Presentation - contemporary art. Main directions of modern Western art Presentation on the topic of contemporary art of the 21st century

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literature

Literature: Nekipelov, A.D.: New Russian Encyclopedia. Volume I. Russia. Publishing house "Emcyclopedia", Moscow 2004. Treasures of Russia. Introduction to Russian art. Publishing house "Art", Moscow 1995. Fozikoš, A., Reiterová, T.: Reálie rusky mluvících zemí. Nakladatelství Fraus, Plzeň, 1998. Lepilová, K.: Essay on Russian culture. OU, Ostrava, 1996. Manková, N.: Čítanka z dějin ruské kultury. Zapadočeská univerzita, Pedagogická Fakulta, Plzeň1998. Library of Fine Arts: http://www.artlib.ru/ Painting: http://jivopis.ru/gallery/ Golden Archive of Icons Ancient Rus' 11th - 16th century: http://staratel.com/pictures/icona/main.htm Russian painting: http://staratel.com/pictures/ruspaint/main.htm

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“Art” is artistic creativity in general: literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics, decorative applied arts, music, dance, theater, cinema and other types of human activity, combined as artistic and figurative forms of reflection of reality.

Abstraction is one of the main ways of our thinking. Its result is the formation of the most general concepts and judgments (abstractions). In decorative art, abstraction is the process of stylizing natural forms. IN artistic activity abstraction is constantly present; in its extreme expression in fine art, it leads to abstractionism, a special direction in the fine arts of the 20th century, which is characterized by a refusal to depict real objects, extreme generalization or complete rejection of form, non-objective compositions (from lines, dots, spots, planes and etc.), experiments with color, spontaneous expression inner world the artist, his subconscious in chaotic, disorganized abstract forms (abstract expressionism). Abstractionism was less expressed in sculpture than in painting. Abstractionism was a response to the general disharmony of the modern world and was successful because it proclaimed the rejection of consciousness in art and called for “giving in to the initiative to forms, colors, colors.” What is abstraction?

What is realism? Realism (from the French realisme, from the Latin realis - material) - in art in a broad sense, a truthful, objective, comprehensive reflection of reality using specific means inherent in the types of artistic creativity. The general features of the realism method are reliability in the reproduction of reality. At the same time, realistic art has a huge variety of ways of cognition, generalization, and artistic reflection of reality. Realistic art of the 20th century. acquires bright national features and a variety of forms. Realism is the opposite phenomenon to modernism.

What is avant-garde? Avant-garde - (from the French avant - advanced, garde - detachment) is a concept that defines experimental, modernist endeavors in art. In every era, innovative phenomena arose in the fine arts, but the term “avant-garde” was established only at the beginning of the 20th century. At this time, such trends as Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism, Expressionism, and Abstractionism appeared. Then, in the 20s and 30s, surrealism occupied avant-garde positions. During the 1990s, new varieties of abstract art were added - various shapes actionism, working with objects (pop art), conceptual art, photorealism, kineticism, etc. In all avant-garde movements, despite their great diversity, common features can be identified: rejection of the norms of classical image, formal novelty, deformation of forms, expression and various game transformations. All this leads to the blurring of the boundaries between art and reality (ready-made, installation, environment), the creation of the ideal of an open work of art that directly invades environment. The art of avant-gardeism is designed for a dialogue between the artist and the viewer, the active interaction of a person with a work of art, participation in creativity (for example, kinetic art, happenings, etc.).

What is underground? Underground (eng. underground - underground, dungeon) - a concept meaning "underground" culture, opposing itself to conventions and restrictions traditional culture. Exhibitions of artists of the movement in question were often held not in salons and galleries, but directly on the ground, as well as in underground passages or the metro, which in a number of countries is called the underground (subway). Probably, this circumstance also influenced the fact that this direction in the art of the 20th century. this name was established. In Russia, the concept of underground has become a designation for a community of artists representing unofficial art.

What is surrealism? Surrealism (French surrealisme - super-realism) is a movement in literature and art of the 20th century. developed in the 1920s. Having emerged in France on the initiative of the writer A. Breton, surrealism soon became an international trend. Surrealists believed that creative energy comes from the sphere of the subconscious, which manifests itself during sleep, hypnosis, painful delirium, sudden insights, automatic actions (random wandering of a pencil on paper, etc.). Surrealist artists, unlike abstractionists, do not refuse to depict real-life objects, but present them in chaos, deliberately devoid of logical relationships. Lack of meaning, rejection of a reasonable reflection of reality is the basic principle of the art of surrealism. About isolation from real life The name of the direction itself speaks: “sur” in French “above”; artists did not pretend to reflect reality, but mentally placed their creations “above” realism, passing off delusional fantasies as works of art. Thus, the number of surrealist paintings included similar, inexplicable works by M. Ernst, J. Miró, I. Tanguy, as well as objects processed by the surrealists beyond recognition (M. Oppenheim).

