Male chauvinism: is the man always right? The meaning of the word male chauvinism is brief and clear: what is a female term? What is gender chauvinism.

There are many concepts that indicate the social, psychological and physical relationships between men and women.

The concept of male chauvinism is particularly controversial. To accurately understand and understand the meaning of a given word in a social context, it is necessary to consider the characteristics of religions, politics and sets of rules.

This concept suggests that a man prevails in all senses, skills, and intellectual superiority over a woman.

Particularly active in promoting machismo some religions. Islam is considered the most popular in this sense.

Any article in the Koran indicates the complete submission of a woman before God and man.

Male chauvinism promotes the following axioms:

• A man is always right under any circumstances and for any reason. Such superiority is determined by birthright.
• A representative of the stronger sex is more valuable in all areas of life, since life principles and positions are based on logical conclusions, and not on sensual ones, like women.
• A man is allowed everything in life, a woman has no right to anything.
• A woman must obey a man unquestioningly, since his word is law.

In many countries, this attitude towards the weaker part of the population leads to a gradual decline, justified by the small number.

The shortage of women is especially acute in China and countries where the main religion is Islam. It seems that nature itself has organized a boycott against this perception of women.

A brief and understandable definition of Great Russian chauvinism

At the time of revolutionary actions in Russia, the concept of “Great Russian chauvinism” first appeared, which the entire intelligentsia and political elite fiercely opposed.

At the moment of forming the foundations of post-revolutionary Russia, Lenin decided to eradicate great-power chauvinism.

The concepts of Great Russian and Great Power chauvinism were found in socialist and liberal literature promoting the equality of peoples, genders and social status.

The definition of Great Russian chauvinism says that:

• The Russian government can treat other peoples living in Russia with humiliation.
• The indigenous people of Russia treat other nationalities with disdain.
• On a large scale, bad attitude and the perception extends to the peoples of other countries.

To put it briefly and clearly, Great Russian chauvinism is an unfriendly manifestation on the part of the Russian people towards other nationalities that live on the territory of Russia.

Female chauvinism and how it differs from feminism, as well as gender differences

No explanatory dictionary can provide explanations regarding the concept of “female chauvinism”, since such a concept does not exist.

But there is a more familiar word - feminism. Both concepts take the gender order as their starting point.

Pay attention! Female chauvinism has become an unspoken definition for those women who disdain men's achievements in the world. modern stage development of society.

At first glance, the terms are almost identical, but still have significant differences in understanding.

Every educated woman should know the difference and consciously perceive such information for herself. In order not to resort to extremes, you need to know the differences exactly.

Explain the concepts of familiar terms to yourself and your friends:

The difference between the concepts of chauvinism from nationalism and socialism with examples

In social science there are three similar concepts that are often confused: chauvinism, nationalism, socialism.

Pay attention! Differences between definitions should be looked for in specialized literature.

Many people do not know what the difference is between these three similar concepts. Sometimes after reading the definition it is also difficult to realize and understand the meaning. It is worth turning to examples from history.

The meaning of the word and its examples from history:

Synonyms in simple words

The Russian language is rich and diverse, so you can easily find a lot of synonyms for a definition or concept.

IN recent years We are increasingly faced with this concept. It appears with amazing consistency in the speeches of politicians, in topics of public discussion, in discussions about the problems of the country and people. Often chauvinism and nationalism are closely intertwined in our minds. Some people consider them synonymous. Chauvinism - what is it? Let's try to figure it out.

The history of the term “chauvinism” dates back to France during the time of Napoleon Bonaparte. The soldier, Nicolas Chauvin de Rochefort, remained a devoted supporter of his emperor until the very end. The name became a common noun and was transformed into a term. Chauvinism in its basic meaning is an ideological concept that is based on the belief of the superiority of one nation over another. Aggressive policies and pressure are methods used by supporters of chauvinism to incite ethnic hatred.

Today, the word “chauvinism” refers to the unrestrained praise of any one nation or group of people, its exaltation over other nations or groups. As a rule, the chauvinist himself belongs to the very nationality or group that he praises.

