Presentation on the topic of bitter about writers. Maxim Gorky Lesson - presentation The life and creative destiny of Maxim Gorky
1871 - move to Astrakhan, where father dies of cholera - 1878 - The Peshkovs live in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of their grandfather Vasily Kashirin - death of their mother. Grandfather sends Alexey “to the people” - an unsuccessful attempt to enter Kazan University. Work on the piers. Visiting meetings of revolutionary youth.
Early Gorky () Gorky began as a provincial newspaperman (published under the name Yehudiel Chlamida). P signed letters and documents real name A. Peshkov; designations "A. M. Gorky" and "Alexey Maksimovich Gorky" contaminate the pseudonym with the real name. The pseudonym M. Gorky appeared in 1892 in the Tiflis newspaper “Caucasus”, where the first story “Makar Chudra” was published.
In 1898, the book “Essays and Stories” was published in St. Petersburg, which had a sensational success. In 1899, the prose poem “Twenty Six and One” and the first long story “Foma Gordeev” appeared. Gorky's fame grew with incredible speed and soon became equal to the popularity of A.P. Chekhov and L.N. Tolstoy. In 1895, thanks to the help of V.G. Korolenko, he was published in the popular magazine “Russian Wealth” (the story “Chelkash”).
From the very beginning, a discrepancy emerged between what critics wrote about Gorky and what the average reader wanted to see in him. The traditional principle of interpreting works from the point of view of the social meaning contained in them did not work in relation to the early Gorky. The reader was least interested in the social aspects of his prose; he looked for and found in them a mood in tune with the times.
According to the critic M. Protopopov, Gorky replaced the problem of artistic typification with the problem of “ideological lyricism.” His heroes combined typical features, behind which stood a good knowledge of life and literary tradition, and a special kind of “philosophy”, which the author endowed the heroes with at his own request, not always consistent with the “truth of life”.
Critics in connection with his texts did not solve social issues and problems of their literary reflection, but directly the “question of Gorky” and the collective lyrical image he created, which began to be perceived as typical for Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. and which critics compared to Nietzsche’s “superman”. All this allows, contrary to the traditional view, to consider him more of a modernist than a realist.
Gorky's social position was radical. He was arrested more than once; in 1902, Nicholas II ordered the annulment of his election as an honorary academician in the category belles lettres(Chekhov and Korolenko left the Academy as a sign of protest). In 1905 he joined the ranks of the RSDLP (Bolshevik wing) and met V.I. Lenin. They received serious financial support for the revolution
Gorky quickly proved himself to be a talented organizer of the literary process. In 1901 he became the head of the publishing house of the Knowledge Partnership and soon began to publish Collections of the Knowledge Partnership, where I. A. Bunin, L. N. Andreev, A. I. Kuprin, V. V. Veresaev, E. N. were published. Chirikov, N.D. Teleshov, A.S. Serafimovich and others. The pinnacle of early creativity, the play “At the Lower Depths,” owes its fame to a great extent to the production of K. S. Stanislavsky at the Moscow Art Theater (1902; played by Stanislavsky, V. . I. Kachalov, I. M. Moskvin, O. L. Knipper-Chekhova, etc.) In 1903, the performance “At the Lower Depths” with Richard Wallentin in the role of Satin took place at the Berlin Kleines Theater. Gorky's other plays, “The Bourgeois” (1901), “Summer Residents” (1904), “Children of the Sun,” “Barbarians” (both 1905), and “Enemies” (1906) did not have such sensational success in Russia and Europe.
Between two revolutions () After the defeat of the revolution, Gorky emigrated to the island of Capri (Italy). The “Capri” period of creativity forced us to reconsider the idea that had developed in criticism about the “end of Gorky” (D. V. Filosofov), which was caused by his passion for political struggle and the ideas of socialism, reflected in the story “Mother” (1906; second edition 1907). He creates the stories “The Town of Okurov” (1909), “Childhood” (), “In People” (), and the cycle of stories “Across Rus'” (). The story “Confession” (1908), highly appreciated by A. A. Blok, caused controversy in criticism. In it, for the first time, the theme of god-building was heard, which Gorky preached with A.V. Lunacharsky and A.A. Bogdanov at the Capri party school for workers, which caused his differences with Lenin, who hated “flirting with the little god.”