What is modernism? Modernism (fr. modernisme, from lat. modernus - new, modern) is a collective designation of all the latest trends, directions, schools and activities of individual masters of art of the 20th century, breaking with tradition, realism and considering experiment the basis of the creative method (fauvism, expressionism, cubism, futurism, abstract art, dadaism, surrealism, pop art, op art, kinetic art, hyperrealism, etc.). Modernism is close in meaning to avant-garde and opposite to academicism. Modernism was negatively assessed by Soviet art critics as a crisis phenomenon in bourgeois culture. Art has the freedom to choose its historical paths. The contradictions of modernism, as such, must be considered not statically, but in historical dynamics.

What is pop art? Pop art (English pop art, from popular art - popular art) - a movement in art Western Europe and the USA since the late 1950s. The heyday of pop art came in the turbulent 60s, when youth riots broke out in many countries of Europe and America. The youth movement did not have a single goal - it was united by the pathos of denial. Young people were ready to throw overboard the entire past culture. All this is reflected in art. Distinctive feature pop art combination of challenge and indifference. Everything is equally valuable or equally priceless, equally beautiful or equally ugly, equally worthy or unworthy. Perhaps only the advertising business is based on the same dispassionate, businesslike attitude towards everything in the world. It is no coincidence that advertising had a huge influence on pop art, and many of its representatives worked and are working in advertising centers. The creators of advertising programs and shows are able to cut into pieces and combine in the combination they need, washing powder and a famous masterpiece of art, toothpaste and Bach's fugue. Pop art does the same.

What is op art? Op art (English op art, short for optical art - optical art) is a direction in the art of the 20th century, which received widespread in the 1960s. Op art artists used various visual illusions, relying on the peculiarities of perception of flat and spatial figures. The effects of spatial movement, merging, and floating of forms were achieved by introducing rhythmic repetitions, sharp color and tonal contrasts, the intersection of spiral and lattice configurations, and twisting lines. In op art, installations of changing light and dynamic structures were often used (discussed further in the section kinetic art). Illusions of flowing movement, sequential changes of images, unstable, continuously rearranging forms appear in op art only in the viewer’s perception. The direction continues the technical line of modernism.

What is kinetic art? Kinetic art (from the gr. kinetikos - setting in motion) is a direction in modern art associated with the widespread use of moving structures and other dynamic elements. Kineticism as an independent movement took shape in the second half of the 1950s, but it was preceded by experiments in creating dynamic plastic art in Russian constructivism (V. Tatlin, K. Melnikov, A. Rodchenko) and Dadaism. Earlier folk art also showed us examples of moving objects and toys, for example wooden birds of happiness from Arkhangelsk region, mechanical toys simulating labor processes, from the village of Bogorodskoye, etc. In kinetic art, movement is introduced in different ways; some works are dynamically transformed by the viewer himself, others by air fluctuations, and others are driven by a motor or electromagnetic forces. The variety of materials used is endless - from traditional to ultra-modern technical means, right up to computers and lasers. Mirrors are often used in kinetic compositions.

What is hyperrealism? Hyperrealism (eng. hyperrealism) is a movement in painting and sculpture that arose in the USA and became an event in world fine art in the 70s of the 20th century. Another name for hyperrealism is photorealism. Artists of this movement imitated photos using painterly means on canvas. They depicted the world of a modern city: shop windows and restaurants, metro stations and traffic lights, residential buildings and passers-by on the streets. At the same time, special attention was paid to shiny surfaces that reflect light: glass, plastic, car polish, etc. The play of reflections on such surfaces creates the impression of interpenetration of spaces.

What is a readymade? Readymade (English: ready made) is one of the common techniques of modern (avant-garde) art, consisting in the fact that an industrially produced object is torn out of its usual everyday environment and exhibited in exhibition hall. The meaning of the readymade is this: when the environment changes, the perception of the object also changes. The viewer sees in the object displayed on the podium not a utilitarian thing, but an artistic object, expressiveness of form and color. The name readymade was first used by M. Duchamp over the years in relation to his “ready-made objects” (comb, bicycle wheel, bottle dryer). In the 60s, the readymade became widespread in various areas of avant-garde art, especially in Dadaism.

What is installation? Installation (from the English installation - installation) is a spatial composition created by the artist from various elements - household objects, industrial products and materials, natural objects, text or visual information. The founders of the installation were the Dadaist M. Duchamp and the surrealists. By creating unusual combinations of ordinary things, the artist gives them a new symbolic meaning. The aesthetic content of the installation is a play of semantic meanings that change depending on where the object is located - in a familiar everyday environment or in an exhibition hall. The installation was created by many avant-garde artists R. Rauschenberg, D. Dine, G. Uecker, I. Kabakov. Installation is an art form widespread in the 20th century.