Who are chauvinists? Unlike nationalism, where “all peoples are equal,” chauvinists see their nation as endowed with special, exclusive powers and rights. Fascism is one of the terrible manifestations of chauvinism, a crime against all humanity. The result is the death of millions of people of different nationalities, large-scale destruction of cultural and material property.

Chauvinism - psychology

The concept of chauvinism is used by psychologists of different schools. The psychotraumatic experience of upbringing, based on suppression, lays the foundation for the child to further self-affirmation in negative ways. The boy can internalize the result of a destructive relationship between father and mother (beatings, humiliation) and carry this program further into his future family. What “male chauvinism” is can be clearly seen in eastern countries, where education was initially built on male superiority over women.

Signs of chauvinism

IN modern society Open discriminatory acts are illegal and criminally punishable. Political movements based on chauvinistic tendencies will never lead to mutual understanding, openness, and peace between peoples, and therefore will not enjoy the support of the majority of people. The consequences are devastating: war, genocide. In its individual form, chauvinism is present as a “belief system”, mainly among men. Signs of a chauvinist:

• a male chauvinist actively “fights” against chauvinism, blaming others for it except himself;
• considers himself free from nationalist prejudices;
• exaggerates the “greatness”, “otherness” and “interestingness” of his people;
• elevates the temperament of his nation;
• believes that all nations “a priori” should love and admire his nation, he is offended when met with indifference;
• accurately notices the shortcomings of other ethnic groups, but does not know the real advantages and traits of his people.

Types of chauvinism

If we consider for clarity a specific example from history, then in Russia in the 19th – 20th centuries. “Great-power chauvinism” - an expression denoting the dominant attitude of the empire towards other peoples, with the advent of the Bolsheviks, was opposed to nationalism and, as a dangerous ideology, began to be supplanted, but as social chauvinism exists in third world countries. Today, when defining what chauvinism is in other social and public categories, experts distinguish several varieties:

• religious (confessional);
• domestic;
• racial;
• age chauvinism;
• gender;
• language.
• female chauvinism
• Gender chauvinism

Regardless of the sphere of manifestation, chauvinism is based on the suppression and domination of some over others, infringement, and inequality of rights. A worldview based on gender discrimination is called gender or sexual chauvinism. The difference in natural essence between a man and a woman creates inequality in political, economic and social manifestations - this is the ideology of sexism. Gender stereotypes play a key role in maintaining sexual chauvinism.

Machismo

Men can experience tender feelings and sympathy towards women, but at the same time do not consider them equal to themselves; part of the reason lies in psychological differences. Male chauvinism is a term (another name is sexism) coined by American feminists. The writer N. Shmelev considered male chauvinism an integral part of a man. Without realizing it, a man can tell a joke about a “stupid woman” or “evil mother-in-law” at any moment.

Characteristic manifestations of male chauvinism:

• a man's word is a woman's law;
• the man is the head of the family;
• reason, logic and intelligence - the difference between a man and a woman, in whom only feelings prevail;
• a man is always right;
• for a man - the appearance of a mistress is encouraged, for a woman - this is censure by society

Female chauvinism

At the end of the 18th century. Women in European countries began to declare their equality with men. The phrase of the American suffragist Abigail Smith Adams: “We will not submit to laws in which we did not participate, and to an authority that does not represent our interests” has gone down in history. Feminism is an ideological movement that has been gaining strength and scope over the course of several centuries. During this time, women managed to achieve equal rights with men:

• occupy leadership positions;
• suffrage;
• military service;
• choice of any profession;
• free choice of sexual partners.

All this helped women strengthen their position in society, become useful and influential. Female chauvinism is a concept that arose relatively recently. Unlike feminists, who recognize the rights of men and strive for equal rights with them, chauvinists devalue the role of men and emphasize their superiority. Men say that women also infringe on their rights and see discrimination in the following:

• early retirement age compared to men;
• lower standards of physical activity;
• the need to remove hats in the theater, church - a woman does not need to do this;
• The woman can make the decision to terminate the pregnancy on her own.

