"The Fate of Man" - a story by Sholokhov. "The Fate of Man": analysis
Abstract open lesson according to literature.
Platoon: 12
Date: 04/28/12
Lesson topic:
"The Destiny of Man" - incarnation tragic fate Russian people during the Great Patriotic War.
Lesson objectives:
- Introduce the biography and work of M.A. Sholokhov.
- Introduce students to military themes in works Soviet writers using the example of M.A. Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of a Man.”
- Develop skills to work independently with literary text, ability to express and argue one’s opinion.
- To cultivate love for the Motherland, respect for its difficult history, love for the native language and literature.
Materials and equipment: presentation, portrait of I.A. Sholokhov, text, textbook, film by S. Bondarchuk “The Fate of a Man.”
Progress of the lesson.
1. Organizational moment.
2. Updating knowledge.
Many Soviet people went through the Great Patriotic War. Among them were writers and poets.
What are the names of poets and front-line writers? (Slides No. 5,6,7,8)
Nikolai Mayorov, Mikhail Lukonin, Semyon Gudzenko, Pavel Kogan, NikolaiKulchitsky - went to the front, many of them did not return from the war.
One of the works dedicated to the events of the Great Patriotic War is the story “The Fate of a Man” by Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov.
What can you tell us about Sholokhov himself, the author of the story “The Fate of a Man”? (Students speak with a pre-prepared presentation).
3. Studying new material.
Now let's move on directly to the story “The Fate of a Man.” Pay attention to the composition of the story.
What are the features of the composition and plot of this work?
(The author uses a special compositional technique - a story within a story. The plot of the work includes Andrei Sokolov’s story about his fate. This is the confession of a courageous man: after all, in order to again, in the story, survive all the troubles, torment and suffering that befell him, enormous mental strength is needed .)
(The hero of the story, Andrei Sokolov, is an ordinary, simple person. He appears together with a little boy, whom he calls his son. The author immediately notices an incomprehensible feature: the child’s clothes, although not new, are of good quality, the torn sleeve is carefully sewn up, and the father’s clothes are sewn carelessly - it is immediately clear that the man was darning. The author assumed that his random interlocutor was either widowed or did not get along with his wife.)
Why do you think Andrei Sokolov tells the story of his life to a stranger?
(Probably because Sholokhov’s hero went through a lot, and he has no close people, except Vanyusha, who was adopted by him. But the boy is still small, and besides, he also suffered grief - he lost his parents, and his mother died when the two of them were traveling on a train, during the bombing, and his adoptive father takes care of him and takes pity on him. And this is not a story for a child, Andrei is a driver by profession. When he saw the man waiting near the car, he thought that he was also a driver - that means “his brother,” as they say. “It’s sickening to smoke and die alone,” Andrei clumsily justifies himself.)
The story "The Fate of Man" takes place shortly after the war; however, the story itself was written much later in 1956: about 10 years passed between the chance meeting with the man who became the prototype of Andrei Sokolov and the creation of the story.
Why do you think such a story could not have appeared earlier?
(There is no expressed ideological position in the story. Although Andrei Sokolov mentions that half of the prisoners were communists, this has no significance for the plot and meaning of the story. Moreover, Sholokhov’s hero was in German captivity, which under Stalin was regarded as a crime It is known that those who escaped from German camps often ended up in Soviet camps. In addition, only during the so-called Thaw it became possible to put humanistic rather than ideological values at the forefront - family, mutual understanding, peaceful work, human dignity and compassion. The Fate of Man" is imbued not with the pathos of a victorious hero, but with the inescapable melancholy of a man who has lost everyone who was dear to him.
“Sometimes you don’t sleep at night, you look into the darkness with empty eyes and think: “Why have you, life, maimed me so much? Why did you distort it like that?” I don’t have an answer, either in the dark or in the clear sun... There isn’t and I can’t wait!” - Andrei Sokolov complains.)
What are the main milestones in the fate of Andrei Sokolov? What helped the hero survive?
(IN a short story Sholokhov experiences his whole life, the whole fate of the hero, the “simple Soviet man": his pre-war life, going to the front and saying goodbye to his family, captivity, unsuccessful escape, liberation, death of the family, meeting Vanyushka, his son who became a hero. What helps him survive is his spiritual generosity, humanity, cordiality, and sense of responsibility.)
How does the hero manifest himself in all trials?
(Andrei Sokolov’s powers seem limitless; he has an indestructible will to live, to fight for justice: “And I am from last bit of strength, but went"; “I served a month in a punishment cell for escaping, but still alive... I remained alive!” Always, in all circumstances, Andrei does not lose his sense of human dignity, does not bend in the face of troubles. Sokolov's fortitude is so great that it amazes even inveterate sadistic fascists.
The hero had to endure the most terrible test - the news of the death of his wife and daughters, the death of his son on the last day of the war. It seems that there is no strength left to live, it is impossible to survive such grief. But the hero has not wasted his sensitivity, the need to give warmth and care to others; he feels his own and others’ pain with his heart.)
What is the significance of the episode "In the Church"? How do people express themselves? Which position is closest to Sokolov? How did the hero himself behave?
(In the episode “In the Church” Sholokhov reveals possible types of human behavior in inhumane circumstances. Various characters They embody different life positions here. A Christian soldier prefers to die rather than submit to circumstances and give up his beliefs, but in doing so he becomes responsible for the deaths of four people. Kryzhnev is trying to buy his right to life by paying for it with someone else’s life. The platoon commander resignedly awaits his fate. But only the position of the doctor, “who did his great work both in captivity and in the dark,” evokes Sokolov’s sincere respect and admiration.
In any conditions, to remain yourself, not to betray your duty - this is the position of Sokolov himself. The hero does not accept either submission or opposition of his life to the lives of other people. That’s why he decides to kill Kryzhnev in order to save the platoon commander. Murder is not easy for Sokolov, especially the murder of “one of his own”; his soul is heavy, but he cannot allow one person to save his own life at the cost of the death of another.