What is environment? Environment (English environment - surroundings, environment) is an extensive spatial composition that embraces the viewer like a real environment, one of the forms characteristic of avant-garde art of the 1920s. Sculptures by D. Segal, E. Kienholz, K. Oldenburg, and D. Hanson created naturalistic environments that imitate an interior with human figures. Such repetitions of reality could include elements of delusional fiction. Another type of environment is a play space that involves certain actions by spectators.

Conclusion Art is always in tune with its time, it is modern and reflects the worldview of society as a whole. In turn, art has a strong influence on the masses, which is why the attitude of the artist himself to life is so important. The development of various distorted trends in art, the so-called pseudo-art, is in tune with its era. The entire history of art and architecture is a living tissue, constantly developing and changing. In any era, be it the classical art of Greece, the Italian Renaissance or ancient Russian art, there was a struggle of trends, influences, a struggle of old ideas with emerging qualitatively new manifestations. However, with all the variability of art forms within a given period, there were always relatively stable artistic features - compositional, plastic, coloristic, rhythmic and others that determined the style of a particular time. The best representatives of culture: artists, graphic artists, sculptors, architects, filmmakers, actors, writers of yesterday and today strive in their creativity to reflect the best thoughts and feelings of humanity, to treat with care the masterpieces of world culture.

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Net art (Net Art - from the English net - network, art - art) Newest look art, modern art practices, developing in computer networks, in particular on the Internet. Its researchers in Russia, who also contribute to its development, O. Lyalina, A. Shulgin, believe that the essence of Net art comes down to the creation of communication and creative spaces on the Internet, providing complete freedom of online existence to everyone. Therefore, the essence of Net art. not representation, but communication, and its unique art unit is an electronic message. Net art (Net Art - from the English net - network, art - art) The newest type of art, modern art practice, developing in computer networks, in particular on the Internet. Its researchers in Russia, who also contribute to its development, O. Lyalina, A. Shulgin, believe that the essence of Net art comes down to the creation of communication and creative spaces on the Internet, providing complete freedom of online existence to everyone. Therefore, the essence of Net art. not representation, but communication, and its unique art unit is an electronic message.

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(English Op-art - shortened version of optical art - optical art) - an artistic movement of the second half of the 20th century, using various visual illusions based on the peculiarities of perception of flat and spatial figures. The movement continues the rationalistic line of technicism (modernism). Goes back to the so-called “geometric” abstractionism, the representative of which was V. Vasarely (from 1930 to 1997 he worked in France) - the founder of op art. The possibilities of Op art have found some application in industrial graphics, posters, and design art. (English Op-art - shortened version of optical art - optical art) - an artistic movement of the second half of the 20th century, using various visual illusions based on the peculiarities of perception of flat and spatial figures. The movement continues the rationalistic line of technicism (modernism). Goes back to the so-called “geometric” abstractionism, the representative of which was V. Vasarely (from 1930 to 1997 he worked in France) - the founder of op art. The possibilities of Op art have found some application in industrial graphics, posters, and design art.

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(graffiti - in archeology, any drawings or letters scratched on any surface, from Italian graffiare - to scratch) This is how works of the subculture are designated, which are mainly large-format images on the walls of public buildings, structures, vehicles, made using various types of spray guns, aerosol spray paint cans. (graffiti - in archeology, any drawings or letters scratched on any surface, from Italian graffiare - to scratch) This is how works of the subculture are designated, which are mainly large-format images on the walls of public buildings, structures, vehicles, made using various types of spray guns, aerosol spray paint cans.

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(from the English land art - earthen art), a direction in fine art of the last third of the 20th century, based on the use of a real landscape as the main art material and object. Artists dig trenches, create bizarre piles of stones, paint rocks, choosing for their works usually deserted places - pristine and wild landscapes, thereby, as if trying to return art to nature. (from the English land art - earthen art), a direction in fine art of the last third of the 20th century, based on the use of a real landscape as the main artistic material and object. Artists dig trenches, create bizarre piles of stones, paint rocks, choosing for their works usually deserted places - pristine and wild landscapes, thereby, as if trying to return art to nature.

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(minimal art - English: minimal art) - artist. a flow that comes from minimal transformation of the materials used in the creative process, simplicity and uniformity of forms, monochrome, creativity. artist's self-restraint. (minimal art - English: minimal art) - artist. a flow that comes from minimal transformation of the materials used in the creative process, simplicity and uniformity of forms, monochrome, creativity. artist's self-restraint. Minimalism is characterized by a rejection of subjectivity, representation, and illusionism. Rejecting the classic techniques of creativity and tradition. artist materials, minimalists use industrial and natural materials of simple geometric shapes. shapes and neutral colors (black, grey), small volumes, serial, conveyor methods of industrial production are used.

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