The First World War had a hard impact on state of mind Gorky. It symbolized the beginning of the historical collapse of his idea of “collective reason,” which he came to after disappointment with Nietzschean individualism (according to T. Mann, Gorky built a bridge from Nietzsche to socialism). Boundless faith in human reason, accepted as the only dogma, was not confirmed by life. The war became a blatant example of collective madness, when Man was reduced to a “trench lice”, “cannon fodder”, when people went wild before our eyes and the human mind was powerless before logic historical events. Gorky’s 1914 poem contains the lines: “How will we live then? What will this horror bring us? What will now save my Soul from hatred of people?
Years of emigration () The October Revolution confirmed Gorky's fears. Unlike Blok, he heard in it not “music,” but the terrible roar of a hundred million peasant element, breaking out through all social prohibitions and threatening to drown the remaining islands of culture. In “Untimely Thoughts” (a series of articles in the newspaper “ New life"; ; published in a separate publication in 1918) he accused Lenin of seizing power and unleashing terror in the country. But in the same place he called the Russian people organically cruel, “beastly” and thereby, if not justified, then explained the ferocious treatment of these people by the Bolsheviks. The inconsistency of his position was also reflected in his book “On the Russian Peasantry” (1922).
Gorky’s undoubted merit was his energetic work to save the scientific and artistic intelligentsia from starvation and executions, gratefully appreciated by his contemporaries (E. I. Zamyatin, A. M. Remizov, V. F. Khodasevich, V. B. Shklovsky, etc.) Barely Is it not for this that such cultural events as the organization of the publishing house “World Literature”, the opening of the “House of Scientists” and the “House of Arts” (communes for the creative intelligentsia, described in the novel “The Crazy Ship” by O. D. Forsh and the book by K. A) were conceived Fedina "Gorky Among Us"). However, many writers (including Blok, N.S. Gumilyov) could not be saved, which became one of the main reasons for Gorky’s final break with the Bolsheviks.
From 1921 to 1928, Gorky lived in exile, where he went after Lenin’s too persistent advice. Settled in Sorrento (Italy), without breaking ties with young Soviet literature (L. M. Leonov, V. V. Ivanov, A. A. Fadeev, I. E. Babel, etc.) Wrote the cycle “Stories of the Years,” “ Notes from a Diary" (1924), the novel "The Artamonov Case" (1925), began working on the epic novel "The Life of Klim Samgin" (). Contemporaries noted the experimental nature of Gorky's works of this time, which were created with an undoubted eye on the formal quest of Russian prose of the 20s.
Return In 1928, Gorky made a “test” trip to Soviet Union(in connection with the celebration organized on the occasion of his 60th birthday), having previously entered into cautious negotiations with the Stalinist leadership. The apotheosis of the meeting at the Belorussky station decided the matter; Gorky returned to his homeland.
Gorky came into this life to disagree, to resist the “leaden abominations of life: “I realized early on that a person is created by his resistance environment" Gorky also came into life to make an attempt to “invent happy life" Gorky's death was surrounded by an atmosphere of mystery, as was the death of his son Maxim Peshkov.
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On March 16, 1868, in Nizhny Novgorod, the future writer was born into the family of tradesman M.S. Peshkov and his wife Varvara Vasilyevna. Alexey was the fourth child of the Peshkovs, but his two brothers and sister died in infancy. After the sudden death of her husband, Varvara Vasilievna returned with her three-year-old son to the house of father V.V. Kashirin. It was in his grandfather’s house that Alyosha spent his joyless childhood, full of resentment and grief.
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In 1877, Alexei was assigned to the Kunavinsky elementary school, a school for the urban poor, where the boy studied very diligently, and was even awarded for his success “in science and good behavior.” In 1879, his mother died, his grandfather went bankrupt, and Alexei had to go “to the public.” He worked in a fashion shoe store, as an apprentice for the contractor Sergeev, as a cook on the ships Perm and Dobry, and as a draftsman.