The episode "In the Church" shows how the hero's character is cruelly tested. Life confronts him with the need to choose. The hero acts as his conscience tells him.)
In which scenes of the story “The Fate of Man” is “Russian dignity and pride” most fully shown? Comment on these scenes. (Showing a fragment of the film “The Fate of Man” by S. Bondarchuk)
(The dialogue with Muller is not an armed fight between two enemies, but a psychological duel from which Sokolov emerges victorious, which Muller himself is forced to admit. The victory of the Soviet troops on the Volga and the victory of Sokolov are events of the same order, since the victory over fascism is, First of all, the victory is moral).
What role does the meeting with Vanyushka play in Sokolov’s fate?
(An unexpected meeting with a child, an accidental “splinter of war,” revives the hero. Love and compassion evoke a response in the boy’s heart. Andrei Sokolov not only does not submit to fate, but also makes his own destiny, changes the orphan’s fate for the boy.)
(Sholokhov, in the image of his hero, reveals the tragedy of our entire people, their misfortunes and suffering. The author’s pain and sympathy are felt in the very tone of the story, in the choice of the hero - a simple man, in the vicissitudes of his fate. The main method of constructing a story - antithesis - also serves as an expression author's position: peaceful life, quiet happiness - the destructive power of war; goodness and justice - monstrous fanaticism, cruelty, inhumanity; devotion is betrayal; light - darkness. It is clear which side the author is on, what ideals he defends.)
What is the meaning of the story's title? (slide No. 11)
Let’s look at the meaning of the word “fate” according to Ozhegov’s dictionary.
- A confluence of circumstances independent of a person’s will, the course of life circumstances;
- Share, fate;
- The history of the existence of someone or something;
- The future, what will happen
Fate is a multi-meaning word.
- In what sense is it used in the title of the story? (It shows not only the history of Andrei Sokolov’s existence, but also how he was able not to submit to circumstances and was able to survive. In his battle with fate, he showed great strength of character.)
- Let's once again name those character traits that helped Andrei Sokolov withstand and overcome difficulties. (Resilience, generosity, ability to love, courage, compassion, kindness, etc.)
Sholokhov describes without embellishment the life of his hero in German captivity. Returning to his homeland, Andrei painfully experiences the loss of his family. Indeed, the fate of this man, a simple man who does not stand out in any way from the multitude of similar ordinary people, is very difficult.
How does the humanism of the story manifest itself?
(Despite everything, Andrei Sokolov has not lost the ability to empathize. He without hesitation takes care of little Vanyusha. In captivity, Andrei honestly shares the pitiful crumbs of provisions with his comrades, kills a traitor who decided to announce to the Germans that one of the prisoners was a platoon commander .
We see that Andrei's suffering heart is still capable of sincere love. As a result of the shocks he suffered, Andrei’s health suffered greatly: “...My unshed tears, apparently, have dried up in my heart. Maybe that’s why it hurts so much?” This worries Andrei, but not because of himself, but because of Vanyusha: “... Somehow we would have lived with him, but my heart swayed, the piston needs to be changed... Sometimes he grabs and presses so hard that the white light in eyes fade. I’m afraid that someday I’ll die in my sleep and scare my son.”)
What is instructive about the story of Andrei Sokolov?
(Andrei Sokolov, a simple man, soldier and father, acts as a guardian and defender of life, its foundations, moral laws that have evolved over centuries. Sholokhov’s hero defends the meaning and truth of human existence itself.)
The author does not talk about how the life of Andrei and his adopted son developed further. Sholokhov pursued a different goal - to show what war does to human life. “Two orphaned people, two grains of sand, thrown into foreign lands by a military hurricane of unprecedented force... What awaits them ahead? And I would like to think that this Russian man, a man of unbending will, will endure and grow up next to his father’s shoulder, someone who, having matured, will be able to endure everything, overcome everything on his way ... "
4. Summing up.
Answer the question in writing: “How did the fate of Andrei Sokolov become an expression of the fate of the entire people?” (Slide No. 16)
(Analysis of students’ work in class, grading)
5. Homework.
Teacher of Russian language and literature Melentyeva E.A.
There are many works about the Great Patriotic War, one of them is the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man" summary which is presented below.
The plot of this work does not contain a description of military operations or exploits in the rear; here we are talking about a man who was captured, and what mark the war as a whole left on his life.
Analysis of this work and its summary will help you get to the heart of the story.
About the story “The Fate of Man”
The work describes the complex vicissitudes of the life of a simple Soviet soldier, who saw the horrors of war, survived the hardships of German captivity, lost his family, was on the verge of life and death many times, but, despite all this, retained his humanity and found the strength to live on.
“The Fate of Man” from the point of view of genre is considered to be a story. However, this work contains signs of different genres.
The volume of the work is small, which means it is more like a story. However, what is described here is not a single incident, but a large period of time, several years long, which allows us to call this book a story.
Who is the author of the story “The Fate of Man”
Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov is one of greatest writers of his time, as well as a prominent public figure.
He was awarded the title of academician, twice Hero of Socialist Labor, and in 1965 became a laureate Nobel Prize according to literature.
Among his most famous works are such novels as “Virgin Soil Upturned,” the epic novel “ Quiet Don", "They Fought for the Motherland" and of course, the story "The Fate of a Man".
The year the story “The Fate of Man” was written
The story “The Fate of Man” was written in 1956. The war ended more than 10 years ago, but it still worried M. Sholokhov.
It was at this time that the author rethought the image of the heroic Victory.
In 1953, I.V. died. Stalin. Sholokhov looked critically at many things, including the actions of the deceased head of state.
Stalin’s well-known order No. 270 stated that everyone who surrendered to the enemy should be considered deserters and traitors to the Motherland. They were to be exterminated and their families deprived of any government support.
Sholokhov's story “The Fate of Man” opened a new page in the military literature of those years. The horrors of captivity described in the story, which millions of soldiers had to endure, became the starting point for changing attitudes towards people who found themselves in such a situation.
