Analysis of the work “Station Warden. Analysis of “The Station Agent” Pushkin What is the station agent’s story about?

Plan

1. Introduction

2. History of creation

3.The meaning of the name

4.Kind and genre

5.Theme

6. Problems

7.Heroes

8.Plot and composition

"Stationmaster" is part of the series "Tales of the late Ivan Petrovich Belkin." The story about a man who lost his only daughter was a great success among his contemporaries. The work was filmed in 1972.

History of creation. The story was created in the famous “Boldino autumn” of 1830 - one of the most fruitful stages of Pushkin’s work. The poet's manuscript states the completion date of work on the work - September 14. The story was published in 1831.

The meaning of the name. The title refers to the main character of the work - the station superintendent Samson Vyrin. At the beginning of the story there is a digression by the author, in which he speaks with sympathy about this category of officials who work as if in “hard labor.”

Gender and genre. Sentimental story

Main topic works - the fate of the "little man". Station wardens in Pushkin's time were a downtrodden and humiliated category of officialdom. Passers-by took out all their anger and irritation on them. The stationmaster belonged to the lowest, fourteenth class on the Table of Ranks. Any traveler treated him with disdain and did not mince words. According to the author, there were frequent cases of assault that remained without consequences. Pushkin himself often traveled around Russia and knew many station guards. The poet respected people below him. He saw that every person has his own deep inner world. The despised people are often much purer and nobler than the refined upper class. Most likely, Minsky does not even think that he is committing a vile act. In his opinion, Duna would, in any case, be better off in St. Petersburg than at this God-forsaken station. He doesn’t think about Samson’s feelings at all. As a last resort, Minsky is ready to pay him with money. For him, Dunya is simply a commodity, a treasure that must be taken from the stationmaster.

Issues. Main problem the story - the defenselessness of the stationmaster. Samson Vyrin’s hard service was brightened up by his only daughter, who served as joy and consolation for the old man. Naturally, beautiful girl attracted the attention of everyone passing by. Samson did not even suspect the danger and was glad that Dunya was helping him with his work. The girl really softened the hearts of irritated travelers. The hussar's meanness hit the main character hard. He understands that Dunya would never leave him voluntarily. The girl succumbed to the seductive persuasion of the handsome traveler, and when she came to her senses, it was already too late. In St. Petersburg, Samson is again subjected to humiliation. The hussar, without hesitation, hands him money in exchange for his daughter. After this, the old man is not even allowed on the threshold. Another problem of the story is the danger to which the daughters of defenseless people were constantly exposed. The nobility enjoyed its advantage and cases of seduction were the order of the day. In the story, Dunya was not deceived and became the legal wife of the hussar, but this is a very rare case. In reality, after some time the girl would have become tired of Minsky and would have been forced to return to her father in disgrace. Dunya achieved happiness at a very high price. She probably felt indelibly guilty towards her father for the rest of her life. Belated repentance is evidenced by the boy’s story, who says that the lady lay motionless on the grave for a long time.

Heroes. Stationmaster Samson Vyrin, his daughter Dunya, captain Minsky.

Plot and composition. The story consists of three visits by the narrator to one of the stations. During the first, he met Samson Vyrin and appreciated his lively daughter Dunya. The second visit occurred a few years later. The narrator was amazed at how old his friend had become. He learned his sad story. A passing captain Minsky tricked Dunya into taking him with him. Heartbroken, Samson reached St. Petersburg and tried to pick up his daughter. But Minsky treated him rudely, and Dunya no longer showed any desire to return back. Several more years passed. The narrator visited the station again and learned that Samson had died from drunkenness. The boy told him that Dunya came to his father’s grave. The narrator himself went to the cemetery to pay tribute to his unfortunate father.

What the author teaches. Pushkin draws readers' attention to the fact that people who do not enjoy any respect also experience great joy and deep suffering. Samson's grief was understandable only to the narrator. Minsky didn’t pay any attention to him at all and tried to pay him off. Similar incidents occurred at every step, but only a few felt compassion for the deceived and humiliated poor.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin is one of the most widely read authors. All our compatriots, young and old, know his name. His works are read everywhere. This is true great writer. And perhaps his books are worth studying more deeply. For example, the same “Tales of the late Ivan Petrovich Belkin” are simple only at first glance. Let's consider one of them, namely “The Station Agent” - a story about how important it is to realize in time the importance of people dear to your heart.

In 1830, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin went to Boldino to solve some financial problems. He was about to return, but deadly cholera had spread greatly in Russia at that time, and his return had to be postponed for a long time. This period of development of his talent is called the Boldino autumn. At this time some of the best works, including a cycle of stories called “Tales of the late Ivan Petrovich Belkin,” consisting of five works, one of which is “The Station Warden.” Its author finished on September 14th.

During his forced imprisonment, Pushkin suffered from separation from another lady of his heart, so his muse was sad and often put him in a sad mood. Perhaps the very atmosphere of autumn – the time of withering and nostalgia – contributed to the creation of “The Station Agent”. The main character faded as quickly as a leaf dropped from a branch.

Genre and direction

Pushkin himself calls his work “stories,” although in essence each of them is little novel. Why did he call them that? Alexander Sergeevich answered: “Stories and novels are read by everyone, everywhere” - that is, he did not see much difference between them, and made a choice in favor of the smaller epic genre, as if pointing to the modest volume of the work.

The separate story “The Station Agent” lays the foundations of realism. A hero is quite real hero, which could have happened at that time in reality. This is the first work in which the theme of the “little man” is raised. It is here that Pushkin first talks about how this unnoticed subject lives.

