expected from Dolokhov in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” was an apology to Pierre on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. In moments of danger, during a period of general tragedy, conscience awakens in this tough man. Bezukhov is surprised by this. We seem to see Dolokhov from the other side and one more time we will be surprised when he, with other Cossacks and hussars, frees a party of prisoners, where Pierre will be, when he has difficulty speaking, seeing Petya lying motionless. Conscience is a moral category, without it it is impossible to imagine a real person.

2. Conscientious means a decent, honest person, endowed with a sense of dignity, justice, and kindness. The one who lives in harmony with his conscience is calm and happy. The fate of one who missed it for the sake of momentary gain or renounced it out of personal egoism is unenviable.

3. It seems to me that issues of conscience and honor for Nikolai Rostov in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” are the moral essence of a decent person. Having lost a lot of money to Dolokhov, he promises himself to return it to his father, who saved him from dishonor. And one more time Rostov surprised me when he entered into an inheritance and accepted all his father’s debts. This is what people usually do with honor and duty, people with a developed sense of conscience.

4. The best features of Grinev from the story by A.S. Pushkin “ Captain's daughter", conditioned by upbringing, manifest themselves in moments of severe trials and help him get out of difficult situations with honor. In conditions of rebellion, the hero maintains humanity, honor and loyalty to himself; he risks his life, but does not deviate from the dictates of duty, refusing to swear allegiance to Pugachev and make compromises.

14) Education. His role in human life.

1. A.S. Griboyedov, under the guidance of experienced teachers, received a good initial education, which he continued at Moscow University. The writer's contemporaries were amazed by the level of his education. He graduated from three faculties (the verbal department of the Faculty of Philosophy, the Faculty of Science and Mathematics and the Faculty of Law) and received the academic title of candidate of these sciences. Griboyedov studied Greek, Latin, English, French and German languages, spoke Arabic, Persian and Italian. Alexander Sergeevich was fond of theater. He was one of the excellent writers and diplomats.

We consider 2. M. Yu. Lermontov to be one of the great writers of Russia and the progressive noble intelligentsia. He was called a revolutionary romantic. Although Lermontov left the university because the leadership considered his stay there undesirable, the poet was distinguished by a high level of self-education. He began to write poetry early, drew beautifully, and played music. Lermontov constantly developed his talent and left his descendants a rich creative heritage.

15) Officials. Power.

1. I. Krylov, N. V. Gogol, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in their works ridiculed those officials who humiliate their subordinates and pander to their superiors. Writers condemn them for rudeness, indifference to the people, embezzlement and bribery. It’s not for nothing that Shchedrin is called the prosecutor of public life. His satire was full of sharp journalistic content.

2. In the comedy “The Inspector General,” Gogol showed the officials inhabiting the city - the embodiment of the passions rampant in it. He denounced the entire bureaucratic system, portrayed a vulgar society plunged into universal deception. Officials are far from the people, busy only with material well-being. The writer not only exposes their abuses, but also shows that they have acquired the character of a “disease.” Lyapkin-Tyapkin, Bobchinsky, Zemlyanika and other characters are ready to humiliate themselves before their superiors, but they do not consider simple petitioners to be people.

3.Our society has switched to new round management, therefore the order in the country has changed, the fight against corruption and inspections are underway. It is sad to recognize in many modern officials and politicians emptiness covered by indifference. Gogol's types have not disappeared. They exist in a new guise, but with the same emptiness and vulgarity.

16) Intelligence. Spirituality.

1. I evaluate an intelligent person by his ability to behave in society and by his spirituality. Andrei Bolkonsky in Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” is my favorite hero, whom young men of our generation can imitate. He is smart, educated, intelligent. He is characterized by such character traits that make up spirituality as a sense of duty, honor, patriotism, and mercy. Andrey is disgusted by the world with its pettiness and falseness. It seems to me that the prince’s feat is not only that he rushed with a banner at the enemy, but also that he consciously abandoned false values, choosing compassion, kindness and love.

2. In comedy " Cherry Orchard“A.P. Chekhov denies intelligence to people who do nothing, are incapable of work, don’t read anything serious, only talk about science, and understand little about art. He believes that humanity must improve its strength, work hard, help those who suffer, and strive for moral purity.

