Test test on "cultural studies". Test on "cultural studies" with an interest in social problems

1. P. WITH. Gurevich:
"IN era... elevation spirit took root V region himself farms. Any work, conjugate With transformation life, was considered poetic.
Simultaneously was convicted idleness. IN a number of countries accepted laws against tramp. Economic profession was assessed How answer on call God. Hence, readiness rebuild, decorate life perceived How moral duty…
Work was correlated With asceticism, With high purpose earthly existence. Otherwise saying at all Not it was assumed What received profit should immediately service hedonistic needs person. Against, meaning labor was seen V volume, to produce some accumulation, overcome temptation all sorts of pleasures."
Confession dignity labor typical For culture era...

2. P. WITH. Gurevich:
"IN era... elevation spirit took root V region himself farms. Any work, conjugate With transformation life, was considered poetic.
Simultaneously was convicted idleness. IN a number of countries accepted laws against tramp. Economic profession was assessed How answer on call God. Hence, readiness rebuild, decorate life perceived How moral duty…
Work was correlated With asceticism, With high purpose earthly existence. Otherwise saying at all Not it was assumed What received profit should immediately service hedonistic needs person. Against, meaning labor was seen V volume, to produce some accumulation, overcome temptation all sorts of pleasures."
Understanding labor How human purpose typical For ________ ethics.

3. P. WITH. Gurevich:
"IN era... elevation spirit took root V region himself farms. Any work, conjugate With transformation life, was considered poetic.
Simultaneously was convicted idleness. IN a number of countries accepted laws against tramp. Economic profession was assessed How answer on call God. Hence, readiness rebuild, decorate life perceived How moral duty…
Work was correlated With asceticism, With high purpose earthly existence. Otherwise saying at all Not it was assumed What received profit should immediately service hedonistic needs person. Against, meaning labor was seen V volume, to produce some accumulation, overcome temptation all sorts of pleasures."
Fundamental contribution V the formation of the Protestant ethic was brought about by...

4. P. WITH. Gurevich:
"IN era... elevation spirit took root V region himself farms. Any work, conjugate With transformation life, was considered poetic.
Simultaneously was convicted idleness. IN a number of countries accepted laws against tramp. Economic profession was assessed How answer on call God. Hence, readiness rebuild, decorate life perceived How moral duty…
Work was correlated With asceticism, With high purpose earthly existence. Otherwise saying at all Not it was assumed What received profit should immediately service hedonistic needs person. Against, meaning labor was seen V volume, to produce some accumulation, overcome temptation all sorts of pleasures."
Understanding labor How human purpose typical For ________ ethics.

it was a kind of transmission mechanism between man and nature.

But it would be wrong to see only the “bad” side of medieval peasant labor. Agricultural labor was perceived by the peasant as an integral part of the cycle of nature. Christianity did not destroy the people's faith in chronic forces. The farmer is included in natural rhythms, and the relationship between people and natural phenomena is conceived in the form of interaction and even mutual assistance. The church pursued folk magic, including industrial magic, but at the same time it could not help but yield to the pressure of peasant beliefs, and the superficially Christianized traditional attitude of peasants to natural forces found expression in the church blessings of water, earth, fire and other elements. The “paraliturgies” aimed at conjuring bread, oil, wine, salt, earthly fruits, wells, vessels, boats, fishing gear and other objects and tools had the same nature (148). The special understanding of the world of things, inherent in the barbarians who felt their magical involvement with it, was not eliminated even in the Christian era.

The man of the Middle Ages was also capable of poeticizing his production activities. The portals of Gothic cathedrals are decorated, along with figures of characters from the Holy Scriptures, with bas-reliefs and statues depicting workers engaged in various agricultural work. Sculptural calendars consistently reproduce labor processes characteristic of different months and seasons. Plowing, sowing, reaping, threshing, harvesting fruits, viticulture, planting and digging up trees, setting up a scythe, mowing, hunting, cutting down wood - paintings that continue the ancient artistic tradition, updated by constant direct observation - were made with the artist’s undoubted interest in ordinary people, absorbed in production activities. A person who influences nature through his work glorifies the creator. The active life takes its place side by side with the contemplative life. They are equally sacred. In Chartres Cathedral, the figures of virtues and hardworking virgins are located symmetrically, with the latter on the right (it is known that the right side had greater dignity than the left). Work gradually finds its moral and religious sanction. Scenes of rural work undoubtedly reflect the increased self-awareness of the people, their understanding of the importance of productive labor in the general structure of the world.

Under the pressure of the new attitude of workers to their activities, theologians are beginning to reconsider their views on work. Based on the Bible, they at one time argued that labor was a punishment sent down to people for their sins. But in the XII-XIII centuries, in the same Book of Genesis (2.15), theologians began to emphasize other ideas, namely that Adam cultivated the Garden of Eden and, therefore, before becoming repentance, work was an occupation blessed by God.

A “theology of work” is being developed. Work pleases God. First employee

was the creator himself, the “architect of the world.” Accordingly, theologians called the world he created a “universal workshop.” In the Lansky Cathedral, God is depicted in the image of a worker: he counts on his fingers the days necessary for creation, sits, resting from the work done. Likening God to the thrifty owner, who manages the “factory of the world” and creates like carpenters and masons, we also meet at the end of the medieval era in the reasoning of the Italian miller Menocchio (158, 64-66). There are many paintings of handicrafts in the cathedrals. The depiction of labor efforts, crafts and seasonal agricultural work in iconography is one of distinctive features medieval European civilization. Stained glass windows in Chartres, donated by city workshops, seem to compare craftsmen with saints, for work has its own dignity and holiness. In the Notre Dame Cathedral in Semur, there are no scenes from the lives of saints on the stained glass windows - but the process of making cloth is depicted in every detail (203, 28, 65 et seq., 131). Often productive work is glorified in iconography dedicated to sacred subjects. These are the pictures of the construction of Noah's Ark or the Tower of Babel. The artists strive to convey the enthusiasm of the builders moving the stones and erecting the building; faces and figures are not individualized, the masses of workers move together, in a single rhythm, captured by the high impulse and joy of artel labor. In decorating churches, architects and artists could not choose subjects completely freely; the cathedral, which served as a “Bible for the illiterate,” had to be decorated only in strict accordance with theological theses and canons. The fact that crafts and agricultural activities could find a place of honor in the temple testifies to the recognition of the high purpose of labor as a commandment of God, one of the paths leading to salvation if the goal of labor is virtue. Higher powers patronize productive labor, and the guilds took saints as heavenly patrons. The cathedral itself, glorifying God, at the same time perpetuated the hard work, talent and experience of the person who created it.

The rehabilitation of active life reflected the growth of self-awareness of people belonging to different production professions and workshops. The doctrine that all professions have Christian dignity is gaining recognition. Each person has his own calling (vocatio) and is saved thanks to it (195, 162-180). Addressing the flock, the Franciscan preachers urged to spend time wisely - not on entertainment and dancing, not on evil and empty things, but on godly deeds, and among them - on work

Along with understanding the dignity of physical labor, the Middle Ages gradually came to realize the importance of mental labor. In the early Middle Ages, it was widely believed that intellectual activity did not require material reward, in particular, teachers did not receive a salary, because wisdom was regarded as a gift from God, which, therefore, could not be traded; the teacher could only be given gifts in gratitude for the knowledge imparted (225). However, such a view could

to prevail only as long as science and education remained a monopoly of the clergy; with the spread of urban schools and the increasing social need for knowledgeable people this point of view was revised, and the learned professions received citizenship rights along with other crafts. Any payment began to be considered legal if it was received pro labore. It is known how popular outstanding university professors were: students flocked to them from different countries, their knowledge seemed comprehensive, their authority was constantly referred to. The opposition “educated” - “uneducated” remained one of the main oppositions of medieval culture.