The history of the creation of the story “The Fate of Man”
The work is based on true story a man whom Sholokhov met while hunting on the Upper Don about a year after the end of the war.
In a casual conversation, the writer heard a story that shook him to the core. “I will definitely, definitely write about this,” Sholokhov thought.
Only 10 years later the writer decided to bring his plan to life. At this time, he read the works of Hemingway and, the main characters of which are powerless, worthless people who have lost the meaning of life after returning from the war.
Then he remembered his casual acquaintance and decided that it was time to write his story, a story of hardship, difficult trials and faith in life no matter what.
It took Sholokhov only seven days to write the text of the story. December 31, 1956 is the date of writing and publication of the story in the Pravda newspaper.
The work found a great response in the writing community, including abroad. A little later, the story was read on the radio by the famous actor S. Lukyanov.
The main characters of M. Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of Man”
Main character in the story there is only one - Andrei Sokolov, a man of iron will, but at the same time not without a soft heart.
This hero embodies the main features of a true Russian character - willpower, love of life, patriotism and mercy.
The story is told on his behalf.
Other characters in “The Fate of Man” by M.A. Sholokhov
About the rest characters we learn from the memories of the main character.
He speaks warmly about his family: his wife Irina and children - Anatoly, Nastenka and Olyushka.
In the episodes there are heroes whom the narrator sympathizes with - a military doctor who helped Russian soldiers in captivity, a company commander saved by Sokolov from an informer, and a Uryupinsk friend who sheltered the hero at home after the war.
There are also negative characters: traitor Kryzhnev, commissar of the Müller camp, German major engineer.
The only character we see in the hero's present is his adopted son Vanyusha, a little boy who firmly believes that Sokolov is his real father.
“The Fate of Man” - summary
The story is not told in chapters, but in continuous text, but for an abbreviated retelling it is convenient to divide it into small segments.
Andrey Sokolov
In its structure, the work is a story within a story.
The road ahead was not easy, and halfway through the journey they had to cross a river that stretched for a whole kilometer. At the crossing, a thin, leaky boat was waiting for them, which could only carry two people at a time. The boatman was the first to cross the narrator.
On the other bank, while waiting for his friend, the author met a man with a boy of 4-5 years old. A conversation ensued. The man mistakenly assumed that the narrator had the same profession as him - a driver. Perhaps that is why he suddenly wanted to pour out his soul and tell the story of his difficult life.
He didn’t introduce himself right away, but as the story progresses we learn that his name is Andrey Sokolov. Now the story is told on his behalf.
Pre-war time
From the very beginning life path Andrei Sokolov was haunted by difficulties and hardships.
He was born in 1900 in the Voronezh province. Passed Civil War, in the hungry year of 1922 he ended up in the Kuban, and that’s the only way he survived. And his relatives - father, mother and two sisters - died of hunger in their homeland.
He doesn't have any left in the whole world loved one. Returning from Kuban, he moved to Voronezh, where he started working as a carpenter, then worked at a factory, and mastered metalworking skills.
Soon he started a family. Married a modest orphan girl great love. After the loss of his loved ones, she became a joy for him - smart, cheerful and at the same time wise. Life began to improve: children appeared - son Anatoly and two daughters, Nastya and Olya - all excellent students and the pride of their father.
The hero mastered a new profession as a driver, began to earn good money and rebuilt a house with two rooms. Only the location of the house was unfortunate - near an aircraft factory. He did not know then what fatal role this would play in his life.
War and captivity
A new war suddenly burst into the life of Andrei Sokolov. Already on the third day, the whole family gathered to accompany him to the station.
Saying goodbye to his family was a difficult ordeal for him. The always calm and quiet wife suddenly went into a frenzy, did not let him go, but only insisted that they would not have to see each other again.
He felt offended that they were burying him alive, and pushed his wife away, for which he reproached himself every day afterwards.
Military everyday life began for Andrei Sokolov: he worked as a driver and received two minor wounds. He wrote letters to his family infrequently and always very briefly, never complaining. In this, for the first time, his special masculine endurance was revealed: he did not tolerate soldiers sending tearful letters to their relatives, for whom it was already difficult in the rear.
His greatest test came in May 1942. There was a fierce battle near Lozovenki. The ammunition was running out and Andrei Sokolov had to deliver it to a battery of soldiers under fire. But he did not reach his destination. The blast wave threw him aside and temporarily disabled him.
When he came to his senses, he discovered that he was behind enemy lines. At first he tried to pretend to be dead so as not to give up, but passing Germans discovered him. Then Sokolov gathered his remaining strength to stand up and face death with dignity. One German raised his machine gun, but the other pulled it back, realizing that Sokolov could still be useful for work.
Sokolov, along with other prisoners, was driven west. The Germans treated them like cattle: they shot all the wounded on the spot, they did the same to those who tried to escape, and they beat them - they beat them just like that, out of anger.
The episode in the church is of particular importance in the story. On one of the first nights, the Germans drove the soldiers into the church.
Here Sokolov was able to get to know more closely who was captured with him. He was surprised that the military doctor, who immediately set his shoulder, even in such a situation selflessly continued to do his job.
Then he accidentally overheard the conversation and then something else struck him: the soldier was going to betray his commander, who was facing death for his adherence to the Communist Party. Sokolov decided to strangle the traitor, he killed a person for the first time, and “his own,” but for him he was worse than an enemy.
Another significant incident occurred in the church: the Germans shot a prisoner who did not want to desecrate the holy place by relieving himself.
All the way to the camp Sokolov was thinking about escape, and then an opportunity arose. The prisoners were sent into the forest to dig graves for their own, the guards were distracted and Sokolov managed to escape.
But four days later, the Germans and dogs caught up with the exhausted soldier. There was no living space left on him from the beatings of the Nazis and dog bites; he spent a whole month in a punishment cell, but survived and was transported to Germany.
Andrei Sokolov traveled half of Germany, worked in factories and mines in Saxony and Thuringia. The conditions were such that it would have been easier to die.