Composition

The structure of the story “The Station Agent” allows the reader to look at the world through the eyes of the narrator, in whose words the personality of Pushkin himself is hidden.

1. The story begins with a lyrical digression of the writer, where he abstractly talks about the thankless profession of a station superintendent, who is humiliated by his duty. It is in such positions that the characters of little people are formed.
2. The main part consists of conversations between the author and the main character: he arrives and finds out latest news about his life. The first visit is an introduction. The second is the main plot twist and climax when he learns about Dunya's fate.
3. Something like an epilogue represents his last visit to the station, when Samson Vyrin was already dead. It reports his daughter's repentance

About what?

The story “The Station Warden” begins with a short digression, where the author talks about what a humiliating position this is. Nobody pays attention to these people, they are “shooed”, sometimes even beaten. Nobody ever says a simple “thank you” to them, but it’s often very interesting interlocutors which can tell you a lot.

Then the author talks about Samson Vyrin. He holds the position of stationmaster. The narrator ends up at his station by accident. There he meets the caretaker himself and his daughter Dunya (she is 14 years old). The guest notes that the girl is very pretty. A couple of years later, the hero again finds himself at that same station. During this visit we learn the essence of “The Station Agent”. He meets Vyrin again, but his daughter is nowhere to be seen. Later, from the father’s story, it becomes clear that one day a hussar stopped at the station, and due to illness he had to stay there for some time. Dunya constantly looked after him. Soon the guest recovered and began to get ready for the journey. As a farewell, he offered to take his nurse to church, but she never came back. Later, Samson Vyrin learns that the young man was not sick at all, he was pretending to deceive the girl and take her with him to St. Petersburg. The ranger goes to the city on foot and tries to find the deceiving hussar there. Having found him, he asks to return Dunya to him and not disgrace him anymore, but he refuses him. Later, the unfortunate parent finds the house in which the kidnapper is keeping his daughter. He sees her, dressed richly, and admires her. When the heroine raises her head and sees her father, she gets scared and falls on the carpet, and the hussar drives the poor old man away. After that, the caretaker never saw his daughter again.

After some time, the author again finds himself at the station of the good Samson Vyrin. He learns that the station has been disbanded and the poor old man has died. Now a brewer and his wife live in his house, who sends her son to show where the former caretaker is buried. From the boy the narrator learns that some time ago a rich lady with children came to the city. She also asked about Samson, and when she learned that he had died, she cried for a long time, lying on his grave. Dunya repented, but it was too late.

Main characters

1. Samson Vyrin is a kind and sociable old man of about 50 who dotes on his daughter. She protects him from beatings and abuse from visitors. When they see her, they always behave calmly and friendly. At the first meeting, Samson looks like a sympathetic and timid man who is content with little and lives only with love for his child. He doesn’t need either wealth or fame, as long as his dear Dunyasha is nearby. At the next meeting, he is already a flabby old man who seeks solace in a bottle. His daughter's escape broke his personality. The image of the stationmaster is a textbook example of a small person who is unable to withstand circumstances. He is not outstanding, not strong, not smart, he is just an ordinary person with kind hearted and meek disposition - this is his characteristic. The merit of the author is that he was able to give an interesting description of the most ordinary type, to find drama and tragedy in his modest life.
2. Dunya is a young girl. She leaves her father and leaves with the hussar not out of selfish or unkind motives. The girl loves her parent, but out of naivety she trusts the man. Like any young woman, she is attracted by a great feeling. She follows him, forgetting everything. At the end of the story we see that she is worried about the death of her lonely father, she is ashamed. But what has been done cannot be undone, and now she, already a mother, cries at her parent’s grave, regretting that she did this to him. Years later, Dunya remains the same sweet and caring beauty, whose appearance is not affected by the tragic story of the station superintendent’s daughter. All the pain of separation was absorbed by her father, who never saw his grandchildren.

Subject

• In "The Station Agent" first rises "little man" theme. This is a hero whom no one notices, but who has a big soul. From the author's story we see that he is often scolded for no reason, sometimes even beaten. He is not considered a person, he is a lower level, service personnel. But in fact, this resigned old man is infinitely kind. No matter what, he is always ready to offer travelers overnight accommodation and dinner. He allows the hussar, who wanted to beat him and was stopped by Dunya, to stay with him for a few days, calls him a doctor, and feeds him. Even when his daughter betrays him, he is still ready to forgive her everything and accept any of her back.
• Love theme is also revealed in a unique way in the story. First of all, this is the feeling of a parent for a child, which even time, resentment and separation are powerless to shake. Samson loves Dunya recklessly, runs to save her on foot, searches and does not give up, although no one expected such courage from a timid and downtrodden servant. For her sake, he is ready to endure rudeness and beatings, and only after making sure that his daughter had made a choice in favor of wealth, he gave up and thought that she no longer needed her poor father. Another aspect is the passion of the young charmer and the hussar. At first, the reader was worried about the fate of a provincial girl in the city: she really could have been deceived and dishonored. But in the end it turns out that the casual relationship turned into a marriage. Love - main topic in “The Station Agent,” since it was this feeling that became both the cause of all troubles and the antidote to them, which was not delivered in a timely manner.