However, the attitude towards the poet remained disdainful for a long time, and it was almost impossible for him to live off the income from his writing - he could rely mainly only on gifts from noble gentlemen. About the life of one of the greatest medieval German poets, Walter von der Vogelweide, only one documentary evidence has been preserved (in addition to his writings): in the travel accounts of the Bishop of Passau, 5 solidi are mentioned, granted to the poet for the purchase of a fur coat. A poet, if he did not hold the position of a school teacher, found himself close in position to a buffoon. Many secular poets were wandering actors - vagantes, goliards. Complaints about poverty and deprivation associated with the pursuit of poetic creativity were no less frequent in the Middle Ages than in other eras. The poet’s self-awareness during the period early Middle Ages was not developed. Anonymous creativity predominated. Their contemporaries, and sometimes they themselves, mentioned poets in connection with praise of their knightly virtues, exploits accomplished in the Crusades, or their piety, without mentioning the fact that they were poets. Only from the 12th century the situation changed, the poet’s self-awareness as a creator began to increase (259,239-285).

We have already mentioned above the attitude of medieval artisans to the products of their labor, an attitude that differed significantly from the indifference of the worker and entrepreneur of bourgeois society to the products produced. The relative narrowness of the medieval city market, the prevalence of work to order, the high demands made by workshops on the quality of products - these are some of the conditions that determined this special attitude of the master to the fruit of his hands.

It should be borne in mind that a handicraft product in the literal sense of the word was the result of “handicraft”: as in agriculture, in the craft between the manufacturer and the product for a long time there was no complex technical and mechanical intermediate link; the product came directly from the hands of the artisan , who worked on it from the beginning to the end of the production process. Such manufactura naturally created a very close connection between her and the master. Labor in the workshop “has not yet reached the point of indifference to its content” (1, 536). A finished product that embodied skills, tastes and working hours his creator, was internally close to him, bore the imprint of his personality. All this led to a certain poeticization or, if you like, “glorification” of the guild

activities. Ethical and aesthetic aspects could not be eliminated from craft production. Members of a craft corporation have a high consciousness of the dignity of their work. The master reluctantly parted with his product. “An old artisan is fighting for a pipe that a merchant wants to buy from him” (34, 12). The artisan could not see in the finished product only bare exchange value, a means of obtaining money and other benefits. While working, the master is not concerned about making money by any means, but about ensuring a decent existence for himself. “...Our ancestors were not fools,” said the German “Reformation of Sigismund” (c. 1439), “crafts were invented so that everyone could earn their daily bread, and no one should interfere with someone else’s craft; with this the light drives away its need, and everyone can feed themselves” (226, 270). Consequently, the craft does not exist primarily for the consumer, but for the master himself, who cares about his income and dignity. The concept of dignity in this case implies, along with satiety and material wealth, also the ability to take part in the public affairs of the city in appropriate and established forms. In this society of small producers, a product is valued primarily as a use value, and then as an exchange value - it cannot be reduced to the latter.

Labor had not only economic content - it could be a source of moral satisfaction. A master producing a handicraft masterpiece, asserting his right to membership in the workshop, at the same time asserted his personal dignity, social status, affiliation with a corporation. It was as a member of the group that he could define himself as a legal individual, as a human person. The medieval artisan, in the process of his work, reproduced himself “in all his integrity” (2, vol. 46, part 1, 476). Labor is understood in this society as a general social responsibility: through his production activities, a person participates in the life of the whole - a workshop, a city, a society. Therefore, the artisan is aware of the importance of his work. This consciousness can also be found among peasants. At the beginning of the 14th century, one French peasant, who was under church excommunication, declared that it did not frighten him, for “his work will save him” (256, 55). Labor, interpreted by the clergy as a punishment imposed on the human race for original sin, is understood by the peasants as a means of opening the gates of heaven and the path to the salvation of the soul. When, in the 40s of the 12th century, thousands of Norman pilgrims came to Chartres with the intention of taking part in the construction of the western towers of the Cathedral of Our Lady and for several months rolled heavy carts with stones onto the steep slope on which the construction took place, while singing hymns in honor Holy Virgin and subjecting themselves to scourging, they were guided by the conviction of the righteousness and salvific nature of their work.

Moreover, labor could also be perceived as a social advantage of peasants over lords. It is known how popular they were in

In England in the 14th century, Lollard sermons on the topic: “When Adam dug the earth and Eve spun, who was the nobleman?” (69, 22). Here, the work of the ancestors is not a curse, but an occupation inherent in man from time immemorial, while the nobleman is an unnecessary member of society, for he does not perform a useful function and, in general, in this capacity was not created by God. Behind Milton's words that Adam's work in paradise is proof of his dignity (60, 126), there was a centuries-old tradition. Work is obligatory for a Christian, just like active love, says the 14th century English poet Langland in the poem “William's Vision of Peter the Plowman.” The work of a farmer is righteous, and only it opens the path to truth. With his labor, Peter the Plowman saves everyone “who helped him plow, plant or sow, or in any other activity could help Peter” (46, 19 - 20).

It was already mentioned above that the agricultural year was also a liturgical year. The natural and production cycles merged into a cycle of religious rituals, ceremonies and holidays. The beginning of the most important production processes was marked by prayers and religious and magical performances, and the end of the agricultural cycle was marked by holidays. The once-for-all established rhythm of life seemed divinely established and thereby acquired moral significance.

But in an antagonistic society, work inevitably inspired negative emotions. To a large extent, he was forced and excessive from the point of view of the peasants: they had to work much more than was necessary in order to pay the master. Bishop Adalberon of Lan, developing the doctrine of the organic structure of society, all “ranks” of which - the clergy, knighthood and peasants - serve the benefit of the whole, admitted: “To deliver all the gold, food and clothing is the duty of the serv class... This unfortunate class does not own nothing, no matter what it has acquired through hard work... Who could count... all the difficulties, curses and torments that the poor serfs have to endure? (PL, t. 141, 781-782). The social utopia of the Middle Ages was associated with the dream of a blissful state when there was no need to work. The happy country of Cockaigne, or Schlaraffenland, about which there were fables and legends, is a country where no one works, where everything is in abundance and falls into the mouth. In the kingdom of the “fifth monarchy” of the revolutionary sectarians of the end of the Middle Ages, hard work was not expected, and all the land was supposed to become common property.

At the same time, we should not forget about the specificity of the category of surplus labor time as applied to the Middle Ages. In a society based on a subsistence economy and traditional in its very essence, labor could not take up such a large share of time as in an early capitalist society. It is known how numerous non-working days were: these included, along with Sundays, saints’ days and others. church holidays, in total amounting to a third or more days of the year. But on weekdays the work could be extremely long. According to the guild regulations, artisans worked from

God and Mammon

sunrise to sunset. The slowly developing medieval society with its special attitude to time was not characterized by haste in work. He is characterized by thoroughness and quality in the processing of the product, the desire of the artisan to reach the heights of skill, to rise to the level of art. In the product of labor, the qualitative side is valued, not the quantitative side. As already mentioned, the concepts of “craft” and “art” in that era had not yet diverged. The product bore the imprint of the individuality of its creator (an individuality operating within the framework of the canon!) and had to be worthy of him. A thing does not obscure its creator

She is organically connected with him.