The prisoners were constantly beaten, brutally, almost to death, fed with a tiny piece of bread with sawdust and rutabaga soup, and forced to work until they lost their pulse. Sokolov recalls that he once weighed almost ninety kilograms, but now did not reach fifty.
On the brink of death
One of the culminating moments of the story is the incident in Dresden. At this time, Sokolov was working in a stone quarry.
The work was extremely hard, and Sokolov, unable to bear it, somehow let slip: “They need four cubic meters of output, but for the grave of each of us, one cubic meter through the eyes is enough.” This phrase of his reached the commandant.
When they called to Commandant Muller, Sokolov said goodbye to his comrades in advance, since he knew that he was going to his death. Müller had an excellent command of the Russian language and did not need an intermediary in a conversation with a Russian soldier. He immediately said that he would now personally shoot Sokolov. To which he replied: “Your will.”
Müller was a little drunk and tipsy, and there was a bottle and various snacks on the table, then he poured a full glass of schnapps, put a piece of bread with lard on it and handed it all to Sokolov with the words: “Before you die, Russian Ivan, drink to the victory of German weapons "
Of course, Sokolov was not satisfied with such a toast, and he preferred to refuse, pretending not to drink. Then Müller offered him a drink “to his death.” Sokolov took the glass and drank it in one gulp, without taking a bite.
Müller pointed to the bread, but Sokolov explained that he didn’t snack after the first one. Then the commandant poured him a second glass. Sokolov also swallowed it, but did not take the bread.
Despite severe hunger, he wanted to show that they had not yet knocked the man out of him, and he would not pounce on a German handout. He said out loud that he wasn’t used to snacking after the second one either.
Muller was very amused by this and poured a third glass. Sokolov drank it slowly and broke only a small piece of bread. Such dignity amazed the commandant, he recognized Sokolov as a brave soldier and released him, giving him a loaf of bread with lard.
Release from captivity
In 1944, there was a turning point in the war and the Germans began to run out of people. Drivers were needed, and then Sokolov was assigned to a German major engineer.
At some point, the major was sent to the front line. Sokolov found himself close to Soviet troops for the first time in two years.
This was his chance. He came up with a plan according to which he was supposed to escape, taking with him the major with the drawings in order to hand him over to his own.
And so he did: while driving around German fortifications, he stunned the major, changed into a pre-prepared German uniform to deceive the checkpoint, and, under bullets rushing from both sides, “surrendered” to his own people.
Sokolov was received as a hero and promised to be nominated for an award. He was sent to the hospital to improve his health. He immediately wrote a letter home, but the answer did not come for a long time.
Finally, he received news, but not from his family. His neighbor wrote, he reported tragic news: during the bombing of an aircraft factory, a large shell hit the house where Sokolov’s wife and two daughters were at that time, and the son, having learned about the death of the family, voluntarily went to the front.
Having received a month's leave, the hero went to Voronezh, but almost immediately returned to the division: his soul was so heavy.
Son Anatoly
A few months later, the hero receives a letter from his son, who briefly spoke about his life: he serves not far from his father and is already in command of a battery.
Sokolov is filled with pride. He is already dreaming of how they will live together after the war, how his son will get married, and he will start babysitting his grandchildren, everything will work out.
But these aspirations were not destined to come true. On the morning of May 9, Victory Day, Anatoly is killed by a German sniper.
Post-war time
The war is over. Sokolov was sick of returning to his hometown, and he went to Uryupinsk to visit his friend, who had been calling him to his place for a long time.
There the hero again got a job as a driver, and everyday work began.
One day Sokolov noticed a street boy near the teahouse where he always had lunch. It turned out that Vanyusha’s mother died during the shelling of the train, and his father died at the front.
Sokolov felt some kind of warmth in his chest, looking at this grimy baby with eyes as bright as stars. I couldn’t stand it, I called him over and called him his father. Thus two orphaned hearts united.
Because of the accident, Sokolov’s driver’s license was taken away, and he decided to leave Uryupinsk with his new son. Our narrator found them on the road.
Conclusion
Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of Man” makes you think about many things: about the will to live and patriotism, about real masculine actions and mercy for the weak, about fearlessness before death and feat in the name of loved ones and the country.
But main idea is this: war is the worst thing that can happen to a person, it not only exterminates people, but also breaks the fate of those who survived.
1 What are the features of the composition and plot of this work? Composition is a story within a story. The plot is Andrei Sokolov's story about his fate, the confession of a courageous man. 2 What are the main milestones in the fate of Andrei Sokolov? 1 – 2 – 3…… What helps the hero survive? How does the hero manifest himself in all trials? (List personality qualities, character)
In the episode “In the Church,” Sholokhov reveals possible types of human behavior in inhumane circumstances. Different characters embody different life positions here. A Christian soldier prefers to die rather than submit to circumstances and give up his beliefs. However, he becomes responsible for the deaths of four people. Kryzhnev is trying to buy his right to life by paying for it with someone else’s life. The platoon commander awaits his fate resignedly. Only the position of the doctor, “who did his great work both in captivity and in the dark,” evokes Sokolov’s sincere respect and admiration.
In any conditions, remaining yourself is Sokolov’s position. He does not accept either submission or the opposition of his life to the lives of others. Therefore, he decides to kill Kryzhnev in order to save the platoon commander. Murder is not easy for Sokolov, especially killing “one of his own.” But he cannot allow injustice. The episode "In the Church" shows how a person's character is brutally tested. Life sometimes presents us with the need to make a choice. The hero acts as his conscience tells him.
How is the author's position expressed in the story? Sholokhov, in the image of his hero, reveals the tragedy of our entire people, their misfortunes and suffering. The author's pain and sympathy are felt in the tone of the story, in the choice of the hero - an ordinary person. The main method of constructing a story - antithesis - also serves as an expression of the author’s position: Peaceful life - destructive war; Goodness and justice - fanaticism, cruelty, inhumanity; Devotion is betrayal; Light - darkness... It is clear which side the author is on.