Chauvinism in the modern world

Preserving their traditions, way of life, religion, language, music is a normal desire of people of any nationality. High level of moral spiritual development helps to see the benefits and beauty of all the diversity of the world cultural heritage. Cultural chauvinism promotes its heritage as the only one and superior to other cultures - it impoverishes human perception.

Chauvinism in the Bible

What is modern chauvinism? There is no consensus between sociologists and other specialists. The origins of this phenomenon go back centuries. Male chauvinism in Christianity is based on the legend of the creation of the world. God created Adam first, and from a rib he created Eve for him - as a consolation. Expulsion from Paradise occurs through the fault of Eve, who tasted (succumbed to the temptation of the serpent) an apple - the fruit of knowledge. “All troubles come from women!” - this stereotype has not outlived its usefulness even today.

How often do you hear categorical statements like “All women are fools and bitches” or “All men are bastards and bastards.” Moreover, please note, not “some” or “many”, but “all women” and “all men”. Absolutely everything! Like this!

Fundamental contradictions between men and women sometimes seem insoluble and even reach the point of absurdity. But if we look at all this from a spiritual and philosophical point of view, based on the theory of reincarnation, then much will become clear.

A person lives on Earth many times, gaining experience in male and female incarnations and at the same time developing the corresponding character qualities. Male incarnations develop qualities such as activity, determination, and courage. And thanks to female incarnations, softness, tenderness, the ability to care, love and forgive develop.

Thus, a person must develop two types of energy - male (Yang) and female (Yin). Eastern philosophy never contrasts Yang and Yin and does not claim that one of these energies is better or worse than the other. They must be in harmonious interaction.

No wonder there is such a saying: “Lord! Give me strength to overcome what I can overcome. Give me the patience to endure what I cannot overcome. And give me wisdom to distinguish one from another." In other words, a person needs both Yang (strength) and Yin (patience) energy - which must be demonstrated depending on the situation.

In order for a person to more successfully develop the qualities of each of these energies, he is born several times in a row as a representative of the same gender. And then the situation changes, and he will develop opposite qualities. This is necessary for balance and harmony of energies. At the same time, a person’s spiritual growth gradually occurs.

While a person is at a low spiritual level, the typical features of a “male” or “female” character that he develops will also be of a low level. If he is a man, then he will be brutal, rude, aggressive and tough. And if this is a woman, then she will be weak, capricious, and touchy.

At the initial stage of spiritual development, men and women have very pronounced differences in character - therefore they are unable to either understand or appreciate the other half. And then mutual claims and accusations appear, as well as attempts to prove one’s own superiority over the “enemy,” that is, gender chauvinism.

In the female version, the example is various ladies' pulp books like “How to train a man.” And in the male version, this is the trilogy “Woman: Guides for Urban Cynics”, author Vis Vitalis.

What is the difference between ordinary psychology books and gender chauvinist propaganda? Regular neutral text looks something like this:

“In ancient times, men went hunting or to war - and at that time women waited for them in a cave or in a hut. Therefore, men are better at navigating in large open areas, while women are better at navigating in small, enclosed spaces. For example, men can find the right street in an unfamiliar city using a city map faster than women. And women always know which drawer of the closet this or that thing is in.”

This is simply an objective statement of facts. At the same time, psychologists will definitely say that this applies to “most men” and “most women,” but not to “all men” and “all women.” Because there are quite a lot of exceptions to the general rule.

And gender chauvinism uses such information to declare the undeniable superiority of one’s own sex, as well as the complete worthlessness of representatives of the opposite sex.

Gender chauvinists prefer to give assessments only in the area in which they themselves are strongest. For example, men consider women stupid because they are poorly versed in technology. And women consider men stupid because they can’t remember that there is borscht in the red pan and compote in the blue one.