This is how the Middle Ages rethought the meaning of work. From a curse weighing on the human race, work turned into a calling. Understanding the dignity of work was an integral part of the general process of growth of human self-awareness. However, this increase in the social assessment of labor until the end of the Middle Ages remained nothing more than a trend. Labor could not receive complete rehabilitation under feudal conditions.

God and Mammon

Medieval European civilization is called the “civilization of labor” (268, 9). Indeed, the place that labor occupies in the series of basic values and concepts that form the backbone of this civilization is exceptionally large if we compare it with other world civilizations that precede or are synchronous with it. This definition, however, needs some clarification. We would say - the civilization of labor of peasants and artisans. The principles of economic ethics were almost entirely borrowed by the Middle Ages from early Christianity, but their enormous influence throughout the feudal era can hardly be explained by the strength of tradition and faith in church authorities alone. These principles have proven to be very much in line with the needs of small producers. A positive assessment of labor as a means of salvation and as the only morally justified source of property, recognition of the legitimacy of owning property in the amount necessary to satisfy personal needs, exaltation of poverty over wealth - all this found favorable soil in the minds of small producers and gave high spiritual value to their work. The lifestyle of the ruling class, which lived idly at the expense of peasants and artisans, did not correspond to any of these principles. Feudal lords and rich people had to pay moral tribute to the oppressed. Charity, generosity, prayers and penance, pilgrimage, sending younger sons to priests and daughters to monasteries, spiritual wills in favor of the church, and finally, the entry into monastic life of certain noble persons - these are some of the ways of compensation for unrighteousness, inevitably, from the point of view medieval Christian, which was accompanied by wealth and high position in society. The need for these acts of cleansing was great among the feudal class itself,

needing internal reconciliation with religious demands, which were contrary to their usual behavior. The lower strata of society undoubtedly received moral satisfaction at the sight of repentant magnates, who were further from achieving heavenly salvation than the poor.

Of course, the church did not require anyone to literally follow in practice the ideal of evangelical poverty and renounce their property. It was about the spiritual interpretation of this ideal. Even Clement of Alexandria, discussing the topic “what rich man can be saved?”, spoke about the words of Christ addressed to the rich young man, “if you want to be perfect, go, sell what you have and give to the poor” (Gospel of Matthew, 19, 21) : the point is not to give up property and free yourself from wealth, the main thing is to “eliminate from the soul incorrect opinions regarding wealth, greed and desire for it, sorrow about it, thorns of life, words that choke the seed” (38, 38). Consequently, it was essential to achieve internal freedom from wealth and resist the power that enslaves it. You should not throw away your property, since it is useful to your neighbor and with its help you can accomplish good deeds. The nature of wealth is “to serve, not to dominate.” The art of acquiring money, taught Thomas Aquinas, is of subordinate importance compared to the art of using money. To transform money from a means into an end meant ruining human soul(ST, II, 2, quaest. 50, art. 3).

Therefore, the whole question was how wealth is used, what purposes it serves.

The assessment of medieval civilization as a civilization of small owner-producers is confirmed by analyzing its attitude to money and its management. If any wealth in the Middle Ages could cause certain suspicions of a moral order, then this applied most of all to monetary wealth. Trade played a large and growing role in medieval society, and the merchants over time became a significant social force in cities, influencing political life. Nevertheless, throughout the Middle Ages there were strong prejudices against people engaged not in productive labor, but in trade and especially usurious transactions. Trade has something ugly, shameful, dirty in it, wrote Thomas Aquinas (ST, II, 2, quaest. 77, art. 4). Cain, according to the Bible, is the founder of the first city.

In one English sermon of the 14th century, priests, knights and workers, created by God, are contrasted with burghers and moneylenders - the creation of demonic forces (194, 326). Such an attitude towards moneyed people is highly characteristic of small producers, who tend to understand wealth as the result of labor efforts; in an agrarian society, money inevitably receives the assessment of a lower and ignoble form of property compared to land ownership. As it developed, commercial and usurious capital turned into a threat to the economic independence of small

owners, and their hostility towards him increased.

To understand the constant suspicion with which monetary wealth was treated in the Middle Ages, it is necessary to recall some of the fundamental philosophical and ethical principles of the era. First of all, this is the principle of the predominance of the general over the individual. A part does not exist on its own and is not autonomous, but is included in a certain universality. Both nature and society are integral complexes on which the elements that form them depend. Any grain of sand reflects the whole and embodies the wisdom of the creator who created the world with its harmonious consistency and connectedness of all its parts. Every individual phenomenon receives its meaning and significance from the general. In human affairs, the universitas takes precedence over the individuals that compose it. Man is not conceived as a completely independent unit, finding the basis of his existence in himself. The unlimited individualism of bourgeois society is completely alien to a member of feudal society. His private interest is, to one degree or another, subordinated to the interests of the whole - the group, the church, the nation. He who cares about the common good also achieves his own good, for the latter is unthinkable without the former or in spite of it (ST, I, 2, quaest. 47, art. 10; quaest. 152, art. 4). Medieval universalism had not only a socio-practical, but also a conceptual character. The view of the world embraced him first of all in its integrity, in order to then move on to its parts, for the integrity was real, while individuals were products of this reality and had to be deduced from it by thought.

Connected with this is another principle, which was already discussed earlier - the principle of the universal dominance of justice. The world is built on justice, and its violation threatens general chaos and destruction. Justice is both a moral and a cosmic principle. All human activity must be subordinated to it. Departure from this principle means a violation of divine institutions and natural law. Justice was understood extremely broadly and diversely. It presupposed the goodness of God, and the basis of the political system and justice, and one of the most important Christian virtues - purity and holiness of life, personal justice, manifested in behavior, and the state of rightness, and the innate desire for the good of all God's creations; Hugo of Sey Victor defined social justice as “that which maintains the harmony of the general and which does not deny everyone his merits” (100, 60). Justice is understood as a super-individual category to which all actions and thoughts of individuals are subject. Therefore, in the principle of justice, the relationship between the particular and the whole was realized: the individual had to subordinate his interests to society due to the requirements of higher justice. This did not lead to oblivion of the ultimate goal of human existence - the salvation of the individual soul, but expressed the idea that no one has the right to arbitrarily dispose of their property. However, the doctrine of justice in its medieval interpretation had nothing to do with the concept of equality. Theologians carried out radical

the difference between the sinless state of the first people before the Fall and the state of fallen humanity. In this latter state, private property and inequality of people caused by origin, success, and material wealth are inevitable. The inequality of people on earth is axiomatic for Catholic thinkers.

These principles formed the conceptual form into which the concepts of medieval theologians were cast, in particular the provisions they developed about the “fair price” and the inadmissibility of usurious profit. They found the starting material for their constructions in the Gospel - the source of all medieval wisdom. “In everything you want people to do to you, do so to them” (Gospel of Matthew, 7, 12).

However, Catholic theology is characterized by the desire to substantiate moral norms not only by references to divine revelation and the will of the creator, but also by rational reasoning and analogies. Therefore, theologians attached great importance to the analysis of human nature and the nature of things, based on the postulates of reason and the principles of natural law. Following Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas viewed justice as an expression of the proportionality and equivalence of relations between people who mutually give each other their due. In this sense, the concept of justitia could also be applied to commercial matters. Material relations should be built on the basis of mutual assistance and equivalence of services and services, but not on unilateral benefit and exploitation. The starting point is again justice, “the constant and firm desire to give everyone what he has a right to” (ST, II, 2, quaest, 58, art. 11).