The soldier is unbending when he answers to Commandant Müller, who sentenced him to death for agitating in the camp against hard labor. Müller offers to drink a glass of schnapps for the victory of German weapons, allegedly won in Stalingrad. Sokolov refuses. Muller suggested something else: “Would you like to drink to our victory? In that case, drink to your death.”
This whole scene is not only an example of Sokolov’s fearlessness, but also his challenge to those rapists who wanted to humiliate the Soviet people. After drinking a glass of schnapps, Sokolov thanks for the treat and adds: “I’m ready, Herr Commandant, let’s go, sign me up.” And the fact that he refuses to have a snack both after the first glass and after the second is a detail that otherwise does not play any role, here emphasizes the moral fortitude of the Russian person. Sokolov behaves with the fascists as befits a Soviet citizen, a representative of the working class. It is no coincidence that many researchers draw a parallel between this episode and the event in honor of which the Germans so arrogantly feast - the Battle of Stalingrad, noting that in both cases it was the Russian soldier who turned out to be the winner.
Now he has found joy. He fell in love with an abandoned boy, “a sort of little ragamuffin: his face is covered in watermelon juice, covered with dust, dirty as dust, unkempt, and his eyes are like stars at night after the rain!” - says Sokolov, and in the very tone of his story we feel how concerned he is with human fate. “A burning tear began to boil inside me...” he says. Sokolov’s soul became lighter and brighter. Life takes on a high human meaning. Touching worries appeared about how to dress and feed the boy who was waiting for his father: “At night, you pet him sleepy, then you smell the hairs on his cowlicks, and his heart goes away, it becomes lighter, otherwise it has turned to stone from grief...”
Why did the writer introduce the image of a narrator into the work? Allows you to give a portrait description of Andrei Sokolov: 274 – 275. And provide an epic volume to the story. The narrator turns out to be an intermediary between the hero and the reader. Andrei's point of view is refracted in the author's perception, thus objectivity is born from the totality of views on the reality of individual individuals. Finally, the author here is not opposed to his hero, he himself turns out to be a man of the people, it is not for nothing that Andrei Sokolov takes him for “his brother the driver.”
Compositionally, Sokolov's story is a series of short stories, each of which deals with some episode of his life. The fate of Andrei Sokolov is painful. The story contains two contrasting pictures: his family accompanies him to the front - his wife Irina, son, two daughters. Towards the end of the war, when Sokolov arrived at that place on vacation, he saw something else: a deep crater filled with rusty water, waist-deep weeds... A direct hit from a German bomb - and the house, wife, and daughters were gone. No trace.
What facets of the Russian national character does Andrei Sokolov embody? A simple man, a soldier, a father acts as a defender of life, its foundations, and moral laws. Sholokhov's hero defends the meaning and truth of human existence itself. Andrei Sokolov fought on the battlefield, fought as best he could, and in captivity defended human dignity and the honor of his homeland. Every turn of his fate is simultaneously projected onto history, onto the fate of his native people, of which he is an integral part.
Title of the story. “Fate” has meanings: A confluence of circumstances independent of a person’s will, the course of life events. According to superstitious beliefs, “an otherworldly force that predetermines everything that happens in life.” – What idea of fate is typical of the hero?
But a person, no matter how difficult the circumstances, can act as human dignity requires. A person can relate to circumstances actively. “I had to be in a big hurry,” “I have to get through, and that’s it!” 282/4. “And I didn’t have to escape alone,” “I had to deliver him alive” - about escaping from captivity; “I wanted to show them, the damned ones,” - about the fight with Muller.
Not “life” of a person – Sholokhov called the story, but chose other words “fate”. - The most beautiful thing in life (and it is indestructible) is a person, a worker, a people. “Man” can also be understood both specifically (Andrei Sokolov) and generally (a person who is placed by war in conditions of circumstances that rule over him; and only a strong spirit is able to oppose his will, his ideas about duty and freedom to these circumstances). The fate of Andrei Sokolov is the fate of the entire Russian people, who went through a terrible war, fascist camps, the loss of their closest people - but did not break completely.
Analyze the hero's speech. How does the originality of Andrei Sokolov’s speech help to penetrate the idea of the work? 1 Sholokhov was reproached that Andrei Sokolov’s speech bears little resemblance to the speech of an ordinary driver, although it is full of driver’s professionalism…. 2 With the help of folk poetic inclusions, he speaks as if on behalf of the entire Russian people. Because it’s full of colloquialisms: (“yes, my heart swayed, the piston needs to be changed”, “they’re chilled like dogs”, “a tooth doesn’t match”, “but even here it turned out to be a complete misfire”, “relatives - at least roll a ball” , “basta”, “blow”,
For Sholokhov, what is important is not that Sokolov is a driver, and not that he is a Voronezh resident. What matters is the character generated by historical circumstances. The poet Sholokhov does not focus on the professional and dialectal in the speech of his hero. But the writer also cannot do without these verbal colors, since he is a realist, he needs to create a reliable image. Sholokhov creates the image of a living person, which develops into a symbol.
Sections: Literature
Goal: to teach to comprehend the ideological intent of a work by analyzing the text.
Objectives: to form in students an idea of the meaning of human existence, to develop analysis skills work of art, show the role of antithesis in the text, cultivate rejection of war.
Equipment: portrait of M. A. Sholokhov, text of the work, film recording
S. Bondarchuk “The Fate of Man”, illustrations to the story by B. Alimov and
O. Vereisky.
Progress of the lesson.
I. Organizational moment.
II.Teacher's opening speech.
The homeland is like a huge tree on which you can’t count the leaves. And everything that we do good adds strength to it. But not every tree has roots. Without roots, even a slight wind would have knocked it down. Roots nourish the tree and connect it to the earth. Roots are what we lived with yesterday, a year ago, a hundred, a thousand years ago. This is our story. In today's lesson we will turn to one of the most important events in the history of our Motherland. This is the Great Patriotic War.