Gender chauvinists try to portray members of the opposite sex as stupid, primitive and narrow-minded people, vicious, inferior individuals, and so on. It is in such cases that we hear statements like “All women are fools” or “All men are bastards.” After all, people who are at a low spiritual level are simply not able to understand those who are different from them. As a result, real “gender wars” break out.

In the “gender wars,” everyone is rooting for their team, just like at a football game. There is not and cannot be an objective view here (any chauvinist - gender or national - is always biased). The same actions are evaluated either positively or negatively, depending on who did it. Either “Our team scored a goal, well done!” or “Our opponents scored a goal for us, bastards!” Such a war can continue indefinitely, and there will never be winners.

However, in the future, gaining reincarnation experience in male and female incarnations and gradually advancing in one’s spiritual development, a person becomes more tolerant of members of the opposite sex.

A man who has gone through and learned the experience of not only male, but also female incarnations will no longer be rude and aggressive. He is able to feel subtly, be caring and affectionate. Such a man does not suffer from a male superiority complex; he understands, loves and respects women. At the same time, he remains a real man - strong, courageous and decisive.

And a woman who has gone through quite a lot of experience in male incarnations will not be quarrelsome, weak and capricious. She has good logical thinking and wide circle interests, she is quite active and independent. She respects and understands men. At the same time, she successfully deals with purely feminine matters, takes care of her family, and knows how to be attractive and feminine.

Men and women who are at a fairly high level of development always notice each other and are drawn to each other. They are not inclined to express rude definitions towards the opposite sex. Because they know that there are women and women. And there are men and Men.

What is chauvinism as a phenomenon in society? This concept is used in many areas of life and is closely related to politics, social life, and interpersonal relationships between men and women. Chauvinism carries a destructive principle and is based on sharply negative emotions.

Chauvinism - what is it?

The history of the term “chauvinism” dates back to France during the time of Napoleon Bonaparte. The soldier, Nicolas Chauvin de Rochefort, remained a devoted supporter of his emperor until the very end. The name became a common noun and was transformed into a term. Chauvinism in its basic meaning is an ideological concept that is based on the belief of the superiority of one nation over another. Aggressive policies and pressure are methods used by supporters of chauvinism to incite ethnic hatred.

Who are chauvinists? Unlike nationalism, where “all peoples are equal,” chauvinists see their nation as endowed with special, exclusive powers and rights. Fascism is one of the terrible manifestations of chauvinism, a crime against all humanity. The result is the death of millions of people of different nationalities, large-scale destruction of cultural and material property.

Chauvinism - psychology

The concept of chauvinism is used by psychologists of different schools. The psychotraumatic experience of upbringing, based on suppression, lays the foundation for the child to further self-affirmation in negative ways. The boy can internalize the result of a destructive relationship between father and mother (beatings, humiliation) and carry this program further into his future family. What “male chauvinism” is can be clearly seen in eastern countries, where education was initially built on male superiority over women.

Chauvinism and xenophobia - differences

At their core, both phenomena, chauvinism and xenophobia, contain an affective component - (hatred, hostility, contempt). Xenophobia - a broader concept - is a person’s fear of loss, dissolution of his ethnicity. The paranoid fear of xenophobes extends to everything alien: nations, races, cultures, religions. Chauvinism is a form of xenophobia that aggressively and violently opposes the interests of one’s own nation to the detriment of others.

Signs of chauvinism

In modern society, open acts of discrimination are illegal and criminally punishable. Political movements based on chauvinistic tendencies will never lead to mutual understanding, openness, and peace between peoples, and therefore will not enjoy the support of the majority of people. The consequences are devastating: war, genocide. In its individual form, chauvinism is present as a “belief system”, mainly among men. Signs of a chauvinist:

• a male chauvinist actively “fights” against chauvinism, blaming others for it except himself;
• considers himself free from nationalist prejudices;
• exaggerates the “greatness”, “otherness” and “interestingness” of his people;
• elevates the temperament of his nation;
• believes that all nations “a priori” should love and admire his nation, he is offended when met with indifference;
• accurately notices the shortcomings of other ethnic groups, but does not know the real advantages and traits of his people.