Strictly speaking, medieval theology did not know or formulate any economic doctrine in the proper sense of the word. Economic activity was not of independent interest to the scholastics and could not act in their minds as a goal of analysis. Theologians touched upon the issues of usury and price, as well as the problems of labor and property, insofar as they turned out to be connected with the highest and final problems of existence. Therefore, it would be incorrect to talk about political-economic thought or the economic teachings of the Middle Ages. Theologians sought not so much to theoretically comprehend economic practice as to influence it, subordinating it to religious and ethical ideals, and to resolve pricing issues in the light of the metaphysical problem of values. Society in their eyes is a spiritual organism and not an economic mechanism, as a result of which economic activity must be controlled and curbed for the moral purposes for which it provides the means. In this perspective, the economy is not an independent reality at all - it receives its meaning within the framework of a broader ideal whole. Economic problems were expressed in terms of human behavior.

The discussion, in fact, was about analyzing the concept of justice. After all, the attitude of theologians to private property, as we have seen, is also

Question Answer Correct

8. What happens, according to Spengler, when the soul of a culture exhausts all its creative potential? There is no rebirth of this soul into another culture

12. When does an independent science of culture appear? In the 20th century no

14. The results of research of which sciences does cultural studies integrate? Theology, occultism, esoteric knowledge no

15. What is the subject of cultural sociology as part of cultural studies? Place of culture among others social phenomena, features of the functioning and development of culture in a particular social environment yes

22. Which era is characterized by the understanding of culture as the realization of humanistic ideals and universal capabilities of the individual? Revival yes

23. Which definition of culture is the most general – philosophical? Culture as a set of spiritual values created by people no

28. What form of culture is being defined here: a culture created by anonymous creators with no professional training and including myths, legends, fairy tales, songs and dances? Folk culture yes

33. What natural factors influence the formation of a people’s unique perception of cultural time? The size of the boundaries of the developed natural world no

41. Using what method can you study primitive culture? Archaeological yes

43. What is the name of the process of becoming a human being as a biological species? Evolution no

44. What is syncretism of primitive culture? Predominance of basic needs primitive man No

47. What is the likeness to human appearance and human qualities of objects and phenomena of nature and the supernatural world called (humanization)? Anthropomorphism yes

51. What is the etymology of the word "civilization"? Civil yes

63. How was the ideal of beauty determined in ancient Greece? Balance, naturalness, maturity yes

79. What element of knightly culture can be considered exclusively secular? No Code of Knightly Honor

82. Which definition most accurately describes the principle of humanism of the Renaissance? A worldview based on personal self-awareness and proclaiming freedom, creative independence and human dignity yes

83. Which of the listed figures is the most prominent humanist thinker - a representative of the movement within the cultural elite of Europe in the 14th - 16th centuries? Lorenzo Valla yes

87. What is characteristic of the culture of the Northern Renaissance? There is no direct influence of ancient culture

89. Highlight the main feature of the Protestant ethic: Hedonism no

93. What is the meaning of the Enlightenment phenomenon in Western European culture of the 18th century? Proclamation of the need for "enlightened faith" and the development of religious education no

100. Highlight the idea underlying the style of romanticism: A painful search for truth, the desire for an ideal and the impossibility of achieving it yes

101. Which characteristic is most suitable to define modernism? Anti-traditionalism yes

106. Which direction of modernist art is based on the teachings of S. Freud about the key role of the unconscious in creativity? Abstract art no

112. Why is the Koran used only in Arabic in religious worship? Translation of the Quran into other languages distorts its original meaning no

125. What was the influence of Tatar-Mongol culture on Russian culture? Statehood no

129. How are the tasks of art in Russia changing? turn of XIX-XX centuries? Art strives to go beyond the usual limits and transform the world according to the laws of beauty yes

Number of correct answers: 15

Number of incorrect answers: 15

Number of questions: 30

% of correct answers: 50

2. In which direction of modern Western cultural studies is culture defined as the sublimation of a person’s unconscious? In psychoanalytic theories (S. Freud, C. G. Jung, etc.) yes

4. What does the concept of “counterculture” mean in Nietzscheanism? There is no designation of the youth movement in the West of the 60-70s as a protest against the culture of the “fathers”

22. Which era is characterized by the understanding of culture as the realization of humanistic ideals and universal capabilities of the individual? Revival yes

32. Which of the following characterizes the dynamics of culture? Tradition no

34. What can cause cyclical changes in culture? Natural biological cycle (change of seasons, human life cycles, change of generations, etc.) yes

39. What is the process of assimilation of new values and absorption (full or partial) of one culture by another (usually stronger) called? Cultural assimilation yes

43. What is the name of the process of becoming a human being as a biological species? Anthropogenesis yes

45. What needs of primitive man can be considered “basic”? Physiological yes

46. What are the names of the fundamental forms of human life and thinking that exist regardless of geographical location, historical time and social structure of society, which began to take shape in the primitive era? There is no tradition

52. What was not typical for the cultures of the Ancient East? Anthropocentrism yes

53. Meaning of the word "lugal": Representative of the nobility, city ruler or leader in the states of Mesopotamia yes

65. What was the name in Ancient Greece for the combination in a person of physical perfection (beauty and strength) and high moral virtues (justice, rationality, chastity and courage)? Kalokagathia yes

68. Choose the most appropriate characteristic of the culture of Ancient Rome: Aestheticism no

75. What is the theoretical source of Christianity? Taoism no

76. What is the Septuagint? The name of the Greek translation of the Old Testament (III century BC) for Jews living outside Palestine yes

77. What is the main function of icon painting in Christianity? Religious: the creation of prayer images that embody supersensible ideas in sensory forms yes

79. What element of knightly culture can be considered exclusively secular? Knightly tournaments

88. What was the nature of the Reformation movement in northern Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries? Anti-Catholic yes

96. Which of the modern scientists discovered the laws of relativity of motion, falling bodies, oscillations of the pendulum, and also invented the telescope and thanks to this discovered the satellites of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, mountains on the Moon and sunspots? I. Newton no

99. Which of the listed figures is a Russian educator? Peter I no

103. Which culture focuses on the “average consumer”, standard perception and “instant needs”? Massive yes

107. Representatives of which avant-garde movement in art were V. Kandinsky, K. Malevich, P. Mondrian, R. and S. Delaunay, F. Kupka? Abstract art yes

108. The characteristics of which era in the development of world civilization are listed here: the transition from the production of goods to the production of services, the predominance of professionals and qualified specialists, the leading role of theoretical knowledge, the acceleration of the pace of development and “mPost-industrial yes

109. What cultural situation is being described here? “The development of technical means of communication does not lead to genuine communication between people, but to a cultural mixture in which it is impossible to sense a living being. The world is seen not as organic, but as random, there is no mechanic Modernism

113. What is Sharia in Arab-Muslim culture? The system of religious, legal and moral norms of traditional Islam yes

122. Who did the Slavs call the Magi? Priests of pagan cults and soothsayers yes

Number of correct answers: 22

Number of incorrect answers: 8

Number of questions missed: 0

Number of questions: 30

% of correct answers: 73.33

1. The most characteristic feature of cultural studies of the 20th century: Historicism no

3. What idea is characteristic of the cultural studies of Nietzscheanism? The idea of revaluing all values yes

7. Choose the most suitable characteristic to describe the “soul of culture” from O. Spengler: Eternity no

9. What reality is substantialized in the cultural studies of postmodernism? Language yes

22. Which era is characterized by the understanding of culture as the realization of humanistic ideals and universal capabilities of the individual? Revival yes