Issues

Pushkin in his work raises moral problems. Succumbing to a fleeting feeling, not supported by anything, Dunya leaves her father and follows the hussar into the unknown. She allows herself to become his mistress, she knows what she is doing and still does not stop. Here the ending turns out to be happy, the hussar still takes the girl as his wife, but even in those days this was rare. Nevertheless, even for the sake of the prospect of a marriage union, it was not worth renouncing one family while building another. The girl's fiancé behaved unacceptably rudely; it was he who made her an orphan. They both easily stepped over the little man's grief.

Against the background of Dunya’s act, the problem of loneliness and the problem of fathers and children develop. From the moment the girl left her father's house, she never visited her father, although she knew in what conditions he lived, she never wrote to him. In pursuit of personal happiness, she completely forgot about the man who loved her, raised her and was ready to forgive literally everything. This still happens today. And in modern world children leave and forget their parents. Having escaped from the nest, they try to “get out into the world”, achieve goals, pursue material success and do not remember those who gave them the most important thing - life. Many parents live the same fate as Samson Vyrin, abandoned and forgotten by their children. Of course, after a while, young people remember their family, and it’s good if it turns out it’s not too late to meet them. Dunya didn’t make it to the meeting.

Main idea

The idea of ​​the “Station Agent” is still vital and relevant: even a small person must be treated with respect. You cannot measure people by rank, class or ability to offend others. The hussar, for example, judged those around him by their strength and position, so he caused such grief to his own wife and his own children, depriving them of their father and grandfather. By his behavior he alienated and humiliated the one who could have become his support in family life. Also, the main idea of ​​the work is a call for us to take care of our loved ones and not put off reconciliation until tomorrow. Time is fleeting and can deprive us of the chance to correct our mistakes.

If you look at the meaning of the story “The Station Agent” more globally, we can conclude that Pushkin opposes social inequality, which became the cornerstone of relationships between people of that time.

What makes you think?

Pushkin also forces careless children to think about their old people, gives them instructions not to forget their parents and to be grateful to them. Family is the most valuable thing in every person’s life. She is the one who is ready to forgive us everything, accept us in any way, console and reassure us in difficult times. Parents are the most devoted people. They give us everything and ask for nothing in return except love and a little attention and care on our part.

Interesting? Save it on your wall!

“The Station Agent” is the beginning of a new period in the work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. If in the novel in verse “Eugene Onegin” he tries to hide his attitude towards everyday issues under some humor and a sarcastic attitude towards surrounding problems. And Belkin himself in other stories tries to disguise his sympathetic attitude towards simple and ordinary routine life, but in this story he describes it as it is, without humor and the desire to embellish the current situation.

The author feels deep pity, he is incredibly sorry for the broken life of the stationmaster, he experienced a real storm and severe pain at the very end of his own existence, so he parted with her on a rather sad note.

For the first time in his work, Pushkin admits notes of serious condemnation towards divine frivolity, which, despite all the contradictions, was quite close and dear to him.

The stationmaster lives a quiet and calm life, the meaning of which is his daughter Dunya. But at one moment everything collapses, she dies, which completely destroys her usual way of life. He cannot get used to the fact that the center of his existence has disappeared, and now he will have to continue living alone. He meets a hussar who did not want to share his grief with him; he does not try to understand the elderly man, who at that moment needed help and support.

Belkin's stories became the first realistic stories that received wide publicity. The author was able to accurately convey the realism of different life situations of that era, a small revolution took place in every person at that time, which the main author observes from the side. A real revolution takes place in the life of the Station Warden, which ends in tragedy.

He was unable to deal with his own contradiction, deal with what happened and break the situation. He lost his loved one and loved one, now he has no one to share his sorrows and happiness with. Alexander Sergeevich accurately conveys all his inner experiences, suffering and loneliness that he experiences. This is precisely why the reader understands that there will be no successful outcome.

Analysis 2

For every creator, the existence of a common man looks rather strange and slightly alienated. Still creative person exists with slightly different experiences and concerns, completely different priorities live in his mind.

However, if you look at the works of many Russian writers, they actively touch on the theme of the so-called little man, that is, a simple person who practically does not think about high things and lives by his simple interests.

This theme in many ways begins with the Station Warden Pushkin, where the author almost for the first time begins to sympathize with ordinary people and sincerely sympathize with the difficult fate of such people. After all, if you look at previous works, then the author still focuses on secular people, examines how representatives of the high society of the village and the city differ, and other topics that are not particularly close to the common people.

In The Station Warden, Pushkin shifts the emphasis and we see confirmation of this fact in the description of the hussar Minsky, who is given only in small strokes and does not represent a personality as such. This hero could become the main one if we looked from the other side and played out a story in the work similar to how Pechorin kidnaps Bella. However, here a representative of a higher class, who is far from the needs of the common people, is given as a kind of destructive and disharmonious element.

The main character, in turn, is the embodiment of simple everyday happiness. Samson Vyrin is not a stupid or narrow-minded person, yes, he does not and will not accomplish feats, he is accustomed to comfort, but in a sense, he is the salt of the earth, it is on such people that the world rests. At the same time, Minsky here is almost the complete antipode of happiness, he pursues only personal interests and ultimately creates a tragedy not only for the caretaker, but also for Dunya.

Most likely, she will never forgive herself for such a separation from a man who lived only for her. Minsky feels an obvious competitor in Vyrin and that is why he kicks him out of his house so much, he understands how attached Dunya is to him. In essence, he buys his happiness, although happiness cannot be bought.

As a result, in fact, Minsky only buys unhappiness; he makes two people unhappy who were previously happy. Of course, he can give Duna well-being and some kind of family comfort, but will she be as calm as she was calm at the station, daily observing identical pictures on the walls, a colorful bed curtain and pots of balsam? Will this heroine discover something new for herself besides secular society which is actually deeply unhappy?