3. Andrei Voznesensky has wonderful words: “There is a Russian intelligentsia. Do you think no? Eat!"

17)Mother. Motherhood.

1. With trepidation and excitement, A.I. Solzhenitsyn remembered his mother, who sacrificed a lot for her son. Persecuted by the authorities because of her husband’s “White Guard” and her father’s “former wealth,” she could not work in an institution that paid well, although she knew very well foreign languages, studied shorthand and typewriting. Great writer I am grateful to my mother for doing everything to instill in him diverse interests, to give him higher education. In his memory, his mother remained an example of universal moral values.

2.V.Ya.Bryusov connects the theme of motherhood with love and composes an enthusiastic praise to the woman-mother. This is the humanistic tradition of Russian literature: the poet believes that the movement of the world, humanity comes from a woman - a symbol of love, self-sacrifice, patience and understanding.

18) Labor is laziness.

Valery Bryusov created a hymn to labor, which also contains the following passionate lines:

And the right to a place in life

Only to those whose days are in labor:

Glory to the workers only,

Only for them - a wreath for centuries!

19) Theme of love.

Every time Pushkin wrote about love, his soul became enlightened. In the poem: “I loved you...” the poet’s feeling is anxious, love has not yet cooled down, it lives in him. Light sadness is caused by an unrequited strong feeling. He confesses to his beloved, and how strong and noble his impulses are:

I loved you silently, hopelessly,

We are tormented by timidity and jealousy...

The nobility of the poet's feelings, tinged with light and subtle sadness, is expressed simply and directly, warmly and, as always with Pushkin, enchantingly musical. This is the true power of love, which resists vanity, indifference, and dullness!

20)Purity of language.

1.During its history, Russia has experienced three eras of contamination of the Russian language. The first happened under Peter 1, when only maritime terms foreign words there were over three thousand. The second era came with the revolution of 1917. But the most dark time for our language - the endXX- beginningXXIcenturies, when we witnessed the degradation of language. Just look at the phrase heard on television: “Don’t slow down – grab a snicker!” Americanisms have overwhelmed our speech. I am sure that the purity of speech must be strictly monitored, it is necessary to eradicate clericalism, jargon, and the abundance of foreign words that displace beautiful, correct literary speech, which is the standard of Russian classics.

2. Pushkin did not have the opportunity to save the Fatherland from enemies, but he was given the opportunity to decorate, elevate and glorify its language. The poet extracted unheard-of sounds from the Russian language and “hit the hearts” of readers with unknown force. Centuries will pass, but these poetic treasures will remain for posterity in all the charm of their beauty and will never lose their strength and freshness:

I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,

How God grant that your beloved be different!

21)Nature. Ecology.

1. I. Bunin’s poetry is characterized by a caring attitude towards nature, he worries about itcprotection for purity, therefore his lyrics contain many bright, rich colors of love and hope. Nature feeds the poet with optimism; through her images he expresses his life philosophy:

My spring will pass, and this day will pass,

But it's fun to wander around and know that everything passes,

Meanwhile, the happiness of living will never die...

In the poem “Forest Road,” nature is the source of happiness and beauty for humans.

2.V. Astafiev’s book “The Fish Tsar” consists of many essays, stories and short stories. The chapters “Dream of the White Mountains” and “King Fish” talk about the interaction of man with nature. The writer bitterly names the reason for the destruction of nature - this is the spiritual impoverishment of man. His duel with the fish has a sad outcome. In general, in his discussions about man and the world around him, Astafiev concludes that nature is a temple, and man is part of nature, and therefore is obliged to protect this common home for all living things, to preserve its beauty.

3.Accidents at nuclear power plants affect the inhabitants of entire continents, even the entire Earth. They have long-term consequences. Many years ago, the worst man-made disaster occurred - the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The territories of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia suffered the most. The consequences of the disaster are global. For the first time in human history, an industrial accident has reached such a scale that its consequences can be found anywhere in the world. Many people received terrible doses of radiation and died painful deaths. Chernobyl contamination continues to cause increased mortality among people of all ages. Cancer is one of the typical manifestations of the effects of radiation. The accident at the nuclear power plant resulted in a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in mortality, genetic disorders... People must remember Chernobyl for the sake of the future, know about the dangers of radiation and do everything to ensure that such disasters never happen again.