27. What forms of culture are regulators of social life? Legal provisions yes

33. What natural factors influence the formation of a people’s unique perception of cultural time? The size of the boundaries of the developed natural world no

35. How is “tradition” defined in cultural studies? The mode of existence of a social or cultural heritage transmitted from one generation to another yes

38. What concept characterizes opposition to tradition, denial of traditional norms and values, rejection of any cultural forms that “restrain the free self-realization of the individual”? Counterculture yes

39. What is the process of assimilation of new values and absorption (full or partial) of one culture by another (usually stronger) called? Cultural assimilation yes

50. What is the main function of primitive art? Magico-religious yes

53. Meaning of the word "lugal": Representative of the nobility, city ruler or leader in the states of Mesopotamia yes

55. What did the ancient Egyptians invent? No paper

57. What is the name of an action that involves subsequent reward or punishment in Buddhism? There is no samsara

58. What is "ahimsa"? Buddhist community, whose members are monks; No

73. The following does not belong to the fundamentals of Christian doctrine: The idea of God’s chosen people and

77. What is the main function of icon painting in Christianity? Religious: creation of prayer images that embody supersensible ideas in sensually perceived forms yes

79. What element of knightly culture can be considered exclusively secular? Knightly tournaments

81. What does the term “Renaissance” mean in relation to Western European culture of the 14th-16th centuries? Synthesis of a new humanistic worldview with ancient and Christian ideas yes

82. Which definition most accurately describes the principle of humanism of the Renaissance? Philanthropy - proclaimed love to be the main thing, the prince of man, there are no relationships

83. Which of the listed figures is the most prominent humanist thinker - a representative of the movement within the cultural elite of Europe in the 14th - 16th centuries? Lorenzo Valla yes

87. What is characteristic of the culture of the Northern Renaissance? Religiosity yes

92. What is not typical for Western European culture of modern times? Pessimism yes

97. Highlight the definition of mechanism: Replacement of manual means of labor with machines and mechanisms; introduction of technical means into various areas of human activity no

104. What does the word “symbolism” mean as the name of a movement in literature and art of the late 19th – early 20th centuries? The idea of art as a symbol of unknowable entities and mystical meanings that go beyond the limits of real earthly existence and are comprehended only intuitively and

116. Why is there a rule in Islamic art to refrain from depicting people and animals? It is believed that only Allah can be the “molder” of the living, who alone is capable of giving his creations a soul and

120. What refers to the Slavic roots of Russian culture? Paganism of the ancient Slavs yes

123. What elements of the Slavic pagan faith have been preserved in Russian Orthodoxy? Belief in afterlife reward (heaven or hell) no

126. What functions did the Russian princes have before the formation of the state? Military yes

Number of correct answers: 20

Number of incorrect answers: 10

Number of questions missed: 0

Number of questions: 30

% of correct answers: 66.67

4. What does the concept of “counterculture” mean in Nietzscheanism? Denial of tradition in a wide variety of spheres of social life - in economics, politics, morality, art, education, etc.

Tests
to test students' knowledge in the course "Cultural Studies"

An axiological approach to culture means: culture is:

World of values,

The formation of ethnic and national cultures is based on...

Community of religious ideas,

Cohabitation of people in a certain territory,

Unity of language

Unity of origin.

The ability to easily get along with other ethnic groups in social systems provides this feature Russian mentality, How…

Collectivism,

Focus on personal success

1. Management work, ideology.

2. Specialized education system, home education, customs, traditions, mores.

Relates to:

Cultures of intergenerational transmission of social experience - 2

Political culture - 1

Direction of applied cultural studies is not...

Development cultural policy,

Ensuring the implementation of cultural programs,

Study of historical processes of relationship

people and culture,

Diagnostics of cultural processes.

The French scientist who heralded the return of man to the bosom of nature is -

J.-J. Rousseau,

7. In the process of becoming a person as a bio-socio-cultural being

the most important change in his physiology was...

disappearance of claws,

loss of hair,

formation of asymmetry of the human brain,

change in the shape of the jaws as a result of switching to meat food.

The evaluative function of cultural studies is:

Embedding culture in history,

Reduction to the understandable

Comparison of objects of phenomena in context.

In the modern world there is a process ethnicization opposite in meaning to the globalization of culture

ethnicization,

division of spheres of influence.

As part of the modernization process, the cultural values of a particular people must be considered as...

Conservation of traditions,

Expression of people's cultural adaptation,

The basis for sociocultural creativity,

Exemplary artistic techniques.

The formation of global culture took place in...

The Middle Ages,

Hellenistic era

At the end of the twentieth century.

The meaning of human life is to solve the riddle of life, to get out of the wheel of births, to stop the path of suffering - this postulate is the basis Indian culture

Indian,

Western European,

The results of philosophical interest in cultural problems are recorded by:

cultural anthropology,

sociology of culture,

philosophy of culture,

A person’s correlation of himself with a certain group, the feeling of being an integral part of it, is...

cultural dispensation,

Cultural self-identification,

Psychological adaptation.

Fundamental Cultural Studies explores...

technologies for managing cultural processes,

processes and forms of integration and interaction of people based on common values,

problems of forecasting sociocultural processes,

problems of management regulation.

16. The state of dissolution of civilization in culture is characteristic of...

the primitive state of man,

industrial civilization,

traditional culture,

post-industrial society.

The term “Culturology” to designate a special discipline that studies culture as “an independent ordering of phenomena” - proposed to use...

domestic researcher of the 1980s Yu. Lotman,

author of the book “Primitive Culture” E. Tylor,

Nobel Prize laureate W. Oswald at the beginning of the twentieth century,

American anthropologist L. White in 1960

The function of culture that determines human change environment in accordance with one's needs, adapting it to one's own needs is...

Adaptive ,

Communicative,

Socialization of personality.

Into the structure of cultural studies not included…

Art history and aesthetics,

History of cultural studies and applied cultural studies,

Historical cultural studies and cultural anthropology,

Cultural anthropology and sociology of culture.

For the terms “cultural studies” and “sociology of culture” the following statement is true...

Culturology and sociology of culture are two different scientific disciplines that have their own subject of study;

Culturology is part of the sociology of culture, analyzing culture in the context of social processes;

Culturology and sociology of culture study civilizational processes;

The sociology of culture is based on the understanding of culture and cultural processes developed in cultural studies.

The descriptive function of cultural studies is...

Reduction to the understandable

Description of the main cultural sites,

Comparison of various cultural objects.

The foundation of an individual’s cultural competence is not…

Knowledge of languages, cultural codes,

Development of national cultural heritage,

Knowledge of cultural semiotics,

Proficient in modern computer technologies.

A person’s desire for higher spiritual values, for merging with the spiritual absolute, recognition of the external world as an illusion, admiration for the spiritual authority of brahmanas are characteristic of - Indian local culture.

Indian ,

1.Specialized education system, home education, customs, traditions, mores

2. Everyday rational knowledge about the world, everyday logic

Refers to the area...

Cultures of intergenerational transmission of social experience - 2

Scientific culture - 1

When developing social policy, a modern state must first of all take into account...

Use of know-how in extractive industries;

The use of new political technologies in the formation of the State Duma;

The principles of human solidarity accumulated over centuries;

Changing climatic conditions on earth

Postmodernism as a direction of modern culture and cultural studies was formed in...

70-80s XX century,

Giving an individual cultural competence in relation to the institutions of the society of which he is a member, mastering a system of values, etiquette, familiarity with the basics of government is...

Self-identification

Socialization ,

Culture based on written tradition professional literature, art, open to external influences, but at the same time preserving ethnic identity, is called ...