In this work, Pushkin, although not openly, quite clearly sympathizes with the main character and is sad about his broken fate. He sees the negative side of the hussar's willfulness and his sensuality. He also sees some beauty and true happiness in the simple and uncomplicated life of a little person.

Essence, meaning and idea

The work belongs to the period of the poet’s work, called the Boldino Autumn, and in terms of its genre orientation it is a story written in the style of sentimentalism and realism, included in the author’s prose collection entitled “Tales of the late Ivan Petrovich Belkin.”

The main theme of the work is reflection on the problems of little people who find themselves in a disadvantaged position. In addition to this topic, the author examines in the story issues of morality and human love, which are relevant in the modern world.

The compositional structure of the story consists of three components, the first of which is lyrical digression author, the second part is presented in the form of conversations between the narrator and the main character, where storyline goes through its development and culmination, and in the third part it is described in the form of an epilogue.

The author presents the key character of the story as a fifty-year-old man, Samson Vyrin, distinguished by his kindness and sociability, and boundless love for his only daughter Dunyasha. A man is characterized by cordiality, responsiveness, a meek and open soul.

The girl is the second main character of the work and is portrayed as a caring daughter, protecting the old man from the claims of the guests, who, however, is carried away by a visiting military officer and leaves her father alone. As a result of the departure of his beloved daughter, Samson sinks, washing his grief down with alcohol, and subsequently dies without waiting for Dunyasha to return.

The semantic load of the work lies in revealing the image of a little man, unable to withstand the life circumstances that have broken his weak, stupid, but kind and meek personality.

In this regard, the author reflects on moral issues in the relationship between parents and children, emphasizing the need to remember the person who made it possible to feel a taste for life, as well as experience the best human feelings in the form of love, motherhood, and personal happiness.

The ending of the story is presented by the author as sad and melancholy, but the narrative content is filled with hope for changes in the human heart that can overcome selfishness and indifference in loved ones. This is demonstrated in the scene of the girl’s awareness of the impossibility of returning to this life a dear and devoted person and deep human repentance.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin is a famous Russian poet, prose writer, playwright who created many wonderful works. In his bibliography you can find works for all occasions.

Honor is a difficult word to understand, but, nevertheless, everyone imagines something different when they hear it. There is true and imaginary honor, they are both different from each other

The plot of the story “The Station Agent” is based on an incident from ordinary life. For the reader, the situation is simple and recognizable: a postal station located in the wilderness, monotonous, tiresome bustle, endless passing people. Pushkin chooses as an epigraph a humorous poetic statement from his friend, the poet Prince P.A. Vyazemsky:

College Registrar,

Postal station dictator.

However, this epigraph emphasizes the serious tone of the story, expressing deep sympathy for the fate of the station superintendent, an official of the lowest - fourteenth - class Samson Vyrin. The plot intrigue of the story is that a passing hussar takes with him Vyrin’s only daughter, the light and meaning of his entire joyless life - Dunya. This incident was very ordinary, not standing out in any way from the number of countless misfortunes that await a person. However, the purpose of the story is different: not to capture one of them, but to show the fate of the father and daughter in the conditions of changing times.

Pushkin called his story “The Station Agent,” wanting to emphasize that its main character is Samson Vyrin and that the idea of ​​the story is connected primarily with him. The image of Samson Vyrin opens in Russian classical literature the theme of the “little man”, later developed by Pushkin himself in the poem “ Bronze Horseman"(1833) and continued by N.V. Gogol, first of all, in the story “The Overcoat” (1842). The theme of the “little man” was further developed in Russian literature in the prose of I.S. Turgenev and F.M. Dostoevsky, gradually replacing noble literature and creating the basis for works about a hero - a representative of broad sections of the population, a “man of the majority.” Therefore, the author, describing the low social position of the hero on the first pages of the story, calls for paying close attention to him as a person. This gives rise to an ironic reasoning about “what would happen to us if, instead of the generally convenient rule of rank, another was introduced into use, for example: honor the mind of the mind?” What disputes would arise!..”

The name of the hero - Samson Vyrin - was compiled by the author in order to express his attitude towards the personality and character of this person. The combination of the heroic biblical name Samson, who accomplished outstanding feats, and the ordinary, inexpressive surname Vyrin expresses the author’s idea that, despite the low origin of the hero, he is characterized by high, noble feelings. He loves his daughter selflessly, while caring only about her well-being. It also retains pride and dignity. Let us remember what his natural reaction was when the hussar slipped money into his sleeve cuff, as if paying off the old man.

The events of the story “The Station Agent” by Pushkin do not occur before the reader’s eyes; he learns them from the narrator, who acts both as a storyteller and as the hero of the work. The exposition, or prologue, of the work includes two parts: the narrator’s reasoning about the fate of the station guards, allowing the writer to use it to characterize the time, the state of the roads, morals, and to represent a specific place of action. Three times the hero-narrator comes to the station, which was located on a “road now destroyed,” as does the memory of the people who once lived there. Thus, the story itself about the main events consists of three parts, like a triptych - a three-part painting. The first part is an introduction to the inhabitants of the postal station, a picture of a peaceful, unclouded life; the second is the old man’s sad story about the misfortune that befell him and the fate that befell Duna; the third part conveys a picture of a rural cemetery, which serves as an epilogue. This composition gives the story a philosophical character.