22) The role of art .

My contemporary, poet and prose writer Elena Taho-Godi, wrote about the influence of art on people:

You can live without Pushkin

And without Mozart's music too -

Without everything that is spiritually dearer,

Without a doubt, you can live.

Even better, calmer, simpler

Without absurd passions and worries

And more carefree, of course,

But how can this deadline be met?..

23) About our little brothers .

1. I immediately remembered the amazing story “Tame Me,” where Yulia Drunina talks about an unfortunate animal trembling from hunger, fear and cold, an unwanted animal in the market, which somehow immediately turned into a household idol. The whole family of the poetess joyfully worshiped him. In another story, the title of which is symbolic, “Responsible for everyone I have tamed,” she will say that the attitude towards “our smaller brothers,” towards creatures who are completely dependent on us, is a “touchstone” for each of us .

2. In many of Jack London’s works, humans and animals (dogs) go through life side by side and help each other in all situations. When you are the only representative of the human race for hundreds of kilometers of snowy silence, there is no better and more devoted assistant than a dog, and, moreover, unlike a person, it is not capable of lies and betrayal.

24) Homeland. Small homeland.

Each of us has our own small homeland - the place from which our first perception of the world around us begins, the comprehension of love for the country. The poet Sergei Yesenin's most cherished memories are associated with the Ryazan village: with the blue that fell into the river, a raspberry field, a birch grove, where he experienced “lake melancholy” and aching sadness, where he overheard the cry of an oriole, the conversation of sparrows, the rustle of grass. And I immediately imagined that beautiful dewy morning that the poet encountered in his childhood and which gave him a holy “sense of homeland”:

Woven over the lake

Scarlet light of dawn...

25) Historical memory.

1. A. Tvardovsky wrote:

The war has passed, the suffering has passed,

But pain calls to people.

Come on people, never

Let's not forget about this.

2. The works of many poets are dedicated to the people’s feat in the Great Patriotic War. The memory of what we experienced does not die. A.T. Tvardovsky writes that the blood of the fallen was not shed in vain: the survivors must maintain peace so that descendants live happily on earth:

I bequeath in that life

You should be happy

And to my native fatherland

Thanks to them, the war heroes, we live in peace. The Eternal Flame burns, reminding us of the lives given for our homeland.

26) Beauty.

Sergei Yesenin glorifies everything beautiful in his lyrics. Beauty for him is peace and harmony, nature and love for the homeland, tenderness for his beloved: “How beautiful the Earth is and the people on it!”

People will never be able to overcome the feeling of beauty, because the world will not change endlessly, but what pleases the eye and excites the soul will always remain. We freeze with delight, listening to eternal music born of inspiration, admiring nature, reading poetry... And we love, idolize, dream of something mysterious and beautiful. Beauty is everything that gives happiness.

27) Philistinism.

1. In the satirical comedies “The Bedbug” and “Bathhouse” V. Mayakovsky ridicules such vices as philistinism and bureaucracy. There is no place in the future for the main character of the play “The Bedbug”. Mayakovsky's satire has a sharp focus and reveals the shortcomings that exist in any society.

2. In the story of the same name by A.P. Chekhov, Jonah is the personification of the passion for money. We see the impoverishment of his spirit, physical and spiritual “detachment.” The writer told us about the loss of personality, the irreparable waste of time - the most valuable asset of human life, about personal responsibility to oneself and society. Memories of the loan notes he had with himWith such pleasure he takes it out of his pockets in the evenings, it extinguishes the feelings of love and kindness in him.

28) Great people. Talent.

1. Omar Khayyam is a great, brilliantly educated man who lived an intellectually rich life. His rubai is the story of the ascent of the poet’s soul to the high truth of existence. Khayyam is not only a poet, but also a master of prose, a philosopher, a truly great man. He died, and in the “firmament” of the human spirit his star has been shining for almost a thousand years, and its light, alluring and mysterious, does not dim, but on the contrary, becomes brighter:

Be I the Creator, the Ruler of the heights,

It would incinerate the old firmament.