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In 1884, Alexey left for Kazan to enter university, but he did not have to study there. The future writer goes through his universities on the piers, in night shelters, wherever necessary. In the fall of 1885, he got hired at Semenov’s pretzel shop, and from there in the summer he moved to Derenkov’s bakery. Students often gathered in the bakery to discuss books they had read, newspaper articles, and argue. All this could not but leave a mark on the soul of the observant young man.
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In June 1888, Alexey Peshkov, together with the revolutionary M. Romas, left for the village of Krasnovidovo, where he carried out propaganda work. But after the shop was set on fire, I had to leave the village and wander around Russia. Wherever he had to visit: he works in the Caspian Sea, wanders around the Mozdok steppe, returns to Nizhny Novgorod and goes on wanderings again
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“My walking around Rus' was not caused by the desire for vagrancy, but by the desire to see where I live, what kind of people are around me?” A. Peshkov ended his long year-and-a-half journey of wandering (1889-1891) in Tiflis. These travels enriched the writer with vivid impressions and helped him gain new life experience.
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After the revolution of 1905, Gorky actively helped the rebels; he was forced to leave for America due to an order for his arrest. This was the period of Gorky's first emigration. From the USA, Gorky moves to Italy, to the sunny island of Capri. The Capri period was very fruitful. The following works were written between 1906 and 1913:
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In 1913, the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty was widely celebrated in Russia, in connection with which an amnesty was declared. And Gorky returned to his homeland, to St. Petersburg. Here he wrote the story “In People” and the cycle of stories “Across Rus'”. The year 1917 arrived. October Revolution the writer met with caution: remembering the experience of the revolution of 1905, he was afraid of the “complete destruction” of the great Russian culture in the “chaos of peasant anarchy.” These views were reflected in the series of articles “Untimely Thoughts.” These articles caused complications in Gorky's relations with the Bolshevik authorities. After returning to the Soviet Union, M. Gorky headed the Union Soviet writers. He was concerned about the issues of upbringing and education of young writers, he fought for the approval of a new method socialist realism, which was declared at the First Congress of Soviet Writers in 1934. On June 18, 1936, the writer died and was buried near the Kremlin wall. Slide 2
Biography
Maxim Gorky is the literary pseudonym of Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov
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March 16 (28), 1868, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire. Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov was born into the family of a carpenter.
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Family
Father - Maxim Savvatyevich Peshkov - was a cabinetmaker. who was the son of a soldier demoted from the officers. Mother - Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina - from a bourgeois family. Grandfather Savvaty Peshkov rose to the rank of officer, but was demoted and exiled to Siberia “for cruel treatment of lower ranks,” after which he enrolled as a bourgeois.
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Grandfather Kashirin's house
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Youth
In 1884 he tried to enter Kazan University. In 1888, he was arrested for connections with N. E. Fedoseev’s circle. In January 1889, at a personal request (a complaint in verse), he was transferred to the Borisoglebsk station, then as a weighmaster to the Krutaya station. In the spring of 1891 he set out to wander and soon reached the Caucasus.
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Literary and social activities
In 1892 he first appeared in print with the story “Makar Chudra”. In 1895, he published the story “Chelkash” in the popular magazine “Russian Wealth”. In the same year, “Old Woman Izergil” and “Song of the Falcon” were written. In 1896, Gorky writes a response to the first cinematic session in Nizhny Novgorod. In 1897 - " Former people", "The Orlov Spouses", "Malva", "Konovalov". From October 1897 to mid-January 1898 he lived in the village of Kamenka.
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1898 - The publishing house of Dorovatsky and A.P. Charushnikov published the first volume of Gorky’s works. 1899 - novel “Foma Gordeev”, prose poem “Song of the Falcon”. the prose poem “Twenty-Six and One” is published; 1900-1901 - the novel “Three”; personal acquaintance with Chekhov and Tolstoy.
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March 1901 - “Song of the Petrel” was created by M. Gorky in Nizhny Novgorod. Creates the plays “The Bourgeois” (1901), “At the Lower Depths” (1902). In 1902, Gorky was elected an honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences.