The seasons play an important role in the story “The Station Agent”. This is how the story of the events begins: “In 1816, in the month of May, I happened to pass through the *** province...” This is how the narrative is introduced, as if the beginning of life is being depicted. The description of the weather corresponds to this; everything around is full of strength and energy: “The day was hot. Three miles from the station it began to drizzle, and a minute later the pouring rain soaked me to the last thread.” And here is the last visit of the hero-narrator, the end of the story: “It happened in the fall. Gray clouds covered the sky; cold wind blew from the reaped fields, carrying red and yellow leaves from oncoming trees.” This landscape sketch symbolizes past life, dying. So the epilogue becomes a philosophical commentary on the story.

The content of the story “The Station Agent” correlates with the parable of the Prodigal Son. The narrator sees pictures depicting this plot on the walls of Vyrin’s room. The story of the prodigal son from the Bible tells us about the eternal situation in the life of a person who leaves without blessing parents' house, makes mistakes, pays for them and returns to his father's house. Pushkin describes this story with light humor, but the humor serves not to express a mocking attitude, but to focus attention on the necessary points. For example, “...a respectable old man in a cap and dressing gown releases a restless young man, who hastily accepts his blessing and a bag of money.” In this scene, Pushkin draws the reader’s eye to two circumstances: the young man “hastily” accepts everything from his father, because he is in a hurry to start an independent and have a fun life, and the young man with equal haste accepts “the blessing and the bag of money,” as if they were of equal value for a person. Thus, the whole story is built on a wise and eternal story about human life, the irreversible flow of time and the inevitability of change.

History of creation

Boldino autumn in the works of A.S. Pushkin became truly “golden”, since it was at this time that he created many of his works. Among them are “Belkin’s Tales”. In a letter to his friend P. Pletnev, Pushkin wrote: “... I wrote 5 stories in prose, from which Baratynsky laughs and fights.” The chronology of the creation of these stories is as follows: “The Undertaker” was completed on September 9, “The Station Agent” was completed on September 14, “The Young Lady-Peasant” was completed on September 20, after an almost month-long break the last two stories were written: “The Shot” - October 14 and “Blizzard” " - October 20. The cycle of Belkin's Tales was Pushkin's first completed prose creation. The five stories were united by the fictitious person of the author, whom the “publisher” spoke about in the preface. We learn that P.P. Belkin was born “from honest and noble parents in 1798 in the village of Goryukhino.” “He was of average height, had gray eyes, brown hair, a straight nose; his face was white and thin.” “He led a very moderate life, avoided all kinds of excesses; It never happened... to see him drunk..., he had a great inclination towards the female sex, but the modesty in him was truly girlish.” In the autumn of 1828, this sympathetic character “succumbed to a cold fever, which turned into a fever, and died...”.

At the end of October 1831, “Tales of the late Ivan Petrovich Belkin” were published. The preface ended with the words: “Considering it our duty to respect the will of our venerable friend the author, we offer him our deepest gratitude for the news he brought us and we hope that the public will appreciate their sincerity and good nature. A.P.” The epigraph to all the stories, taken from Fonvizin’s “Minor” (Ms. Prostakova: “Then, my father, he is still a hunter of stories.” Skotinin: “Mitrofan for me”), speaks of the nationality and simplicity of Ivan Petrovich. He collected these “simple” stories, and wrote them down from different narrators (“The Caretaker” was told to him by titular adviser A.G.N., “The Shot” by Lieutenant Colonel I.L.P., “The Undertaker” by clerk B.V., “Blizzard” and “Young Lady” by the girl K.I.), processing them according to her own skill and discretion. Thus, Pushkin, as a real author of stories, hides behind a double chain of simple-minded narrators, and this gives him great freedom of narration, creates considerable opportunities for comedy, satire and parody and at the same time allows him to express his attitude to these stories.

With the full name of the real author, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, they were published in 1834. In this series, creating an unforgettable gallery of characters living and acting in the Russian provinces, Pushkin talks about modern Russia with a kind smile and humor. While working on “Belkin’s Tales,” Pushkin outlined one of his main tasks: “We need to give our language more freedom (of course, in accordance with its spirit).” And when the author of the stories was asked who this Belkin was, Pushkin replied: “Whoever he is, stories must be written this way: simply, briefly and clearly.”

The story “The Station Warden” occupies a significant place in the work of A.S. Pushkin and is of great importance for all Russian literature. Almost for the first time, it depicts life’s hardships, pain and suffering of what is called the “little man.” This is where the theme of “the humiliated and insulted” begins in Russian literature, which will introduce you to kind, quiet, suffering heroes and allow you to see not only meekness, but also the greatness of their souls and hearts. The epigraph is taken from a poem by P.A. Vyazemsky’s “Station” (“Collegiate registrar, / Postal station dictator”), Pushkin changed the quote, calling the station superintendent a “collegiate registrar” (the lowest civilian rank in pre-revolutionary Russia), and not a “provincial registrar”, as it was in the original , since this one is of higher rank.

Genre, genre, creative method

“The Stories of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin” consists of 5 stories: “The Shot”, “The Blizzard”, “The Undertaker”, “The Station Warden”, “The Young Lady-Peasant”. Each of Belkin's Tales is so small in size that one could call it a story. Pushkin calls them stories. For a realist writer reproducing life, the forms of the story and novel in prose were especially suitable. They attracted Pushkin because of their intelligibility to the widest circles of readers, which was much greater than poetry. “Stories and novels are read by everyone, everywhere,” he noted. Belkin's stories" are, in essence, the beginning of Russian highly artistic realistic prose.