And I would pull on a new one, under which

Envy does not sting, anger does not scurry around.

2. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn is the honor and conscience of our era. He was a participant in the Great Patriotic War and was awarded for heroism shown in battle. For disapproving statements about Lenin and Stalin, he was arrested and sentenced to eight years in forced labor camps. In 1967, he sent an open letter to the USSR Writers' Congress calling for an end to censorship. His, famous writer, were persecuted. In 1970 he was awarded Nobel Prize in the field of literature. The years of recognition were difficult, but he returned to Russia, wrote a lot, his journalism is considered to be moral sermons. Solzhenitsyn is rightly considered a fighter for freedom and human rights, a politician, ideologist, and public figure who served the country honestly and selflessly. His best works- this is “The Gulag Archipelago”, “Matryonin Dvor”, “Cancer Ward”...

29) The problem of material support. Wealth.

Unfortunately, the universal measure of all values ​​of many people has become lately money, passion for hoarding. Of course, for many citizens this is the personification of well-being, stability, reliability, security, even a guarantor of love and respect - no matter how paradoxical it may sound.

For people like Chichikov in N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls” and many Russian capitalists, it was not difficult to first “curry favor”, flatter, give bribes, be “pushed around”, so that later they themselves could “push around” and take bribes, and live luxuriously .

30) Freedom - non-freedom.

I read E. Zamyatin’s novel “We” in one breath. Here we can see the idea of ​​what can happen to a person and society when, submitting to an abstract idea, they voluntarily give up freedom. People turn into an appendage of the machine, into cogs. Zamyatin showed the tragedy of overcoming the human in a person, the loss of a name as the loss of one’s own “I”.

31) Time problem .

For a long time creative life L.N. Tolstoy was constantly short of time. His working day began at dawn. The writer absorbed the morning smells, saw the sunrise, awakening and... created. He tried to get ahead of his time, warning humanity against moral catastrophes. This wise classic either kept pace with the times, or was one step ahead of it. Tolstoy’s work is still in demand all over the world: “Anna Karenina”, “War and Peace”, “The Kreutzer Sonata”...

32) Morality.

It seems to me that my soul is a flower that guides me through life so that I live according to my conscience, and the spiritual power of man is that luminous matter that is woven by the world of my sun. We must live according to the commandments of Christ in order for humanity to be humane. To be moral, you need to work hard on yourself:

And God is silent

For a grave sin,

Because they doubted God,

He punished love everyone,

So that in pain we learn to believe.

33) Space.

Hypostasis of T.I.’s poetry Tyutchev is the world of Copernicus, Columbus, a daring personality going out to the abyss. This is what makes the poet close to me, a man of the century of unheard-of discoveries, scientific daring, and the conquest of space. He instills in us a feeling of the boundlessness of the world, its greatness and mystery. The value of a person is determined by the ability to admire and be amazed. Tyutchev was endowed with this “cosmic feeling” like no other.

34Favorite city.

In the poetry of Marina Tsvetaeva, Moscow is a majestic city. In the poem “Over the blue of the groves near Moscow .....” the ringing of Moscow bells sheds a balm on the soul of the blind. This city is sacred for Tsvetaeva. She confesses to him the love that she absorbed, it seems, with her mother’s milk, and passed on to her own children:

And you don’t know what will dawn in the Kremlin

It’s easier to breathe than anywhere on earth!

35) Love for the Motherland.

In the poems of S. Yesenin we feel complete unity lyrical hero with Russia. The poet himself will say that the feeling of the Motherland is the main thing in his work. Yesenin has no doubt about the need for changes in life. He believes in future events that will awaken dormant Rus'. Therefore, he created such works as “Transfiguration”, “O Rus', Flap Your Wings”:

O Rus', flap your wings,

Put up another support!

With other names

A different steppe is emerging.

36) Historical memory.