National ,

Consumer,

The formation of the views of Westerners took place on the basis of ideas...

Enlightenment.

In the early stages, cultural genesis determined (o)

Biological program characteristic of human ancestors

The human desire for creativity

The will of the primitive collective,

The need to adapt to changing living conditions.

31. For a person of Western culture not typical...

Recognition of freedom as one of the highest values,

The desire to understand and transform the world around us,

Subordination of one's interests to the interests of the community,

The desire for self-realization in real life.

A culture focused on the veneration of nature, its study, depiction in art - ...

Anthropocentric,

Nature-centric ,

Theocentric,

Cosmocentric.

On the functions of morality not applicable…

recreational

coordination.

Definition of cultural studies as a scientific discipline does not include concept...

Science that studies ways to satisfy human needs accepted in a given society,

Sciences about methods of intergenerational transmission of experience,

Sciences about the processes of formation of socially significant knowledge in human groups,

Sciences about social processes occurring in human communities.

The rules according to which people structure their behavior and activities are determined...

Norms,

The principle of family-state subordination, when the personal is not commensurate with the general, underlies Western European culture

Western European.

1. Sports, physical education, mass sports tourism.

2. System of organized leisure, clubs, holiday homes, sleep, alcoholism

Relates to:

culture of physical development - 1

culture of recreation, mental recreation and human rehabilitation - 2

The predominant form of modern social relations is...

Formation of a planetary cultural and information field,

Development of multiculturalism,

Development of technologies for soft social interactions,

Development of processes of spontaneous localization of historical traditions.

The factor forcing us to talk today about the need to create environmental ethics is...

Simplifying your spiritual life

Ecological crisis,

Complication of social relations,

Diktat of cultural norms.

Cultural anthropology studies:

Changing cultural needs and human goals in the context of urbanization,

Processes of human adaptation to the surrounding cultural environment,

Political and spiritual support for the implementation of cultural programs,

Development of theoretical ideas about culture.

A high level of specialization and social aspirations is characteristic of elitist culture

Elite,

Culture ethnic is a tribal, predominantly agricultural cultural system

Ethnic,

According to the Slavophiles, “holy Rus'”...

Opposes the inert East,

Goes the European way

Opposes the “rotten West”,

Close to the East.

A complexly structured integrity, including a worldview, worldview and attitude - ...

cultural system,

Picture of the world.

45. On the formation of brain asymmetry in human ancestors didn't have any effect influence …

Release of the forelimbs,

Disappearance of claws

Formation of differences between the left and right hand,

Establishing functional differences between the fore and hind limbs.

Renaissance. The Reformation and Enlightenment contributed to the formation of culture...

Primitive society

Post-industrial type,

Early urban civilizations,

New era.

Recognized artistic methods postmodernism are...

Denial of irony

Closed conceptual structures,

Collage denial

Compilation and citation of cultural samples.

Culturology it is forbidden call it the science of...

The value foundations of social consolidation of people,

Methods of reproduction of society as a socially stable and culturally specific community,

The mental aspect of human activity,

Processes of formation of social solidarity.

A researcher who believed that “progress does not consist in everyone going in the same direction, but in the fact that the entire field, which constitutes the field of historical activity of mankind, proceeds in different directions”...

N. Danilevsky,

The function of culture, which determines the unity of social communities on the basis of common views, beliefs, and values, is...

Adaptation of the individual to the environment,

Intergenerational transmission of experience,

Integrative,

In the context of globalization, there is a threat of mass involution, which means...

Immediate satisfaction of any social needs of the individual,

Complete equality of people

Forgetting one's own interests for the sake of the interests of society,

Disembodiment of the human personality.

The sphere of interaction between nature and society, within which intelligent human activity becomes the determining factor of development, is...

Noosphere ,

The problems of democratization of society, changes in cultural needs and human goals in the context of urbanization are explored by:

Sociology of culture,

Cultural Anthropology,

Philosophy of culture.

Find the correct match between the level of culture and its definition

Exchange of cultural information: education, mass media, etc. - 1

Manners, customs, worldview, household - 2

The possibilities of unlimited accumulation and processing of information, acquaintance with any cultural traditions have become possible in cultural conditions...

Early urban civilizations,

New era

Primitive society

Post-industrial type.

General direction in the development of the science of culture in the 21st century. associated with...

Increasing the efficiency of the adaptive function,

Increasing the effectiveness of its prognostic function,

Increasing the efficiency of the socialization function,

Increasing the efficiency of the integrative function.

Innovation is...

The set of meanings contained in any cultural object,

Regulatory sample,

The appearance and spread of a previously non-existent trait,

The process by which an individual acquires traditional ways of thinking.

A culture created by professionals and intended for the general population is massive culture

Massive,

A feature of the Western type of culture is...

Self-isolation of a person from the outside world,

Suppression of the individual "I"

External human activity, the desire to transform the surrounding world,

Passion for introspection and self-absorption.

The highest possible level of generalization of cultural processes is achievable in

Cultural Anthropology,

Sociology of culture,

Cultural studies ,

Philosophy of culture.

Today, many scientists talk about the “cultural apocalypse” of the 21st century, the main reason for which is called...

massive degradation of the human gene pool in the context of environmental disasters,

people’s loss of the systemic nature of their value orientations as a result of increasing social and information loads on the psyche,

deterioration of the education system, medical care,

exhaustion of the “Enlightenment” picture of the world.

The beginnings of religious ideas appeared...

Neanderthals

With the emergence of modern humans,

With the beginning of anthropogenesis,

In the first world civilizations (Ancient Egypt, Ancient Mesopotamia).

A concept that characterizes the system of worldviews of a certain society, including the totality of rational knowledge, religious beliefs, mythological texts, morals, mentalities, etc., is

Cultural system.

The cultural era in which nature became a simple object of human knowledge is...

Renaissance,

The prognostic function of cultural studies is:

Reproduction of a cultural system from within,

Comparison of various cultural objects,

Reduction to the understandable

Determination of prospects and possible ways of development of cultural processes.

Cultural studies as a science does not study genetically - chronological aspect of human activity

Value-semantic,

Normative and regulatory

Sign-communicative,

Genetic-chronological.

In the sphere of interests of philosophy of culture not included …

General laws of the existence of culture,

Forms of transmission of cultural heritage,

The most general laws and connections of culture,

Private and specific forms of cultural activity.

Ancient cultures were based on religious tenets. Indicate the dogma of which religion is stated in the following passage: “Know that life in this world is deceptive joy, seduction, vain attire, vanity among you, the desire to distinguish yourself with a lot of property and children: it is like those growths in the rain that captivate the farmer, then they wither, after which you see them darkened, and finally become dry stems. Life in this world is only a deceptive pleasure.”

Islam,

Indicate the sequence of procedures of the cultural process:

A) selection of the most effective ways carrying out activities

B) people’s understanding of the interests and needs that arise in certain circumstances

C) practical application of technologies and obtaining results

D) creation of technologies, satisfaction of interests and needs

B-G-V-A

The idea of the primordial perfection and harmony of the world, when the meaning of life becomes maintaining correct relationships with the cosmos, is characteristic of Indian culture

Indian,

Western European,

The situation of including culture in civilization as its integral part is typical for...

Industrial civilization,

Traditional culture,

The primitive state of man,

Post-industrial society,

Postmodernity as a modern cultural situation...

Looking for ways to bridge the gap between elite and mass culture,

Contrastes tradition and innovation,

Leads to an increase in the role of the system principle,

Promotes media independence.