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1904-1905 - writes the plays “Summer Residents”, “Children of the Sun”, “Barbarians”. Meets Lenin.
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Between two revolutions
Participant in the revolution of 1905-1907. In November 1905 he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. 1906, February - Gorky travels through Europe to America. He writes the play “Enemies” and creates the novel “Mother”. 1907 - delegate with the right of advisory vote to the V Congress of the RSDLP. 1908 - play “The Last”, story “The Life of an Useless Person”.
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1909 - the stories “The Town of Okurov”, “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin”. 1913 - Gorky edits the Bolshevik newspapers "Zvezda" and "Pravda", the art department of the Bolshevik magazine "Prosveshchenie" 1914 - founded the magazine "Chronicle" and the publishing house "Parus" 1912-1916 - M. Gorky creates a series of stories and essays that amounted to collection “Across Rus'”, autobiographical stories “Childhood”, “In People”.
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In 1818-1819, Alexey Maksimovich was active in social and political activities.
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Years of second emigration
1921 - M. Gorky’s departure abroad. 1925 - novel “The Artamonov Case”. Until 1928, the writer remained in exile.
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Homecoming
1928 - at the invitation of the Soviet government and Stalin personally. 1929 - Gorky visits the Solovetsky special purpose camp and writes a laudatory review of its regime. 1932 - Gorky returns to the Soviet Union. 1934 - Gorky holds the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, giving the main report at it.
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1934 - co-editor of the book “The Stalin Canal” In 1925-1936 he wrote the novel “The Life of Klim Samgin”, which remained unfinished.
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Death of Maxim Gorky
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Family and personal life
Wife - Ekaterina Pavlovna Peshkova A. M. Gorky with his son Maxim Peshkov Adopted and godson
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Maria (Mura) Ignatievna Zakrevskaya-Benckendorff-Budberg - Cohabitant Common-law wife Maria Fedorovna Andreeva. Adopted son - Zhelyabuzhsky, Yuri Andreevich. Adopted daughter - Ekaterina Andreevna Zhelyabuzhskaya.
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Maxim Gorky's entourage
Shaikevich Varvara Vasilievna - wife of A. N. Tikhonov-Serebrova, Gorky’s lover, who allegedly had a child from him. Tikhonov-Serebrov Alexander Nikolaevich - assistant. Rakitsky, Ivan Nikolaevich - artist. Khodasevichi: Vladislav, his wife Nina Berberova; niece Valentina Mikhailovna, her husband Andrey Diederichs. Yakov Izrailevich. Kryuchkov, Pyotr Petrovich - secretary, later shot along with Yagoda on charges of murdering Gorky’s son. Burenin, Nikolai Evgenievich - Bolshevik, professional musician, played for Gorky every evening. Chertkova Olympiada Dmitrievna (“Lipa”) – nurse. Evgeny G. Kyakist - nephew of M. F. Andreeva A. L. Zhelyabuzhsky - nephew of M. F. Andreeva’s first husband
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Addresses in St. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad
09.1899 - apartment of V. A. Posse in Trofimov’s house - Nadezhdinskaya street, 11; 02. - spring 1901 - apartment of V. A. Posse in Trofimov’s house - Nadezhdinskaya street, 11; 11.1902 - K.P. Pyatnitsky’s apartment in an apartment building - Nikolaevskaya Street, 4; 1903 - autumn 1904 - K. P. Pyatnitsky’s apartment in an apartment building - Nikolaevskaya street, 4; autumn 1904-1906 - K. P. Pyatnitsky’s apartment in an apartment building - Znamenskaya street, 20, apt. 29; beginning 03.1914 - autumn 1921 - apartment building of E.K. Barsova - Kronverksky Avenue, 23; 30.08. - 09/07/1928 - hotel "European" - Rakova street, 7; 18.06. - 07/11/1929 - European Hotel - Rakova Street, 7; end of 09.1931 - hotel "European" - Rakova street, 7.