1. “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, “Sotnikov” and “Obelisk” by V. Bykov - all these works are united by the theme of war, it bursts into an inevitable disaster, dragging it into a bloody whirlpool of events. Its horror, senselessness, and bitterness were clearly demonstrated by Leo Tolstoy in his novel “War and Peace.” The writer’s favorite heroes realize the insignificance of Napoleon, whose invasion was only the entertainment of an ambitious man who found himself on the throne as a result of a palace coup. In contrast to him, the image of Kutuzov is shown, who was guided in this war by other motives. He fought not for the sake of glory and wealth, but for the sake of loyalty to the Fatherland and duty.

2. 68 years old Great victory separate us from the Great Patriotic War. But time does not reduce interest in this topic; it draws the attention of my generation to the distant years at the front, to the origins of courage and feat Soviet soldier- hero, liberator, humanist. When the guns thundered, the muses were not silent. While instilling love for the Motherland, literature also instilled hatred of the enemy. And this contrast carried within itself the highest justice and humanism. The golden fund of Soviet literature includes such works created during the war years as “Russian Character” by A. Tolstoy, “The Science of Hate” by M. Sholokhov, “The Unconquered” by B. Gorbaty...

In this collection, we have described the main problems encountered in texts for preparing for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language. The arguments below the problem statement headings are taken from famous works and demonstrate each problematic aspect. You can download all these examples from the literature in table format (link at the end of the article).

1. In his play “Woe from Wit” A.S. Griboyedov showed a soulless world, mired in material values ​​and empty entertainment. This is the world Famusov society. Its representatives are against education, against books and sciences. Famusov himself says: “They would take all the books and burn them.” In this stuffy swamp, turned away from culture and truth, it is impossible for an enlightened person, Chatsky, who cares for the fate of Russia, for its future.
2. M. Bitter in his play " At the bottom"showed a world devoid of spirituality. Quarrels, misunderstandings, and disputes reign in the shelter. The heroes are truly at the bottom of their lives. There is no place for culture in their everyday life: they are not interested in books, paintings, theaters and museums. In the shelter, only a young girl, Nastya, reads, and she reads romance novels, which artistically lose greatly. The Actor often quotes lines from famous plays, since he himself performed on stage before, and this further emphasizes the gap between the Actor himself and real art. The characters in the play are cut off from culture, so their lives look like a series of gray days replacing each other.
3. In D. Fonvizin’s play “The Minor” the landowners are ignorant ordinary people, obsessed with greed and gluttony. Mrs. Prostakova is rude to her husband and servants, rude and oppresses everyone who is lower than her in social status. This noble woman shuns culture, but tries to impose it on her son in tune with fashion trends. However, nothing works out for her, because by her example she teaches Mitrofan to be a stupid, limited and ill-mannered person who costs nothing to humiliate people. In the finale, the hero openly tells his mother to leave him alone, refusing her consolation.
4. In the poem " Dead souls» N.V. Gogol landowners, the support of Russia, appear before readers as vile and vicious people without a hint of spirituality and enlightenment. For example, Manilov only pretends that he is a cultured person, but the book on his table is covered with dust. Korobochka is not at all shy about her narrow outlook, openly demonstrating utter stupidity. Sobakevich focuses only on material values; spiritual values ​​are not important to him. And the same Chichikov does not care about his enlightenment, he is only concerned about enrichment. This is how the writer depicted the world of high society, the world of people who, by the right of their class, were granted power. This is the tragedy of the work.