Only selfless devotion and love for the Fatherland allowed our people to win that terrible war. We will look at it through the eyes of Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov. And his story “The Fate of Man” will help us with this. Having traced the life path of Andrei Sokolov, the main character of the story, we will not only learn about his fate, but also try to answer the question of what the Motherland meant to him, and, I hope, we will learn from him to selflessly love his Fatherland just as directly, openly and selflessly.
IV. The main part of the lesson. Working with the text of M. A. Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of a Man.”
1. The history of the creation of the work.
(Message prepared by student).
In the first post-war year, the following incident happened to Sholokhov while hunting. There was a big spring flood. Sholokhov was sitting near the fence at the river crossing, resting. A man with a boy approached him, mistook him for “his brother-driver” by his clothes and hands in fuel oil, and told him about his painful fate. She excited Sholokhov. Then he decided to write a story. But only 10 years later I turned to this plot and wrote The Fate of Man in a week.” In 1956, just before the New Year, Pravda published the beginning of the story. And January 1, 1957 is its end. This became an event in the life of the country. Reader letters poured in to the editor, to the radio, and to the village of Veshenskaya.
2.The teacher's word.
So what is the meaning of the popularity of this work? Why did this story attract the attention of many readers? What is he talking about?
(students' answers).
From whom do we learn about the fate of Andrei Sokolov?
(We learn about the fate of Andrei Sokolov from himself. He tells the story of his life to the author, whom he met by chance at a crossing).
Is the entire story told from the perspective of the main character?
(No. At the beginning and at the end of the story, the narration is told on behalf of the author.)
What is unique about the composition of the story?
H. Student message.
The story has a circular composition: it begins with the author meeting with random fellow travelers - Andrei Sokolov and Vanyushka - and ends with parting with these people, who have become near and dear to the author. In the central part of the work, the narration is told on behalf of the main character, which allows not only to follow the events of his life, but also to see them through his eyes, to comprehend his own assessment of the actions he has committed, and to understand his experiences.
(expressive reading of the episode)
We learn that the man is walking with the boy. What interested the author in this couple? (Everything about the boy’s clothes betrays maternal care, and the man looks unkempt).
Eyes. “The eyes seem to be sprinkled with ashes, filled with such inescapable melancholy that it’s even difficult to look into them.”
Eyes are the mirror of the soul. What can you say about our hero? Why does he have those eyes?
(The author “felt uneasy” from such eyes. They were clearly talking about the difficult, tragic life his interlocutor, who decided to tell his “brother-driver” about himself. let us also follow the fate of Andrei Sokolov following Sholokhov).
5. The teacher's word.
How many parts can Andrei Sokolov's story about his life be divided into?
(Into three parts: before the war, war, after the war).
How did our hero live before the war? What does Sokolov see as his happiness in pre-war life?
(The hero’s pre-war life is uneventful. The civil war, hungry youth, work in a carpenter’s artel, and then in a factory and behind the wheel of a car, marriage, children, a house with two rooms - all these are signs of the most ordinary biography of a person of the generation to which Andrei belonged Sokolov: But precisely in this one, although not rich, it is quite arranged life The hero sees simple human happiness: “What more do you need? the children eat porridge with milk, have a roof over their heads, are dressed, have shoes, so everything is in order.”
How does Andrey talk about himself and how about his loved ones?
(Talking about the happy years of pre-war life, the hero speaks with enthusiasm about his wife, children, and about himself - sparingly, while not hiding his weaknesses, for example, rudeness towards his wife, addiction to drinking. Moreover, he feels guilty for something for which there is no way to blame.)
What is happening to Andrei Sokolov at the front?
(At the front, Andrei Sokolov is a driver, carrying shells for an artillery battery. In May 1942, he goes to the front line, in a hurry, because his comrades are dying without shells. His truck is blown up in a minefield, Sokolov was shell-shocked. When he woke up, he found himself in the rear from the Germans. So he was captured.)
6. Analysis of the episode in the church.
What types of human behavior does Sholokhov depict in this scene (soldier - Christian, Kryzhnev, platoon commander, doctor)? Which position is closer to Sokolov?
(In the episode in the church, Sholokhov reveals possible types of human behavior in inhuman circumstances. Different characters here embody different life positions. But only the position of the doctor, “who did his great work both in captivity and in the dark,” evokes sincere respect and admiration from Sokolov. In any conditions, remaining oneself and not betraying one’s duty is the position of Sokolov himself. The hero does not accept either submission or opposition of his life to others. That is why he decides to kill Kryzhnev in order to save his platoon commander. His soul is heavy, but he cannot allow one person to save his life at the cost of another’s death, for he sees salvation only in the unity of people).
7. Analysis of the episode of the fight between Andrei Sokolov and Lagerführer Müller.
(Expressive reading of the episode).
What does Sokolov think about as he prepares for death?
Why did Mueller need to personally execute a Russian soldier during
gala dinner?
Why, before shooting a prisoner, does he arrange a ritual with drinking?
Why does he agree to drink but refuse a snack?
What place does this episode occupy in the composition of the story?
Who wins this fight and at what moment? What is the meaning of this victory?
How does the content of the protagonist’s image expand due to this parallel?
In what words is Sokolov’s view of human duty expressed? Men. Soldier?
(The dialogue with Muller is not an armed battle between two enemies, but a psychological duel from which Sokolov emerges victorious, which Muller himself is forced to admit. The camp commandant wanted a repeat of Stalingrad, he got it in full. The victory of the Soviet troops on the Volga and the victory of Sokolov - events of the same order, since the victory over fascism is, first of all, a moral victory. Thus, in Sholokhov, an ordinary person becomes the embodiment of the people’s character, and the hero contrasts fascism with the great strength of patience, so characteristic of the Russian people, the willingness to endure, to “endure” to become vital. Sokolov’s credo: “That’s why you’re a man, that’s why you’re a soldier, to endure everything, to endure everything, if need calls for it.”)
8. The teacher's word.
What did Sokolov have to endure after escaping from captivity?