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Novels
1899 - "Foma Gordeev" 1900-1901 - "Three" 1906 - "Mother" (second edition - 1907) 1925 - "The Artamonov Case" 1925-1936 - "The Life of Klim Samgin"
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Stories
1894 - “Poor Pavel” 1900 - “Man. Essays" (remained unfinished, the third chapter was not published during the author's lifetime) 1908 - "The Life of an Useless Person." 1908 - “Confession” 1909 - “Summer” 1909 - “Town of Okurov”, “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin”. 1913-1914 - “Childhood” 1915-1916 - “In People” 1923 - “My Universities” 1929 - “At the End of the Earth”
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Stories, essays
1892 - "The Girl and Death" (fairy tale poem, published in July 1917 in the newspaper "New Life") 1892 - "Makar Chudra" 1892 - "Emelyan Pilyai" 1892 - "Grandfather Arkhip and Lyonka" 1895 - "Chelkash", " Old Woman Izergil”, “Song of the Falcon” (poem in prose) 1897 - “Former People”, “The Orlov Spouses”, “Malva”, “Konovalov”. 1898 - “Essays and Stories” (collection) 1899 - “Twenty-Six and One” 1901 - “Song of the Petrel” (prose poem) 1903 - “Man” (prose poem) 1906 - “Comrade!” 1908 - "Soldiers" 1911 - "Tales of Italy" 1912-1917 - "Across Rus'" (cycle of stories) 1914 - "Stories of 1922-1924" 1924 - "Notes from a Diary" (cycle of stories) 1929 - "Solovki" ( feature article)
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Plays
1901 - “Bourgeois” 1902 - “At the Demise” 1904 - “Summer Residents” 1905 - “Children of the Sun” 1905 - “Barbarians” 1906 - “Enemies” 1908 - “The Last” 1910 - “Cranks” 1910 - “Children” (“Meeting” ") 1910 - "Vassa Zheleznova" (2nd edition - 1933; 3rd edition - 1935) 1913 - "Zykovs" 1913 - "False Coin" 1915 - "Old Man" (staged on January 1, 1919 on the stage of the State Academic Maly Theater; published 1921 in Berlin). 1930-1931 - “Somov and others” 1931 - “Egor Bulychov and others” 1932 - “Dostigaev and others”
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Journalism
1906 - “My Interviews”, “In America” (pamphlets) 1917-1918 - a series of articles “Untimely Thoughts” in the newspaper “New Life” (published in a separate publication in 1918). 1922 — “On the Russian peasantry”
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Fairy tales and stories for children
Sparrow's Childhood Pepe's Friends About Ivanushka the Fool Russian Fairy Tales Somovar The Case of Evseyka
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Pedagogy
1. Pogrebinsky M. S. Factory of people. M., 1929 - about the activities of the Bolshevo Labor Commune, famous in those years, about which the film A Start to Life was made, which won the first prize at the 1st International. film festival in Venice (1932) 2. Makarenko A. S. Pedagogical poem. M., 1934
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Film incarnations
Alexey Lyarsky (“Gorky’s Childhood”, “In People”, 1938) Nikolai Valbert (“My Universities”, 1939) Pavel Kadochnikov (“Yakov Sverdlov”, 1940, “Pedagogical Poem”, 1955, “Prologue”, 1956) Nikolai Cherkasov (“Lenin in 1918”, 1939, “Academician Ivan Pavlov”, 1949) Vladimir Emelyanov (“Appasionata”, 1963; “Strokes to the portrait of V. I. Lenin”, 1969) Alexey Loktev (“Across Rus'”, 1968) (“The last feat of Kamo”, 1974) Emil Loteanu “The camp goes to heaven” (film), 1975. Based on the early works of Gorky (the film is based on the story of gypsy love from the story “Makar Chudra”) Afanasy Kochetkov (“This is how a song is born ", 1957, "Mayakovsky began like this...", 