Theoretical studies of human nature and its essence are carried out within the framework of philosophical -anthropology

Philosophical ,

1) Everyday rational knowledge about the world, everyday logic.

2) Sports, physical education, mass sports tourism

Refers to the area

Scientific culture - 1

Cultures of physical education - 2

Phenomenology of culture is...

The essence and internal defining foundations of culture,

Problems of genesis, dynamics, typology of culture,

Description and systematization of individual cultural forms,

Problems of cultural codes and communications.

A type of culture that arose on the basis of consanguinity, supplanted by a common territory, customs, and morals, is ethnic culture

Ethnic,

Consumer,

A branch of cultural studies that studies cultural languages...

Applied cultural studies,

History of cultural studies,

Sociology of culture,

Semiotics .

The concept that defines the property of an object to satisfy any human need is...

Meaning.

Supporters of the ideas of Eurasianism...

Opposed Eurocentrism

They considered European culture a role model,

Believed that Western civilization supported the spiritual life of people,

They defended the superiority of Eastern culture.

The narrative function of cultural studies is:

Comparison of various cultural objects,

Reduction to the understandable

Determining prospects for the development of cultural processes,

Embedding culture in history.

The alienation of man from nature has led to the emergence...

Personifications of nature,

Technological world.

The main goal of cultural policy is...

Development of pluralism in culture,

Development of processes of controlled localization of historical traditions,

Formation of images of social prestige,

Managing and manipulating people.

83. Consideration of culture as a set of highest spiritual values, the best human creations is characteristic of axiological definitions

Axiological,

Anthropological.

84. Features of the history of the eastern world is not...

Continuity of traditions and customs,

Absence of radical revolutionary explosions,

The strong position of religion as the foundation of culture,

The presence of revolutions.

85. Applied cultural studies solves problems...

Studying and developing principles and technologies for managing cultural processes,

Descriptions and interpretations of cultural events,

Analysis of the semantics of cultural objects,

Knowledge of objective patterns of development of cultural phenomena.

86. Write down in chronological order the forms of ethnic communities that existed in history

Clan, tribe, nationality, nation,

Nation, clan, nationality, tribe,

Tribe, nationality, nation, clan,

Nationality, tribe, clan, nation.

87. A feature of modern global culture is...

Pragmatism,

88. Rationalism, Eurocentrism, acceleration of progress are characteristic features of culture...

New era

Early urban civilizations,

Primitive society

Post-industrial type.

89. In the context of globalization, for cultural studies, research directions become an urgent issue...

The disappearance of phenomena that do not fit into the system of standards

Increasing disparities in the economic development of countries,

The international nature of political crises,

A variety of “cultural texts” that accumulate the historical experience of people’s collective life.

90. The ideas of cultural studies were manifested by a prominent representative of Russian science of the twentieth century. -...

D.S. Likhachev,

A direction that uses such concepts as “natural selection”, “struggle for existence” in explaining sociocultural processes is...

Social Anthropology,

Social cultural studies,

Social Darwinism,

92. In cultural and aesthetic terms, postmodernism acts as a follower...

Avant-garde.

In modern conditions, priority attention in the field of interethnic relations should be given...

Development of principles and norms of social solidarity and cultural identity of a non-confrontational type,

Developing ideas about a special type of technically erudite personality,

Development of technologies for the functioning of a multi-party system,

1. One of the characteristics modern culture is

1) focus on science *

3) standardization of cultural values

2. Features that characterize the development of society and the state in the Western type of culture are... Two answer options.

1) the despotic nature of power

2) the overwhelming role of the state

3) separation of powers *

4) political pluralism *

3. One of the characteristics of global culture is

1) standardization of cultural values *

2) orientation towards religious values

3) orientation towards science

4. A characteristic feature of the modern era is

1) increasing differences between cultures

2) general Americanization

3) unification of original local cultures

4) leveling the level of cultural development *

5. Not typical for modern culture (but), (us)

1) rapid processes occurring in conditions of continuous modernization

2) lack of writing and industrial production *

3) the conflict of generations is pronounced

4) alienation of person from person, disruption of communication

6. Possibilities for unlimited accumulation and processing of information, acquaintance with any cultural traditions became possible in the conditions

Middle Ages

2) post-industrial type *

3) New era

4) early urban civilization

7. Globalization in culture leads to semantic imbalances, which opens up enormous opportunities for...

1) management and manipulation of people *

2) creation of “closed societies”

3) implementation of the idea of equality

4) forgetting one’s own interests for the sake of the interests of society

8. Name the characteristic features of a post-industrial society. Two possible answers.

1) maintaining and strengthening the existing order

2) activities of scientists and specialists *

3) cooperation between nature and society

4) highly developed service sector *

5) intolerance towards manifestations of individualism and spiritual independence

9. In modern conditions, priority attention in the field of interethnic relations should be given to -

1) introduction of a strict administration model

2) development of principles and norms of cultural identity of a non-confrontational type *

3) development of technologies for the functioning of a multi-party system

4) developing ideas about a special type of technically erudite personality

10. The philosophical basis of postmodernism is -

1) recognition of the monotony of culture as a positive state

2) denial of the limits of human intervention in the modification of culture

3) human intervention in natural changes in nature

4) awareness of the diversity and pluralism of forms of life and culture *

11. The predominant form of modern social relations is...

1) development of technologies for soft social interactions*

2) development of multiculturalism

3) development of processes of spontaneous localization of historical traditions

4) national isolation

12. A feature of modern global culture is...

1) religiosity

2) spirituality

3) pragmatism *

4) nationalism.

13. In modern attitudes towards the world, the importance of...

1) religion

2) nature

3) subject *

14. The process of developing relations between groups of people from complete intolerance to more complex and tolerant forms of interaction is reflected by the following sequence of concepts:

1) genocide, assimilation, segregation, integration

2) integration, genocide, assimilation, segregation

3) genocide, segregation, assimilation, integration *

4) integration, segregation, assimilation, genocide

15) In cultural and ethnic terms, postmodernism acts as a successor...

1) classicism

2) impressionism

3) avant-garde *

4) romanticism

16. The extermination of certain groups of the population on racial, national and religious grounds is called...

1) segregation

2) discrimination

3) deportation

4) genocide *

17. An example of the process of globalization political life is...Two possible answers.

1) conflict between Muslim and Western civilizations

2) creation of confessional unions *

3) formation of national states

4) creation of the European Union *

18. An ideal model of reality, created on the basis of scientific ideas and principles, serving as the basis for the construction of scientific theories, is a ________ picture of the world.

1) religious

2) cultural

3) philosophical

4) scientific *

19. Modern global culture is characterized by a belief in limitless possibilities...

2) team

4) progress *

20. The process of_______, opposite in meaning to the globalization of culture, is observed in modern world.

1) division of spheres of influence *

2) integration

3) ethnicization

4) assimilation

21. Feelings of absolute alienation to the world around us, loss of life, are called ____________

1) modernism

2) sublimation

3) loss of identity*

4) deviations

22. Which style trends do not belong to the 20th century?

1) surrealism

2) classicism *

3) abstract art

23. Which of the following features does not apply to postmodern art?

1) desire for quotation, collage.

2) a mixture of center and periphery, main and secondary.

3) active participation of the viewer in the artistic action.