The influence of art on humans

1. One of the brightest books where a work of art occupies a significant place is the novel Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray. The portrait painted by Basil Hallward truly changes the life of not only the artist himself, who falls in love with his creation, but also the life of the young sitter, Dorian Gray himself. The picture becomes a reflection of the hero’s soul: all the actions that Dorian performs immediately distort the image in the portrait. In the finale, when the hero clearly sees what his inner essence has become, he can no longer continue to live peacefully. In this work, art becomes a magical force that reveals to a person his own inner world, answering eternal questions.
2. In the essay “Straightened” by G.I. Uspensky touches on the topic of the influence of art on humans. The first part of the narrative in the work is connected with the Venus de Milo, the second is connected with Tyapushkin, a modest rural teacher, the vicissitudes of his life and the radical change that occurred in him after the memory of Venus. The central image is that of the Venus de Milo, a stone riddle. The meaning of this image is the personification of human spiritual beauty. This is the embodiment of the eternal value of art, which shakes the personality and straightens it. The memory of her allows the hero to find the strength to stay in the village and do a lot for ignorant people.
3. In the work of I. S. Turgenev “Faust” the heroine has never read fiction, although she was already in adulthood. Having learned about this, her friend decided to read Goethe’s famous play aloud to her about how a medieval doctor searched for the meaning of existence. Under the influence of what she heard, the woman changed a lot. She realized that she had been living wrong, found love and surrendered to feelings that she did not understand before. This is how a work of art can awaken a person from sleep.
4. In F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Poor People” main character He vegetated in ignorance all his life until he met Varenka Dobroselova, who began to develop him by sending him books. Before this, Makar had only read low-grade works without deep meaning, so his personality did not develop. He put up with the insignificant and empty routine of his existence. But the literature of Pushkin and Gogol changed him: he became an actively thinking person who even learned to write letters better under the influence of such masters of words.

True and false art

1. Richard Aldington in the novel "Death of a Hero" in the images of Shobb, Bobb and Tobb, legislators of fashionable literary theories of modernism, showed the problem of false culture. These people are busy only with empty talk and not with real art. Each of them comes out with their own point of view, considers themselves unique, but, in essence, all their theories are the same idle talk. It is no coincidence that the names of these heroes are similar, like twin brothers.
2. In the novel " The Master and Margarita" M.A. Bulgakov showed the life of literary Moscow in the 30s. Editor-in-Chief of MASSOLITA Berlioz is a chameleon of a man, he adapts to any external conditions, any power, system. His literary house works on the orders of the rulers; there have been no muses there for a long time and no art, real and sincere. Therefore, a truly talented novel is rejected by editors and not recognized by readers. The authorities said that there is no God, which means that literature says the same. However, a culture that is stamped to order is just propaganda, which has nothing to do with art.
3. In N. V. Gogol’s story “Portrait” the artist traded true skill for crowd recognition. Chartkov found money hidden in the purchased painting, but it only inflated his ambition and greed, and over time his needs only grew. He began to work only to order, became a fashionable painter, but had to forget about true art; there was no longer any room for inspiration in his soul. He realized his wretchedness only when he saw the work of a master of his craft, which he could once have become. Since then, he has been buying up and destroying genuine masterpieces, finally losing his mind and the ability to create. Unfortunately, the line between true and false art very thin and easy to miss.

The role of culture in society

1. He showed the problem of alienation from spiritual culture in post-war times in his novel “Three Comrades” by E.M. Remarque. This topic is not given a central place, but one episode reveals the problem of a society mired in material worries and forgetting about spirituality. So, when Robert and Patricia are walking along the streets of the city, they run into an art gallery. And the author, through the mouth of Robert, tells us that people stopped coming here to enjoy art a long time ago. Here are those who hide from the rain or heat. Spiritual culture has faded into the background in a world where hunger, unemployment, and death reign. People in the post-war era are trying to survive, and in their world, culture has lost value, like human life. Having lost the value of the spiritual aspects of existence, they became brutal. In particular, the main character's friend, Lenz, dies from the antics of the rabid crowd. In a society without moral and cultural guidelines, there is no place for peace, so war easily arises in it.
2. Ray Bradbury in the novel "Fahrenheit 451" showed a world of people who abandoned books. Anyone who tries to preserve these most valuable treasures of human culture is severely punished. And in this future world, there are many people who accept or even support the general trend of destroying books. Thus, they themselves distanced themselves from the culture. The author shows his heroes as empty, meaningless ordinary people, fixated on the television screen. They talk about nothing, do nothing. They simply exist without even feeling or thinking. That is why the role of art and culture is very important in modern world. Without them, he will become impoverished and lose everything that we value so much: individuality, freedom, love and other intangible personal values.