Types of chauvinism

If we consider for clarity a specific example from history, then in Russia in the 19th – 20th centuries. “Great-power chauvinism” - an expression denoting the dominant attitude of the empire towards other peoples, with the advent of the Bolsheviks, was opposed to nationalism and, as a dangerous ideology, began to be supplanted, but as social chauvinism exists in third world countries. Today, when defining what chauvinism is in other social and public categories, experts distinguish several varieties:

• religious (confessional);
• domestic;
• racial;
• age chauvinism;
• gender;
• language.

Gender chauvinism

Regardless of the sphere of manifestation, chauvinism is based on the suppression and domination of some over others, infringement, and inequality of rights. A worldview based on gender discrimination is called gender or sexual chauvinism. The difference in natural essence between a man and a woman creates inequality in political, economic and social manifestations - this is the ideology of sexism. They play a key role in maintaining sexual chauvinism.

Machismo

Men can experience tender feelings and sympathy towards women, but at the same time do not consider them equal to themselves; part of the reason lies in psychological differences. Male chauvinism is a term (another name is sexism) coined by American feminists. The writer N. Shmelev considered male chauvinism an integral part of a man. Without realizing it, a man can tell a joke about a “stupid woman” or “evil mother-in-law” at any moment.

Characteristic manifestations of male chauvinism:

• a man's word is a woman's law;
• the man is the head of the family;
• reason, logic and intelligence - the difference between a man and a woman, in whom only feelings prevail;
• a man is always right;
• for a man - the appearance of a mistress is encouraged, for a woman - this is censure by society

Female chauvinism

At the end of the 18th century. Women in European countries began to declare their equality with men. The phrase of the American suffragist Abigail Smith Adams: “We will not submit to laws in which we did not participate, and to an authority that does not represent our interests” has gone down in history. Feminism is an ideological movement that has been gaining strength and scope over the course of several centuries. During this time, women managed to achieve equal rights with men:

• occupy leadership positions;
• suffrage;
• military service;
• choice of any profession;
• free choice of sexual partners.

All this helped women strengthen their position in society, become useful and influential. Female chauvinism is a concept that arose relatively recently. Unlike feminists, who recognize the rights of men and strive for equal rights with them, chauvinists devalue the role of men and emphasize their superiority. Men say that women also infringe on their rights and see discrimination in the following:

• early retirement age compared to men;
• lower standards of physical activity;
• the need to remove hats in the theater, church - a woman does not need to do this;
• A woman can make the decision to terminate a pregnancy on her own.

Chauvinism in the modern world

Preserving their traditions, way of life, religion, language, music is a normal desire of people of any nationality. A high level of moral and spiritual development helps to see the benefits and beauty of the entire diversity of the world's cultural heritage. Cultural chauvinism promotes its heritage as the only one and superior to other cultures - it impoverishes.

Chauvinism in the Bible

What is modern chauvinism? There is no consensus between sociologists and other specialists. The origins of this phenomenon go back centuries. Male chauvinism in Christianity is based on the legend of the creation of the world. God created Adam first, and from a rib he created Eve for him - as a consolation. Expulsion from Paradise occurs through the fault of Eve, who tasted (succumbed to the temptation of the serpent) an apple - the fruit of knowledge. “All troubles come from women!” - this stereotype has not outlived its usefulness even today.

The interests of one nation are the interests of all etc. nations, distribution national swagger, incitement national enmity and hatred. The term "Shch." appeared in France [in 1831 in the comedy of the brothers I. and T. Cognard “The Three-Color Cockade” ("La cocarde tricolore") one of the heroes was the aggressively militant recruit Nicola Chauvin; it is believed that the prototype of this character was a real one - veteran of the Napoleonic wars N. Chauvin (N. Chauvin), brought up in the spirit of admiration for the emperor - the creator of the “greatness” of France]. The word "Sh." began to denote various manifestations of nationalism. extremism. In Great Britain Sh. received con. 70s gg. 19 V. a special name is jingoism.