(The most terrible thing for Sokolov was the loss of loved ones. Twice he interrupts his story, and both times - when he remembers his deceased wife and children. It is in these places that Sholokhov gives expressive portrait details and remarks: “I glanced sideways at the narrator, but not a single tear I saw in his, as if in dead, extinct eyes. He sat with his head bowed, only his large, limply lowered hands trembled slightly, his chin trembled, his firm lips trembled”; : “Come on, brother, let’s have a smoke, otherwise I’m feeling choked.” How great must be the pain that this person is experiencing if he, who has looked death in the face more than once, has never given in to an enemy, says: “ Why did you, life, so cripple? Why did you distort it so much?” The hero’s heart is “petrified with grief” so much that he is not even able to cry, although tears, perhaps, would bring him relief (“...And my unshed tears have apparently dried up on my heart.”)
The war took everything away from Sokolov. No family, house destroyed. My hometown has become a stranger. And he went wherever his eyes led him, to Uryupinsk, with a dried-up heart, alone.
9. Watching an excerpt from S. Bondarchuk’s film “The Fate of a Man.” Meeting between Sokolov and Vanyushka.
(Episode Analysis).
Why does Sokolov decide to adopt Vanyushka? What do their destinies have in common?
After meeting with a boy whose “little eyes are like a star after the rain,” Sokolov’s “heart goes away, becomes softer,” “his soul became light and somehow light.” As you can see, he warmed up. Vanya is the heart of Andrei Sokolov, his life has regained meaning.”
So. Vanya found his father, and Andrei Sokolov found his son. Both found a family. Where are they going and why? (They go to the Kasharsky district. Sokolov has work there, and Vanyushka has school).
10. The teacher's word.
There remains doubt about what lies ahead for our heroes. What do you think? Will Andrei Sokolov survive? What lies ahead for them?
(“Yes, he can handle it. Life, family, grandchildren are ahead. Because Sokolov proved with his life that he is an indomitable person. And Vanya will help him with this.”)
V. Summing up.
Love for the Motherland is not an abstract concept, this love has a basis: family, home, school, the place where you were born. This is where the Motherland begins. And even if fate takes away what is most precious, dignity and love for your people will help you find everything again.
If you have cultivated human dignity in yourself, it will help you preserve a person in any situation. And then, after the world cataclysms, a Russian man of unbending will and a little boy with the symbolic Russian name Ivan will walk across the Russian spring land towards the Future. And the entire Russian people, all of Russia, will follow them.
VI. Homework. (At students' choice).
Write a review of a book you read.
Literature used.
1. Sholokhov at school: A book for teachers! Author-comp.M. A. 1-Iyankovsky. - M.: Bustard, 2001.
2. Sholokhov spring: Educational and methodological. Allowance / Comp. L. I. Pugachenko, V. V. Vasiliev, N. I. Ivashchenko.-Voronezh-2006.
Z. M. A. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man” - Moscow, 1986.
The name of Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov is known all over the world. He played an outstanding role in world literature of the 20th century. During the Great Patriotic War, the writer was faced with the task of destroying the enemy with his hate-filled words and strengthening the love of the Motherland among the Soviet people. In the early spring of 1946, i.e. In the first post-war spring, Sholokhov accidentally met an unknown man on the road and heard his confession story. The writer pondered the idea of a work for ten years; meanwhile, events faded into the past, and the need to speak out
Everything increased. And so in 1956, the epic story “The Fate of Man” was completed in a few days. The very title of the story makes a huge impression on the reader, since the word “fate” was undesirable at that time due to the fact that it was imbued with mysticism and pointed to the destiny of human life, to the power of fatal circumstances over people. This is a story about the great resilience and enormous suffering of the ordinary Soviet man. The main character, Andrei Sokolov, lovingly embodies the traits of the Russian character, enriched by the Soviet way of life: perseverance, patience, modesty, a sense of human dignity, which merged with a sense of Soviet patriotism, with great sensitivity to the misfortune of others.
So, the author paints before the reader a picture of the “first post-war spring,” symbolizing the flourishing of life; this most fully illustrates the triumph of nature (“Warm winds blew, and after two days the sands of the left bank of the Don were completely exposed, beams filled with snow swelled in the steppe and, breaking the ice, the steppe rivers were furiously agitated, and the roads became almost completely impassable, the water smelled damp , the tart bitterness of rotting alder, and from the distant Khoper steppes, which were drowned in a lilac veil of fog, a light breeze carried the eternally youthful, subtle aroma of the earth, which had recently been freed from under the snow”). In this case one can compare last words(“the aroma of land that has recently been freed from under the snow”) with the liberation of the Russian land from fascist oppression.
But let's return to the story. Next, the author introduces us to two comrades who are heading to the village of Bukanovskaya. When one of the friends crosses the Glanka River, he meets an old warrior driver. This ends the first part of the story, i.e. the author's preparation of the reader for the personal story of Andrei Sokolov; in two hours of the story, a whole life flashes before us, and the conciseness of the story only enhances the drama. Sokolov's fate is full of such difficult trials and terrible losses (his entire family died) that it seems impossible for a person to endure so much grief that befalls him without breaking down or losing heart.
And what does the reader learn from the first lines about this man: “Soon I saw a man come out onto the road from behind the outer courtyards of the farm. He was leading a little boy by the hand; judging by his height, he was no more than five or six years old.
The author pays special attention to Sokolov’s eyes: “I looked at him from the side, and I felt somehow awkward. Have you ever seen eyes as if sprinkled with ashes, filled with such mortal melancholy that it’s hard to look into them? These were the eyes of my random interlocutor.”
The author smoothly takes us into the past of the protagonist, in which we learn about his happy pre-war family life: the wife is “quiet, cheerful, obsequious, smart” and, as Andrei Sokolov admits: “for me there was no one more beautiful and more desirable than her, there was no one in the world and there never will be,” and the children were a joy: “all three studied with excellent marks.” “And the elder Anatoly turned out to be so capable of mathematics that even the central newspaper wrote about him.”