Culture of behavior

1. In the comedy Minor" D.I. Fonvizin shows the world of ignorant nobles. This is Prostakova, and her brother Skotinin, and main ignoramus Mitrofan family. These people show lack of culture in their every movement and word. The vocabulary of Prostakova and Skotinin is rude. Mitrofan is a real lazy person, accustomed to everyone running after him and fulfilling his every whim. People who are trying to teach Mitrofan something are not needed either by Prostakova or by the youngster himself. However, this approach to life does not lead the heroes to anything good: in the person of Starodum, retribution comes to them, putting everything in its place. So sooner or later ignorance will still fall under its own weight.
2. M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in a fairy tale « Wild landowner» showed the highest degree of lack of culture, when it is no longer possible to distinguish a person from an animal. Previously, the landowner lived on everything ready thanks to the peasants. He himself did not bother himself with either work or education. But time has passed. Reform. The peasants left. Thus, the external gloss of the nobleman was removed. His true animal nature begins to emerge. He grows hair, begins to walk on all fours, and stops speaking clearly. Thus, without labor, culture and enlightenment, man turned into an animal-like creature.

Arguments in the essay of part C of the Unified State Exam in Russian on the topic “The problem of preserving cultural heritage”

Text from the Unified State Examination

(1) Yakonov climbed the path through the wasteland, not noticing where, not noticing the ascent. (2) And my legs were tired, dislocating from unevenness. (3) And then, from the high place where he had wandered, he looked around with reasonable eyes, trying to understand where he was. (4) The ground underfoot is covered in fragments of brick, rubble, broken glass, and some kind of rickety plank shed or booth next door, and a fence remaining below around a large area for construction that has not begun. (5) And in this hill, which had undergone strange desolation not far from the center of the capital, white steps, about seven in number, went up, then stopped and began, it seems, again.

(6) Some kind of dull memory swayed in Yakonov at the sight of these white steps, and where the steps led was difficult to discern in the darkness: a building of a strange shape, at the same time seemingly destroyed and surviving.(7) The stairs ascended to wide iron doors, tightly closed and littered with caked rubble.

(8) Yes! (9) Yes! (10) The striking memory spurred Yakonov. (11) He looked around. (12) Marked by rows of lanterns, the river wound far below, going in a strangely familiar bend under the bridge further towards the Kremlin. (13) But the bell tower? (14) She is not there. (15) Or are these piles of stone from the bell tower? (16) Yakonov felt hot in his eyes. (17) He closed his eyes and sat down quietly. (18) On the stone fragments that covered the porch.

(19) Twenty-two years ago, in this very place, he stood with a girl whose name was Agnia. (20) That same autumn, in the evening, they walked along the alleys near Taganskaya Square, and Agnia said in her quiet voice, which was difficult to hear in the city rumbling: - (21) Do you want me to show you one of the most beautiful places in Moscow? (22) And she led him to the fence of a small brick church, painted in white and red paint and facing an altar in a crooked, nameless alley. (23) It was crowded inside the fence; there was only a narrow path for the procession around the church. (24) And right there, in the corner of the fence, a large old oak tree grew, it was taller than the church, its branches, already yellow, shaded both the dome and the alley, making the church seem completely tiny. “(25) This is the church,” said Agnia. - (26) But not the most beautiful place in Moscow. - (27) Wait. (28) She led him to the porch of the main entrance, walked out of the shadows into the stream of sunset and sat down on the low parapet, where the fence broke and the gap for the gate began - (29) So look! (30)

Anton gasped. (31) It was as if they had immediately fallen out of the gorge of the city and reached a steep height with a spacious open distance. (32) The river burned in the sun. (33) To the left lay Zamoskvorechye, blinding with the yellow shine of glass, the Yauza flowed into the Moscow River almost underfoot, to the right behind it rose the carved contours of the Kremlin, and even further away the five red-gold domes of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior blazed in the sun. (34) And in all this golden radiance, Agnia, in a thrown yellow shawl, who also seemed golden, sat, squinting in the sun. -(35) Yes! (36) This is Moscow! - Anton said excitedly. “(37) But she’s leaving, Anton,” Agnia sang. - Moscow is leaving!.. - (38) Where is she going there? (39) Fantasy. “(40) This church will be demolished, Anton,” Agnia repeated. - (41) How do you know? - Anton got angry. - (42) This is an artistic monument, they will leave it anyway. (43) He looked at the tiny bell tower, through the slots of which, towards the bells, oak branches peered. - (44) They will demolish it! - Agnia confidently prophesied, sitting still as motionless, in the yellow light and in a yellow shawl. (45) Yakonov woke up. (46) Yes, ... they destroyed the tented bell tower and turned around the stairs going down to the river. (47) I couldn’t even believe that that sunny evening and that December dawn took place on the same square meters of Moscow land. (48) But the view from the hill was still far away, and there were the same windings of the river, repeated by the last lanterns...