Opportunist, current in international socialist movement, whose representatives spoke out during the 1st World War in support of chauvinistic. The policies of the bourgeoisie of their countries received social chauvinism.

A variety of Sh. - great power Sh. - and the policy of the ruling classes of the nation occupying the dominant (sovereign) position in the state, declaring their nation the “superior” nation. Great power Sh. aimed at enslavement etc. nations, their discrimination in economic, political. and cultural life. The most extreme Sh. is misanthropic. ideology and fash. states

Marxist-Leninist parties have always considered one of the most important tasks to be the fight against any variety of Scholastic ideology and its supporters.

Philosophical encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch. editor: L. F. Ilyichev, P. N. Fedoseev, S. M. Kovalev, V. G. Panov. 1983 .

CHAUVINISM

CHAUVINISM is a transformed form of national consciousness, one of the forms of heteronomy and xenophobia, hostility and even hatred of strangers, atavistic, biologically based rejection of foreigners, people of other faiths, all bodily, color, cultural, national, linguistic differences, even foreign customs, costumes and etc. according to the principle “not like that - stranger - stranger - enemy”. The term “chauvinism” comes from the name of the fanatical Bonapartist N. Chauvin, a soldier of the Napoleonic army, whose grotesqueness became a household name thanks to the comedy of the Cognard brothers “The Tricolor Cockade, an Episode of the War in Algeria” (1831). Subsequently, “chauvinism” became the international designation for extreme, fanatical nationalism bordering on racism. Modern chauvinism can have mass prejudices, even the ideology of extreme right-wing political movements. Chauvinism is especially dangerous if it becomes the de facto or de jure ideology of any ruling party or state policy (Germany in the 30s and 40s).

I. I. Kravchenko

New philosophical encyclopedia: In 4 vols. M.: Thought. Edited by V. S. Stepin. 2001 .

See what “CHAUVINISM” is in other dictionaries:

- (French from his own name Chauvin, a French soldier, an exalted supporter of Napoleon and the empire). At first it meant every boundless surprise felt towards Napoleon after 1815, then in general political self-delusion, self-adoration. Dictionary… … Dictionary foreign words Russian language

- (French chauvinisme) a type of nationalist policy, the content of which is the spread of hatred and enmity towards other nations and nationalities. The main provisions of the political ideology of chauvinism are: assertion... ... Political science. Dictionary.

Cm … Dictionary of synonyms

CHAUVINISM, chauvinism, many others. no, husband (polit.). Extreme nationalism, preaching hatred, contempt for other peoples and inciting national enmity. “...Chauvinism, even in white gloves and with the most sophisticated turns of phrase, is disgusting.” Lenin... ... Dictionary Ushakova

chauvinism- a, m. chauvinisme Chauvin Proper name French. soldier N. Chauvin, a supporter of Napoleon's aggressive policy. 1. Initially it meant any boundless surprise towards Napoleon after 1815, then generally political... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

The primary source was popular prints (“pictures from Epinal”) on military themes, created by the French artist Nicolas Toussaint Charlet. The constant hero of these pictures good soldier Sho wen. Later, this same popular character became the main... ... Dictionary of popular words and expressions

- (French chauvinisme), an extreme aggressive form of nationalism... Modern encyclopedia

- (French chauvinisme, in the English version jingoism) the most odious form of nationalism, the proclamation of national exclusivity, the opposition of the interests of one ethnic group (or superethnic group) to the interests of all other ethnic groups, the spread of ideas... ... The latest philosophical dictionary

CHAUVINISM, huh, husband. Extreme nationalism, preaching national and racial exclusivity and inciting national enmity and hatred. | adj. chauvinistic, oh, oh. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

A neologism that received citizenship rights in the French language, followed by it in other European languages. Under Sh., of course, a stormy patriotic mood of a warlike nature, supported by a heated fantasy and based on a blind... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

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