Pushkin took the most typical romantic plots for the story, which may well be repeated in our time. His characters initially find themselves in situations where the word “love” is present. They are already in love or just long for this feeling, but this is where the unfolding and escalation of the plot begins. "Belkin's Tales" were conceived by the author as a parody of the genre of romantic literature. In the story "Shot" main character Silvio came from the bygone era of romanticism. This is a handsome, strong, brave man with a solid, passionate character and an exotic non-Russian name, reminiscent of mysterious and fatal heroes romantic poems Byron. Parodied in "Blizzard" French novels and romantic ballads of Zhukovsky. At the end of the story, a comic confusion with the suitors leads the heroine of the story to a new, hard-won happiness. In the story “The Undertaker,” in which Adrian Prokhorov invites the dead to visit him, Mozart’s opera is parodied and scary stories romantics. “The Peasant Young Lady” is a small elegant sitcom with dressing up in the French style, unfolding in Russian noble estate. But she kindly, funny and witty parodies the famous tragedy - Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.

In the cycle of “Belkin’s Tales” the center and peak is “The Station Agent”. The story lays the foundations of realism in Russian literature. In essence, in terms of its plot, expressiveness, complex, capacious theme and shadowy composition, and in terms of the characters themselves, this is already a small, condensed novel that influenced subsequent Russian prose and gave birth to Gogol’s story “The Overcoat.” The people here are depicted as simple, and their story itself would be simple if various everyday circumstances had not interfered with it.

Subjects

In "Belkin's Tales", along with traditional romantic themes from the life of the nobility and estate, Pushkin reveals the theme of human happiness in its broadest sense. Worldly wisdom, rules of everyday behavior, generally accepted morality are enshrined in catechisms and prescriptions, but following them does not always lead to success. It is necessary for fate to give a person happiness, for circumstances to come together successfully. “Belkin's Tales” shows that there are no hopeless situations, one must fight for happiness, and it will be, even if it is impossible.

The story “The Station Agent” is the saddest and most complex work cycle. This is a story about the sad fate of Vyrin and happy fate his daughter. From the very beginning, the author connects the humble story of Samson Vyrin with philosophical meaning the entire cycle. After all, the stationmaster, who does not read books at all, has his own scheme for perceiving life. It is reflected in the pictures “with decent German poetry” that are hung on the walls of his “humble but neat abode.” The narrator describes in detail these pictures depicting the biblical legend of the prodigal son. Samson Vyrin looks at everything that happened to him and his daughter through the prism of these pictures. His life experience suggests that a misfortune will happen to the daughter, she will be deceived and abandoned. He is a toy, a small man in the hands powerful of the world who turned money into the main criterion.

Pushkin stated one of the main themes of Russian literature of the 19th century century - the theme of the “little man”. The significance of this theme for Pushkin lay not in exposing the downtroddenness of his hero, but in the discovery in the “little man” of a compassionate and sensitive soul, endowed with the gift of responding to someone else’s misfortune and someone else’s pain.

From now on, the theme of the “little man” will be heard constantly in Russian classical literature.

Idea

“There is no idea in any of Belkin’s Tales. You read - sweetly, smoothly, fluently: once you read - everything is forgotten, there is nothing in your memory except adventures. “Belkin’s Tales” are easy to read, because they do not make you think” (“Northern Bee”, 1834, No. 192, August 27).
“True, these stories are entertaining, they cannot be read without pleasure: this comes from the charming style, from the art of storytelling, but they are not artistic creations, but simply fairy tales and fables” (V.G. Belinsky).

“How long has it been since you re-read Pushkin’s prose? Make me a friend - read all of Belkin's Tales first. They need to be studied and studied by every writer. I did this the other day and I cannot convey to you the beneficial influence that this reading had on me” (from a letter from L.N. Tolstoy to P.D. Golokhvastov).

Such an ambiguous perception of Pushkin’s cycle suggests that there is some kind of secret in Belkin’s Tales. In “The Station Agent” it is contained in a small artistic detail - wall paintings telling about the prodigal son, which were a common part of the station environment in the 20-40s. The description of those pictures takes the narrative from a social and everyday level to a philosophical one, allows us to comprehend its content in relation to human experience, and interprets the “eternal plot” about the prodigal son. The story is imbued with the pathos of compassion.

Nature of the conflict

In the story “The Station Agent” there is a humiliated and sad hero, the ending is equally mournful and happy: the death of the station agent, on the one hand, and happy life his daughters - on the other. The story is distinguished by the special nature of the conflict: there is no negative heroes, which would be negative in everything; there is no direct evil - and at the same time, the grief of a simple person, a stationmaster, does not become any less.

A new type of hero and conflict entailed a different narrative system, the figure of the narrator - the titular adviser A.G.N. He tells the story heard from others, from Vyrin himself and from the “red-haired and crooked” boy. The taking away of Dunya Vyrina by a hussar is the beginning of the drama, followed by a chain of events. From the postal station the action moves to St. Petersburg, from the caretaker’s house to a grave outside the outskirts. The caretaker is unable to influence the course of events, but before bowing to fate, he tries to turn history back, to save Dunya from what seems to the poor father to be the death of his “child”. The hero comprehends what happened and, moreover, goes to his grave from the powerless consciousness of his own guilt and the irreparability of the misfortune.