(according to the text by A.I. Solzhenitsyn)

Introduction

Preserving the past, expressed in monuments, ancient buildings, works of art, is our main task. This is important to do for the sake of future generations, who have the right not only to know what happened before, but also to be able to experience the past materially.

Unfortunately, often for the sake of some everyday needs, historical monuments and cultural monuments are not restored, they are destroyed, demolished, and modern shopping centers are built in their place.

Problem

The problem of preserving cultural heritage is raised by A.I. Solzhenitsyn uses the example of the loss of an ancient church, which had great cultural significance, but at the same time meant a lot personally to the hero of Yakonov’s text.

Comment

The text begins with Yakonov walking along a small, barely noticeable path, overcoming fatigue and uneven paths. His path is strewn with glass, rubble and broken bricks. Once on site, he discovered the remains of a booth and a prepared, but long-abandoned site for construction. On a hill, almost in the center of the capital, Yakonov saw several white steps that made memories come to life in the hero’s heart. Because of the twilight it was no longer possible to discern where these steps led. All that was visible was a large iron gate, hidden by compacted rubble.

He remembered the river flowing below, the bell tower, which was no longer there. From the realization of the destruction of the bell tower, Yakonov felt severe pain in his heart, closed his eyes, and sat down.

And then it dawned on him: 22 years ago he was here with a girl named Agnia. Then, on an autumn evening, they were walking near Taganskaya Square, and the girl offered to show them one of the most beautiful places in Moscow.

They walked for a long time to a small brick church. Its fence was cramped; there was only room for a narrow path for the religious procession. A huge, tall, perennial oak tree grew there; its height made the church seem quite miniature.

Agnia said that this was not the most beautiful place, it was located below, where the river was burning, where all of Moscow lay, shining in the setting sun. Agnia said that this Moscow is leaving, that this place is going to be destroyed, the church will be demolished. Anton did not believe in this; he argued that the artistic monument would remain inviolable.

When Yakonov woke up, he realized that Agnia’s prophecies had come true, the bell tower and staircase were destroyed. He couldn't believe it.

Author's position

The author expresses his pain through the experiences of the lyrical hero. This was a real shock for him. A.I. Solzhenitsyn calls for preserving cultural monuments, because this is not only historical memory, it is also the memories of people, their spiritual memory.

Your position

We need to be very sensitive to the heritage of the past, giving descendants the opportunity to feel the spirit of the past, to enjoy the history that is right before their eyes and which they can easily touch with their hands. The destruction of historical and cultural monuments entails a break in time and the destruction of the continuity of generations.

Argument 1

In V. Soloukhin’s work “Black Boards” he says that many ancient icons and churches were destroyed after the revolution. He asks whether the walls where fathers, grandfathers and great-grandfathers were married are not worthy of a better fate. Our compatriots buried their ancestors in them. Are these places worthy of such treatment? Soloukhin warns that the destruction of churches is not far from the desecration of graves. The writer argues that by destroying monuments of the past, we lose our human appearance.

Argument 2

In another work by V. Soloukhin, “Letters from the Russian Museum,” the author discusses the reconstruction of Moscow, recalling that in place of the greatest, most valuable historical architectural monuments there are now empty spaces, unfinished or unstarted construction. By abandoning the past, we practically put an end to our happy future, since the experience accumulated over generations disappears along with it.

Conclusion

By destroying monuments of the past, our cultural heritage, our historical architecture, we are cutting off our historical roots, destroying the memory of the past.