1958, "Through the icy darkness", 1965, "The incredible Yehudiel Chlamida", 1969, "The Kotsyubinsky Family", 1970, "Red Diplomat Pages of the Life of Leonid Krasin", 1971, “Trust”, 1975, “I am an actress”, 1980) Valery Poroshin (“Enemy of the People - Bukharin”, 1990, “Under the Sign of Scorpio”, 1995) Ilya Oleynikov (“Anecdotes”, 1990) Alexey Fedkin (“Empire under attack” ", 2000) Alexey Osipov ("My Prechistenka", 2004) Nikolai Kachura ("Yesenin", 2005) Alexander Stepin ("His Majesty's Secret Service", 2006) Georgy Taratorkin ("Captive of Passion", 2010) Dmitry Sutyrin ("Mayakovsky . Two days”, 2011) Andrey Smolyakov (“Orlova and Alexandrov”, 2014)
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Attractions
In 2013, 2,110 streets, avenues and alleys in Russia are named after Gorky, and another 395 are named after Maxim Gorky. The city of Gorky is the name of Nizhny Novgorod from 1932 to 1990. In Nizhny Novgorod, the Central District Children's Library, the Academic Drama Theater, the State Pedagogical University, the street, as well as the square in the center of which there is a monument to the writer by the sculptor V. I. Mukhina are named after M. Gorky. But the most important attraction is the museum-apartment of M. Gorky. Institute of World Literature and Gorky Museum. In front of the building there is a monument to Gorky by sculptor Vera Mukhina and architect Alexander Zavarzin. Moscow, st. Povarskaya, 25a
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The ANT-20 “Maxim Gorky” aircraft was created in 1934 in Voronezh at an aviation plant. Soviet propaganda passenger multi-seat 8-engine aircraft, the largest aircraft of its time with a land landing gear Light cruiser "Maxim Gorky". Built in 1936. Cruise ship "Maxim Gorky". Built in Hamburg in 1969, flying the Soviet flag since 1974. River passenger ship "Maxim Gorky". Built in Austria for the USSR in 1974. In almost every major settlement of the states of the former USSR there was or is Gorky Street. Metro stations in St. Petersburg and Nizhny Novgorod, and also previously in Moscow from 1979 to 1990. (now Tverskaya). River passenger ship "Maxim Gorky". ANT-20 "Maxim Gorky" Light cruiser "Maxim Gorky" Cruise liner "Maxim Gorky".
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Film studio named after M. Gorky (Moscow). State literary museum them. A. M. Gorky OJSC "Printing House named after A. M. Gorky" (St. Petersburg). Drama theaters in the cities: Moscow (MKhAT, 1932), Vladivostok (PKADT), Berlin (Maxim-Gorki-Theater), Baku (ATYUZ), Astana (RDT), Tula (GATD), Minsk (NADT), Rostov-on -Don (RAT), Samara (SATD), Volgograd (Volgograd Regional Drama Theatre), Simferopol (KARDT). Libraries Parks in the cities: Rostov-on-Don (CP), Saratov (GPKiO, Minsk (CPC), Minsk, Krasnoyarsk (CP, monument), Kharkov Central Park of Culture and Culture), Odessa, Melitopol, Vinnitsa, Central Park of Culture and Culture named after. Gorky (Moscow). Universities: Literary Institute named after. A. M. Gorky. USU, Donetsk National Medical University. Printing yard of JSC TPO Central Film Studio of Children's and Youth Films named after Maxim Gorky
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Palace of Culture named after Gorky Gorky reservoir Volga. Railway station named after. Maxim Gorky (formerly Krutaya) Plant named after. Gorky in Khabarovsk and the adjacent microdistrict (Zheleznodorozhny district). State Prize of the RSFSR named after M. Gorky. Residential area named after. Maxim Gorky in Dalnegorsk, Primorsky Territory. Gorky Reservoir on the Volga.