4) the idea that art should serve some higher values *

24. The main reason for the “cultural apocalypse” of the 21st century. think...

1) exhaustion of the “Enlightenment” picture of the world

2) massive degradation of the human gene pool in conditions of environmental disasters

3) people’s loss of the systemic nature of their values and orientations as a result of increasing social and information loads on the psyche*

4) deterioration of the education system, medical care

25. The formation of global culture took place...

1) in the Hellenistic era

2) in the Middle Ages

3) at the end of the 20th century*

4) in the Roman era

26. The modern situation in culture is characterized by...

1) monolinearity

2) local cultural and historical processes merge and form a single cultural world *

3) the existence of autonomous, independent cultural worlds, each of which develops in its own way

4) multilinearity

27. Refusal of attempts to systematize the world, blurring the lines between art and non-art, beautiful and ugly - is characteristic of...

1) non-classical model of culture

2) postmodern model of culture *

3) concepts of post-industrial society

4) classical model of culture

28. The peculiarity of the modern cultural situation is ...

1) collectivism

2) the desire for national isolation

3) pursuit of spiritual values

4) the desire for globalization in all spheres of human activity *

29. A characteristic feature of the modern era is...

1) general Americanization

2) erasing differences between cultures *

3) leveling the level of development of cultures

4) unification of original and unique local cultures

30. The process of transforming a traditional, agrarian society into a society with machine technology, rational and secular relations is called….

1) universalization

2) marginalization

3) globalization

4) modernization *

31. When selecting social policies, a modern state must first of all take into account...

1) principles of human solidarity accumulated over centuries *

2) the use of new political technologies in the formation of the State Duma

3) changes in climate conditions on Earth

4) use of know-how in extractive industries

32. A prerequisite for the globalization process is...

1) priority of family and national values

2) ethnic isolation

3) creation of national institutions *

4) refusal of technical progress

33. Postmodernity as a new type of culture...

1) returns to the patriarchal, religious type of culture

2) offers aesthetic hedonism

3) destroys the system of symbolic opposites *

4) imposes a value system

34. The era, which was spiritually constituted in the 18th century and received extremely rapid development in the 20th century, the time of the onset of the spiritual unity of mankind - ...

1) Promethean era

2) axial time

3) the era of the great cultures of antiquity

4) era of technology *

35. Modern culture is characterized by…

1) the existence of a center and periphery

2) extremely stable character, denial of any innovations, very slow changes

3) existence mainly in cities in a state of disharmony with nature, a global imbalance *

4) the idea of ritual as the goal and meaning of life

36. As part of the modernization process, the cultural values of a particular people must be considered as...

1) basis for development artistic culture

2) preservation of traditions

3) exemplary artistic methods

4) the basis for sociocultural creativity *

37. Innovation is called...

1) the process during which an individual masters traditional ways thinking

2) the appearance and spread of a trait that was not previously present *

3) normal sample

4) a set of meanings contained in any cultural object

38. B modern painting modernization does not fit...

1) the idea that the whole world will never live the way the modern West lives *

2) the idea that all the results of modernization are good, that modernization processes cannot be reversed, that traditions hinder modernization

3) assessment of modernization not only by economic, but also by moral indicators

4) the idea of the driving centers of modernity and model societies not only of the USA, the West, but also of Japan, the “Asian tigers”.

39. Recognized artistic methods of postmodernism are…

1) Compilation and citation of cultural samples *

2) closed conceptual structures

3) denial of irony

4) denial of the collage.

40. The current situation in world culture is characterized by...

1) monolinearity

2) multilinearity *

3) multilinearity

4) a combination of poly and monolinearity.

41. In cultural and aesthetic terms, postmodernism acts as a follower...

1) classicism

2) avant-garde *

3) impressionism

4) romanticism

42. Globalization is...

1) stage of development of Eurocentrism

2) transformation of knowledge into information flows

3) Westernization, that is, the process of expansion of the Western model of culture

4) the process of developing a phenomenon into a phenomenon on a global scale *

43. The modern concept of modernization results from the fact that ...

1) it is enough to show the advantage of Western civilization and all nations will move in this direction

2) there is a single universal model of world development that all nations follow

3) modernization processes must begin and be controlled “from above” by the intellectual elite

4) there is no single universal model of modernity, which the United States has long been considered *

44. In cultural studies, the theory of modernization is associated with the name of an American researcher...

1) D.Bella

2) P. Sorokina

3) O. Toffler

4) S.F. Huntington*

@Russian culture

1. Characteristics Russian spiritual culture are... (Two answer options).

1) anthropocentrism

2) the idea of equality *

3) conciliarity *

4) competitive spirit

2. According to the Slavophiles, “Holy Rus'”...

1) opposes the inert East

2) opposes the rotten West *

3) close to the East

4) follows the European path

3. The Senate building in Moscow was a creation:

1) M.F. Kazakov *

2) O.I. Beauvais

3) V.I. Bazhenov

4) D. Gilardi

5) K. Melnikov

4. Gentry and cadet corps for noble children were opened at:

1) Alexey Mikhailovich

2) Princess Sophia

4) Anna Ivanovna

5) Catherine II *

5. Architectural style that became widespread at the end of the 17th century:

1) Moscow Baroque *

2) tent

3) classicism

5) art deco

6. The idea of organizing and opening the first natural history museum - the Kunstkamera and the Academy of Sciences belonged to:

1) Elizaveta Petrovna

2) Catherine II

3) Peter I *

4) Catherine I

7. During the reign of Peter I, the following events were carried out. (Two answer options)

1) paper money was introduced into circulation

2) Russia has accessed the Baltic Sea *

3) Russia has accessed the Black Sea

4) the Governing Senate was established *

8. An attribute of Russian culture is...

1) rationalism, scientism

2) collectivism, community *

3) irrationalism, pragmatism

4) Eurocentrism, individualism.

9. They were famous sculptors of the 18th century. (Two answer options).

1) Nikitin I.N.

2) Shubin F.I. *

3) Falcone M.E. *

4) Argunov I.P.

5) Trezzini D.

10. Which of the listed buildings were built in the style of classicism? (Two answer options).

1) Cathedral of the Intercession on the Nerl

2) building Historical Museum in Moscow *

3) Pashkov’s house *

4) Tsarskoye Selo Great Catherine Palace.

11. In everyday life, Russian people have (e, a) –

1) respect for the interests of other people

2) strict discipline

3) respect for laws

4) legal nihilism *

12. In the XVI-XVII centuries. Rus' appears (Two answer options).

1) the only Orthodox kingdom *

2) part of Europe

3) the center of the world *

4) the strongest state in Europe

13. According to the Russian folk mythologized consciousness -

1) the source of power is the people

2) the king is not interested in the fate of ordinary people

3) rebellion is the path to freedom

4) the king is kind to the common people *

14. Adoption of Christianity….

1) led to a cultural break with the West

2) led in the future to the cultural, scientific and technical backwardness of Russia

3) allowed Rus' to remain independent from the spiritual and religious power of the Roman Papacy *

4) contributed to the approach of Rus' to the spiritual and religious power of the Roman Papacy

15. According to N. Berdyaev, Russian people are characterized (by)...

2) ability to self-organize

3) rationalism and pragmatism

4) the ability to realize an established life

5) contrasting behavior, lack of inclination to compromise*

16. The highest body for legislation and public administration, established in Russia by Peter I, ..

17. The ability to easily get along with other ethnic groups in the conditions of social systems is ensured by such a feature of the Russian mentality as...

1) spirituality

2) individuality

3) focus on personal success

4) collectivism *

18. Russia was able to get closer to European civilization and was enriched by the cultural traditions of Byzantium thanks to...

1) liberation from the Mongol invasion

2) the unification of disparate Russian principalities into a single - despotic state

3) adoption of Christianity *

4) choice in favor of the “eastern” despotism of the tsarist autocracy