“Little man” is not only a low rank, the absence of a high social status, but also loss in life, fear of it, loss of interest and purpose. Pushkin was the first to draw the attention of readers to the fact that, despite his low origins, a person still remains a person and he has all the same feelings and passions as people of high society. The story “The Station Warden” teaches you to respect and love a person, teaches you the ability to sympathize, and makes you think that the world in which the station guards live is not structured in the best way.

Main characters

The author-narrator speaks sympathetically about the “real martyrs of the fourteenth class,” station guards accused by travelers of all sins. In fact, their life is real hard labor: “The traveler takes out all the frustration accumulated during a boring ride on the caretaker. The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, the driver is stubborn, the horses don’t carry - and the caretaker is to blame... You can easily guess that I have friends from the venerable class of caretakers.” This story was written in memory of one of them.

The main character in the story “The Station Agent” is Samson Vyrin, a man about 50 years old. The caretaker was born around 1766, into a peasant family. The end of the 18th century, when Vyrin was 20-25 years old, was the time of Suvorov’s wars and campaigns. As is known from history, Suvorov developed initiative among his subordinates, encouraged soldiers and non-commissioned officers, promoting them in their careers, cultivating camaraderie in them, and demanding literacy and intelligence. A peasant man under the command of Suvorov could rise to the rank of non-commissioned officer, receiving this rank for faithful service and personal bravery. Samson Vyrin could have been just such a person and most likely served in the Izmailovsky regiment. The text says that, having arrived in St. Petersburg in search of his daughter, he stops at the Izmailovsky regiment, in the house of a retired non-commissioned officer, his old colleague.

It can be assumed that around 1880 he retired and received the position of stationmaster and the rank of collegiate registrar. This position provided a small but constant salary. He got married and soon had a daughter. But the wife died, and the daughter was joy and consolation to the father.

Since childhood, she had to shoulder all women's work on her fragile shoulders. Vyrin himself, as he is presented at the beginning of the story, is “fresh and cheerful,” sociable and not embittered, despite the fact that undeserved insults rained down on his head. Just a few years later, driving along the same road, the author, stopping for the night with Samson Vyrin, did not recognize him: from “fresh and vigorous” he turned into an abandoned, flabby old man, whose only consolation was a bottle. And it’s all about the daughter: without asking for parental consent, Dunya - his life and hope, for whose benefit he lived and worked - fled with a passing hussar. The act of his daughter broke Samson; he could not bear the fact that his dear child, his Dunya, whom he protected as best he could from all dangers, could do this to him and, what is even worse, to herself - she became not a wife, but a mistress.

Pushkin sympathizes with his hero and deeply respects him: a man of the lower class, who grew up in poverty and hard work, has not forgotten what decency, conscience and honor are. Moreover, he places these qualities above material wealth. Poverty for Samson is nothing compared to the emptiness of his soul. It is not for nothing that the author introduces such a detail into the story as pictures depicting the story of the prodigal son on the wall in Vyrin’s house. Like the father of the prodigal son, Samson was ready to forgive. But Dunya did not return. My father’s suffering was aggravated by the fact that he knew very well how such stories often end: “There are a lot of them in St. Petersburg, young fools, today in satin and velvet, and tomorrow, you’ll see, sweeping the street along with the tavern’s nakedness. When you sometimes think that Dunya, perhaps, is disappearing right away, you will inevitably sin and wish for her grave...” An attempt to find her daughter in huge St. Petersburg ended in nothing. This is where the stationmaster gave up - he completely drank and died some time later, without waiting for his daughter. Pushkin created in his Samson Vyrin an amazingly capacious, truthful image of a simple, small man and showed all his rights to the title and dignity of a person.

Dunya in the story is shown as a jack of all trades. No one could cook dinner better than her, clean the house, or serve a passer-by. And the father, looking at her agility and beauty, could not get enough of it. At the same time, this is a young coquette who knows her strength, entering into conversation with a visitor without timidity, “like a girl who has seen the light.” Belkin sees Dunya for the first time in the story, when she is fourteen years old - an age at which it is too early to think about fate. Dunya knows nothing about this intention of the visiting hussar Minsky. But, breaking away from her father, she chooses her female happiness, even if it may be short-lived. She chooses another world, unknown, dangerous, but at least she will live in it. It’s hard to blame her for choosing life over vegetation; she took a risk and won. Dunya comes to her father only when everything she could only dream of has come true, although Pushkin does not say a word about her marriage. But six horses, three children, and a nurse indicate a successful ending to the story. Of course, Dunya herself considers herself to blame for her father’s death, but, probably, the reader will forgive her, just as Ivan Petrovich Belkin forgives.

Dunya and Minsky, the internal motives of their actions, thoughts and experiences, are described throughout the entire story by the narrator, the coachman, the father, and the red-haired boy from the outside. Maybe that’s why the images of Dunya and Minsky are given somewhat schematically. Minsky is noble and rich, he served in the Caucasus, the rank of captain is not small, and if he is in the guard, then he is already high, equal to an army lieutenant colonel. The kind and cheerful hussar fell in love with the simple-minded caretaker.

Many of the actions of the heroes of the story are incomprehensible today, but for Pushkin’s contemporaries they were natural. So, Minsky, having fallen in love with Dunya, did not marry her. He could do this not only because he was a rake and a frivolous person, but also for a number of objective reasons. Firstly, in order to get married, an officer needed permission from his commander; marriage often meant resignation. Secondly, Minsky could depend on his parents, who would hardly have liked a marriage with a dowry-free and non-noblewoman Dunya. It takes time to resolve at least these two problems. Although in the final Minsky was able to do it.