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Monuments
Monuments to Maxim Gorky were erected in many cities. Among them: In Russia: Borisoglebsk, Vyborg, Moscow, Nevinnomyssk, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Pechora, Rostov-on-Don, Rubtsovsk, St. Petersburg, Sarov, Sochi, Chelyabinsk, Ufa, Yalta. In Belarus: Dobrush, Minsk. In Ukraine: Vinnitsa, Dnepropetrovsk, Donetsk, Kharkov, Yasinovataya. In Azerbaijan: Baku. In Kazakhstan: Alma-Ata, Zyryanovsk, Kostanay. In Georgia: Tbilisi Monument in Rostov-on-Don Monument near the Gorkovskaya metro station in St. Petersburg Monument in Lugansk Monument in Nizhny Novgorod
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Maxim Gorky on postage stamps
In 1988, the USSR issued a coin with a face value of 1 ruble, dedicated to the 120th anniversary of the writer’s birth.
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Alexey Peshkov was born on March 16, 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod. His father, Maxim Savvateevich Peshkov, was the manager of the Astrakhan office of the I. Kolchin Shipping Company. Mother, Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina, was the daughter of a Nizhny Novgorod merchant. Grandfather, Vasily Kashirin, was a wealthy merchant, foreman of the city dyeing shop. In the summer of 1871, Maxim Savvateevich dies of cholera. Varvara Vasilievna considered little Alexei to be the involuntary culprit of his death (his father became infected while nursing his son who was sick with cholera). The mother gives Alexei to her father's family. Grandfather and grandmother, a great lover of folk tales. From the age of six, boys begin to be taught Church Slavonic literacy. Grandmother's room (M. Gorky house-museum in Nizhny Novgorod) Grandmother and grandfather. Illustration by B.A. Dekhterev to M. Gorky’s story “Childhood”
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In 1877 - 1879, Alexey Peshkov studied at the Nizhny Novgorod Kunavinsky School. In 1879, Alexei’s mother dies of transient consumption. After this, conflicts begin in the Kashirin family, as a result of which the grandfather goes bankrupt and goes crazy. Due to lack of money, Alexey Peshkov is forced to leave his studies and go “to the people.” Alexey changes places of “training” one after another: first he is a student of a shoemaker (a relative of the Kashirins), then a student in a drawing workshop, then in an icon painting studio. Finally he becomes a cook on a steamship sailing along the Volga. Many years later already famous writer Maxim Gorky remembers the cook of the Dobry steamship M.A. Smury, who was illiterate, but at the same time collected books. Thanks to the cook, young Gorky gets acquainted with a variety of works of world literature and engages in self-education. M. Gorky. Nizhny Novgorod. 1889-1891
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In 1884, A. Peshkov moved to Kazan, dreaming of going to university. But this turned out to be impossible due to lack of funds; a “school of the revolutionary underground” began for him. He attends gymnasium and student populist circles, is interested in relevant literature, comes into conflict with the police, earning himself a reputation as “unreliable.” At the same time, he earns his living by doing menial jobs. A.M. Gorky (Peshkov)
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In 1888 - 1891, Alexey Peshkov went on a trip around Russia in search of work and impressions. He travels through the Volga region, Don, Ukraine, Crimea, Southern Bessarabia, and the Caucasus. Peshkov manages to be a farm laborer in the village, a dishwasher, work in the fishing and salt fields, and as a watchman at railway, worker in repair shops. He manages to make contacts in a creative environment. While wandering, Peshkov collects prototypes of his future heroes - this is noticeable in the early work of the writer, when the heroes of his works were people from the “bottom”. M. Gorky, photo of the first years of the twentieth century
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On September 12, 1892, the Tiflis newspaper “Caucasus” first published a story by A.M. Peshkova "Makar Chudra". The work was signed “Maxim Gorky”. Gorky’s development as a writer takes place with the participation of V.G. Korolenko, who recommends the new author to publishing houses and edits his manuscripts. In 1893 - 1895, Gorky's stories were often published in the Volga press. During these years, “Chelkash”, “Revenge”, “Old Woman Izergil”, “Emelyan Pilyai”, “Conclusion”, “Song of the Falcon” were written. Peshkov signs his stories with various pseudonyms, of which there were about 30 in total. The most famous of them: “A.P.”, “M.G.”, “A-a!”, “One of the Perplexed,” “Yegudiel Chlamida ", "Taras Oparin" and others. M. Gorky. Nizhny Novgorod. 1896