Before the war, Andrei Sokolov’s life was devoid of any feats and achievements, but it was permeated with ordinary human happiness: wife, children, home, work - values that instilled in the hero a sense of responsibility for those around him.
Everything seems to be good and life is happily taking its course, but still, the war runs like a huge black stripe in the hero’s story. At the same time, the most dramatic scene is the farewell scene of Andrei, who goes to the front, with his home and family. “All four of us saw me off: Irina, Anatoly, daughter Nastenka and Olyushka. Everyone behaved like a good fellow,” “At least say a word in parting.” “She says, and sobs behind every word: “My dear, Andryusha, we will not see each other in this world.” I pushed her lightly on the shoulders and shouted to her: “Is this how they say goodbye?” Why are you burying me ahead of time?!”, “Until my death, at my last hour, I will die, and I will not forgive myself for pushing her away!”
The war destroyed all hopes and dreams. The main character goes to the front, where he shows real masculine qualities. “That’s why you’re a man, that’s why you’re a soldier, to endure everything, to endure everything, if the need calls for it.” Andrei Sokolov served for less than a year, and was already slightly wounded twice, but this did not stop him: in May 1942, he showed courage when he tried to deliver ammunition for the battery. This time the hero's luck turned away - his car was blown up by a shell, he himself is unconscious, and when he regains consciousness, he is surprised to discover that he is already captured by the Nazis.
Thus, Sokolov was captured. He had to experience inhuman physical and spiritual torment and hardships (“Before the war, I weighed eighty-six kilograms, and by the fall I was no longer weighing more than fifty. Only skin remained on the bones, and I couldn’t bear to carry my legs. But let’s work, and don’t say a word, and such work that is not suitable for a draft horse”). For two years the hero experienced the horrors of fascist captivity. A special place in the novel is occupied by the episode in the church, which became a prison for prisoners on the first night. The image of a dilapidated temple, described by Sholokhov, succinctly reflects the degree of destruction brought by the twentieth century to Russian soil. Here the reader meets four heroes who embody four options for the behavior of a person in captivity: the traitor Kryzhnev, who is trying to buy his life by betraying his commander, and the platoon itself, which humbly awaits its fate, and a zealously believing Christian soldier, who unwittingly became the cause of the deaths of four more men. These three heroes are contrasted with the fourth - a military doctor who does not deviate from his life principles and professional skills, trying to alleviate, at least a little, the suffering of the prisoners (“and he walked further in the darkness. Little by little he asked: “Are there any wounded?” This is what a real doctor means! He did his great work both in captivity and in the darkness”).
Sokolov’s actions in this situation are obvious - he kills the traitor and saves the life of the platoon. Kryzhnev is the first person killed by the main character, it is difficult for him to understand the reason for his action, and the only true justification is that at the moment when for salvation it is necessary to be at one with others, Kryzhnev opposes himself to everyone, thereby dooming himself to death.
Sokolov patiently endured the blows of fate, thus showing rare fortitude and self-confidence. But the main thing that helped Andrei survive in such difficult conditions for him was thoughts about his family, about home, about the fact that he would return and live again as before. The hero did not submit and is trying to escape from the Poznan prisoner of war camp, where Sokolov will soon be transferred. The escape turns out to be unsuccessful, Andrei is caught (“They brought me naked, covered in blood, to the camp. I spent time in a punishment cell for escaping, but still I remained alive”). At the beginning of September, one hundred and forty-two people, including the main character, were transferred from a camp near the city of Küstrin to the B-14 camp, not far from Dresden. Soon, out of one hundred and forty-two people, only fifty-seven remained...” The psychological duel between Sokolov and Lagerfuhrer Müller is very interesting; here, with great clarity, a sense of self-worth, enormous fortitude and endurance are revealed. All these qualities delight the concentration camp commandant; it seems that Müller is even jealous of Sokolov. The main character emerges from the duel, maintaining the dignity of a Russian man, with honor, without begging the enemy for mercy, but without recklessly ruining his life. A parallel can be drawn between the German banquet on the occasion of the capture of Stalingrad and Sokolov’s ethical victory. The conclusion is that the deep image of Sokolov, which contains the entire Russian people, takes victory.
“In 1944, Germany’s cheekbone was turned on its side, and the Nazis stopped disdaining prisoners.” It is for this reason that Sokolov becomes a driver for a German engineer in charge of fortification construction (“For two weeks I drove my major from Potsdam to Berlin and back, and then they sent him to the front line to build defensive lines against ours. And here I finally forgot how to sleep: at night I was constantly thinking about how I could escape to my homeland”). Sokolov comes up with a cunning escape plan and at one point he sees that he can’t wait another minute, he carries out his plan, Sokolov crosses the border of the battles together with the German engineer, who is unconscious. At the same time, an interesting scene arises when the young soldier does not recognize Sokolov as one of his own.
Soon the main character learns about the death of his wife and daughters, and that the survivor, Anatoly, volunteered for the front. Andrei blames himself for the death of people close to him, without taking into account the power of “blind fate” over him. Everything that had been built over many years collapsed for him in an instant.
After the murder of his son Andrei by a German sniper, absolutely alone, he travels to Uryupinsk and settles down there. The main character wages a continuous struggle with himself and emerges victorious. Despite my grief,
Sokolov did not break down himself and gives happiness to the little boy Vanyushka by adopting him.
From this moment on, the reader understands that two halves, two lonely souls, have been reunited. At this point, the protagonist’s story gradually ends and the third part of the story begins - the author’s completion of his work.
The orphan boy, whom Andrei Sokolov settled with him, not only replaces his son, but becomes the only meaning of his crippled life. The story is framed by a symbolic picture of the path along which the father and son walk to their future home - and each of these images speaks of the eternity of life. As long as the ability to love is alive in a person, people are immortal!
The story of M. A. Sholokhov is permeated with deep, bright faith; the writer recognizes himself as obligated to tell the world the harsh truth about at what enormous cost the Soviet people were able to ensure the future of all humanity. All this determines the outstanding role of this short story.