Plot and composition

TO compositional construction"Belkin's Tales", consisting of five separate stories, were repeatedly used by Russian writers. F.M. wrote about his idea to write a novel with a similar composition in one of his letters. Dostoevsky: “The stories are completely separate from one another, so they can even be sold separately. I believe Pushkin was thinking about a similar form of the novel: five stories (the number of “Belkin’s Tales”), sold separately. Pushkin’s stories are indeed separate in all respects: there is no cross-cutting character (in contrast to the five stories of Lermontov’s “Hero of Our Time”); no general content. But there is a general method of mystery, “detective”, that lies at the basis of each story. Pushkin's stories are united, firstly, by the figure of the narrator - Belkin; secondly, by the fact that they are all told. The telling was, I suppose, what artistic device, for the sake of which the entire text was started. The narration as a common feature of all stories simultaneously allowed them to be read (and sold) separately. Pushkin thought about a work that, being whole as a whole, would be whole in every part. I call this form, using the experience of subsequent Russian prose, a cycle novel.”

The stories were written by Pushkin in the same chronological order, but he arranged them not according to the time of writing, but based on compositional calculation, alternating stories with “unsuccessful” and “prosperous” endings. This composition imparted to the entire cycle, despite the presence of deeply dramatic provisions in it, a general optimistic orientation.

Pushkin builds the story “The Station Agent” on the development of two destinies and characters - father and daughter. Station warden Samson Vyrin is an old, honored (three medals on faded ribbons) retired soldier, a kind and honest person, but rude and simple-minded, located at the very bottom of the table of ranks, on the lowest rung of the social ladder. He is not only simple, but little man, whom every passing nobleman can insult, shout, or hit, although his lower rank of 14th class still gave him the right to personal nobility. But all the guests were met, calmed down and given tea by his beautiful and lively daughter Dunya. But this family idyll could not continue forever and, at first glance, ended badly, because the caretaker and his daughter had different destinies. A passing young handsome hussar, Minsky, fell in love with Dunya, cleverly feigned illness, achieved mutual feelings and, as befits a hussar, took away a crying but not resisting girl in a troika to St. Petersburg.

The little man of the 14th grade did not reconcile himself with such insult and loss; he went to St. Petersburg to save his daughter, whom, as Vyrin, not without reason, believed, the insidious seducer would soon abandon and drive out into the street. And his very reproachful appearance was important for further development this story, for the fate of his Dunya. But it turned out that the story is more complicated than the caretaker imagined. The captain fell in love with his daughter and, moreover, turned out to be a conscientious, honest man; he blushed with shame at the unexpected appearance of the father he had deceived. And the beautiful Dunya responded to the kidnapper with a strong, sincere feeling. The old man gradually drank himself to death from grief, melancholy and loneliness, and despite the moralizing pictures about the prodigal son, the daughter never came to visit him, disappeared, and was not at her father’s funeral. The rural cemetery was visited by a beautiful lady with three little dogs and a black pug on a luxurious carriage. She silently lay down on her father’s grave and “lay there for a long time.” This folk custom the last farewell and remembrance, the last “sorry.” This is the greatness of human suffering and repentance.

Artistic originality

In "Belkin's Tales" all the features of the poetics and stylistics of Pushkin's fiction were clearly revealed. Pushkin appears in them as an excellent short story writer, to whom a touching story, a short story with a sharp plot and twists and turns, and a realistic sketch of morals and everyday life are equally accessible. The artistic requirements for prose, which were formulated by Pushkin in the early 20s, he now implements in his own creative practice. Nothing unnecessary, only one thing necessary in the narrative, accuracy in definitions, conciseness and conciseness of style.

"Belkin's Tales" are distinguished by extreme economy artistic means. From the very first lines, Pushkin introduces the reader to his heroes and introduces him to the circle of events. The depiction of the characters' characters is just as sparse and no less expressive. The author hardly gives an external portrait of the heroes, and almost does not dwell on their emotional experiences. At the same time, the appearance of each of the characters emerges with remarkable relief and clarity from his actions and speeches. “The writer must continually study this treasure,” Leo Tolstoy advised a literary friend about “Belkin’s Tales.”

Meaning of the work

In the development of Russian artistic prose, a huge role belongs to Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Here he had almost no predecessors. Prose literary language was also at a much lower level compared to poetry. Therefore, Pushkin was faced with a particularly important and very difficult task of processing the very material of this area of ​​​​verbal art. Among Belkin's Tales, The Station Warden was of exceptional importance for the further development of Russian literature. A very truthful image of a caretaker, warmed by the author’s sympathy, opens the gallery of “poor people” created by subsequent Russian writers, humiliated and insulted by the social relations of the then reality, which were most difficult for the common man.

The first writer who opened the world of “little people”* to the reader was N.M. Karamzin. Karamzin’s word echoes Pushkin and Lermontov. The greatest influence on subsequent literature was exerted by Karamzin’s story “ Poor Lisa" The author laid the foundation for a huge series of works about “little people” and took the first step into this previously unknown topic. It was he who opened the way for such writers of the future as Gogol, Dostoevsky and others.

A.S. Pushkin was the next writer whose sphere of creative attention began to include the whole of vast Russia, its open spaces, the life of villages, St. Petersburg and Moscow opened up not only from a luxurious entrance, but also through the narrow doors of poor houses. For the first time, Russian literature so poignantly and clearly showed the distortion of personality by an environment hostile to it. Pushkin's artistic discovery was aimed at the future; it paved the way for Russian literature into the still unknown.