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In 1895, with the assistance of V.G. Korolenko M. Gorky becomes an employee of the Samara Newspaper, where he writes feuilletons daily in the column “By the way,” signing “Yegudiel Chlamida.” At the same time, at Samara Gazeta, Gorky meets Ekaterina Pavlovna Volzhina, who serves as a proofreader in the editorial office. In 1896, E.P. Volzhina became Gorky’s wife. A.M.Gorky
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In 1896 – 1897, M. Gorky worked in his homeland, in Nizhny Novgorod, in the newspaper “Nizhny Novgorod Listok”. In 1897, Gorky’s tuberculosis worsened, and he and his wife moved to Crimea, and from there to the village of Maksatikha, Poltava province. 1897 – the writer’s son Maxim is born. 1900 – daughter Katya is born. A.M. Gorky with his wife and children
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In April 1901, M. Gorky was arrested in Nizhny Novgorod and taken into custody for participating in student unrest in St. Petersburg. The writer remained under arrest for a month, after which he was released under house arrest and then deported to Arzamas. In the same year, “Song of the Petrel” was published in the magazine “Life”, after which the magazine was closed by the authorities. In 1902, M. Gorky’s plays “At the Lower Depths” and “The Bourgeois” were staged at the Moscow Art Theater. The premiere of “At the Bottom” is an unprecedented triumph. In the same year, Maxim Gorky was elected honorary academician in the category of fine literature. By order of Nicholas II, the results of these elections were annulled. In response, A.P. Chekhov and V.G. Korolenko renounced their titles of honorary academicians.
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In 1905, M. Gorky actively participated in revolutionary events; he was closely associated with the Social Democrats, but at the same time together with a group of intellectuals on the eve of “ bloody sunday» visits S.Yu. Witte and is trying to prevent the tragedy. After the defeat of the revolution, M. Gorky was arrested (he was accused of participating in the preparation of a coup d'etat), but both the Russian and European cultural community came out in defense of the writer, and M. Gorky was released from arrest. At the beginning of 1906, Gorky went to America to raise funds to support the revolution in Russia, where he received support from Mark Twain. M. Gorky on the Riga seaside after liberation from the Peter and Paul Fortress. Spring 1905 M. Gorky and M.F. Andreeva on the ship on the way to America. 1906
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In 1907, M. Gorky’s novel “Mother” was published in America. In London, at the V Congress of the RSDLP, Gorky met V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin). From the end of 1906 to 1913, Maxim Gorky lived permanently on the island of Capri (Italy). Many works have been written here: the plays “The Last”, “Vassa Zheleznova”, the stories “Summer”, “Town of Okurov”, the novel “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin”. In 1908 - 1913, Gorky corresponded with Lenin. The correspondence is riddled with controversy, as the views of the writer and the politician differ. Gorky, in particular, believes that revolutionism must be combined with enlightenment and humanism. This contrasts him with the Bolsheviks. M. Gorky. Italy, o. Capri. 1910-1911 V.I. Lenin visiting M. Gorky on the island of Capri
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In 1913, M. Gorky returned to Russia. In the same year he wrote the story “Childhood”. In 1915, the novel “In People” was written. M. Gorky begins to publish the journal “Chronicle”. In 1917, after the Revolution, M. Gorky finds himself in an ambivalent position: on the one hand, he stands for the incoming government, on the other, he continues to adhere to his convictions, believing that it is necessary to engage not in the class struggle, but in the culture of the masses... At the same time, the writer begins working at the publishing house “World Literature”, founds the newspaper “New Life”. By the early 1920s, Gorky's relationship with new government gradually worsen. In 1921, Maxim Gorky left Russia, officially to Germany, for treatment, but in fact, from the massacre of the Bolsheviks. Until 1924, the writer lived in Germany and Czechoslovakia.
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The national project “Digital Educational Environment” is coming to Russian regions: equipment will be supplied to schools and Internet access will be improved. But let's not forget about the content: what will the teacher do with new but empty computers? A digital classroom is not only computers and the Internet; an important component of the digital environment are tools and services that allow organizing the educational process at school using electronic educational resources.
