How the hero behaved and why. Characteristics of the dreamer from the story "White Nights" by Dostoevsky

This is a story by Fyodor Dostoevsky, which was first published in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski in 1848. The writer dedicated his work to A.N. Pleshcheev, a friend of his youth. Perhaps this particular person is the prototype of the main character, since it is known that at this time he was thinking about his own version of the story, the hero of which is in the clouds. The characteristics of the dreamer from the story "White Nights" will be discussed in our article.

We are all dreamers

"White Nights", according to many researchers of the writer's work, is one of his most poetic and bright works. Dostoevsky himself, in addition, wrote that we are all, to some extent, dreamers. That is, the story in some sense can be called autobiographical. After all, Fyodor Mikhailovich, like main character works, often recalled his dreams. He wrote that in his youthful fantasy he sometimes liked to imagine himself as either Marius, or Pericles, or a knight at a tournament, or a Christian during the reign of Nero, etc. The atmosphere of this work is romantic, as are the images of its main characters - a young girl and a commoner official. Both of them have a pure soul.

Meeting with Nastenka

The story consists of five parts. Moreover, four of them describe nights, and the final one describes morning. The young man, the main character, is a dreamer who has lived for eight years in St. Petersburg, but could not find friends in this city. He went out for a walk one summer day. But suddenly it seemed to the hero that the whole city had gone to the dacha. Being a lonely person, the dreamer felt with great force his isolation from others. He decided to go on foot outside the city. Returning from a walk, the main character noticed a young girl (Nastenka) sobbing at the railing of the canal.

They started talking. These events begin the story "White Nights" by Dostoevsky.

Character of the main character

Having chosen the form of narration in the first person, the author of the work gave it the features of a confession and reflections of an autobiographical nature. It is characteristic that Dostoevsky did not name his hero. This technique strengthens the association with a close friend of the writer or the author himself. All his life, the image of a dreamer worried Fyodor Mikhailovich. He even wanted to write a novel of the same name.

The characteristics of the dreamer from the story "White Nights" are as follows. In the work, the main character is a strong, educated young man. However, he calls himself a lonely and timid dreamer. This character lives in romantic dreams that have replaced reality for him. Everyday worries and affairs are not interesting to him. He performs them only out of necessity and feels like a stranger in this world. The poor dreamer hides in the dark corners of St. Petersburg, where the sun never peeks. This person is always confused, he constantly feels guilty. The hero has ridiculous manners and stupid speech.

The external characteristics of the dreamer from the story "White Nights" are very meager. The author focuses on his So, we cannot say what he does, where he serves. This depersonalizes him even more. The dreamer lives without friends, and he has never dated girls. Because of this, the hero becomes an object of hostility and ridicule from others. He compares himself to a dirty, rumpled kitten, looking at the world with hostility and resentment.

I always get the feeling that main character is a little boy or a feverish teenager. The confused confessions and excessive emotions that he throws out chaotically seem to have absolutely nothing to do with the situation. He does not know the world at all, as the characterization of the dreamer from the story “White Nights” shows. If a girl decides to connect her life with this hero, tender sighs await her, but such a person will not invite her to a party or to the theater - only a ban at home will make her a hostage to sentimentality. The characteristics of the dreamer allow us to draw the following conclusion.

The sinfulness of the dreamer's life, his creative powers

Fyodor Mikhailovich believes that such a ghostly life is sinful, since it takes a person away from the world of reality. He turns into a “strange creature” of some “neuter kind.” At the same time, the dreams of the main character also have creative value. After all, this man, as Dostoevsky notes, is an artist own life. He creates it according to his will every hour.

"The Extra Man"

The dreamer is a type of so-called extra person. However, his criticism is directed only inwards. He does not despise society, like Pechorin or Onegin. This hero feels sincere sympathy for strangers. An altruistic dreamer is able to serve another person and come to his aid.

Reflection of the mood in society in the work

Many of Dostoevsky's contemporaries had a tendency to dream about something unusual and bright. Disappointment and despair reigned in society, which were caused by the defeat of the Decembrists. After all, the rise of the liberation movement, which occurred in the 60s, had not yet matured. Fyodor Mikhailovich himself was able to abandon empty dreams in favor of the ideals of democracy. However, the main character of "White Nights" never managed to escape from the captivity of dreams, although he understood the destructiveness of his own worldview.

Nastenka

Opposed to this hero-dreamer is Nastenka, an active girl. Dostoevsky created the image of a romantic and sophisticated beauty who is a hero, although a little naive and childish. What inspires respect from this girl is her desire to fight for her own happiness. However, Nastenka herself needs support.

Love experienced by a dreamer

Dostoevsky (“White Nights”) in his work describes the pure, sincere feeling of a dreamer. The hero has no selfish motives. He is ready to sacrifice everything for another, so he strives to ensure the happiness of this girl, without thinking for a minute that Nastenka’s love is the only thing he has in this life. The feeling of a dreamer is trusting, selfless. It is as pure as the white nights. Love saves the hero from his “sin” (that is, daydreaming), and allows him to quench his thirst for the fullness of life. However, his fate is sad. He is again a lonely man. F. Dostoevsky (“White Nights”), however, does not leave hopeless tragedy at the end of the story. The dreamer blesses his beloved again.

This story is a kind of idyll. This is the author's utopia about what people could be if they showed better feelings. The work "White Nights", in which the dreamer is a generalized, typical character, is more a dream of a beautiful, different life than Dostoevsky's reflection of reality.

Dreamers from Tolstoy and Dostoevsky

It is interesting to look at the main character’s ideas about happiness (the ideal of compassion and brotherhood) through the prism of Tolstoy’s work “After the Ball.” The characterization of the dreamer (“White Nights”) in the light of this story becomes especially clear. The endless isolation from life and sentimentality of Dostoevsky’s hero contrasts sharply with the deep emotions inherent in the young romantic from Tolstoy’s work. Unlike the first one, he makes serious decisions. The hero Fyodor Mikhailovich is completely immersed in his experiences. For him, the outside world exists somewhere off to the side. One’s own dreams are the only motive for performing a particular action, as shown by the dreamer (“White Nights”) and his “double” from the story “After the Ball.” Any sentimentality is an indicator of a lack of understanding of urgent needs, spiritual loneliness, a consequence of a feeling of alienation from the world that owns a person. F. Dostoevsky (“White Nights”) nevertheless sympathizes with the hero and does not condemn him.

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In the story by A. S. Pushkin “ Captain's daughter» many bright and original characters are depicted - courageous,

decisive, fair. However, what attracted my attention most of all was Masha Mironova - main character works, daughter of captain Mironov.

Masha's life takes place in the Belogorsk fortress, whose commandant is her father. The portrait of the girl is unremarkable: she is about eighteen years old, she is “chubby, ruddy, with light brown hair, smoothly combed behind her ears.” Her mother considers her a “coward,” and the evil Shvabrin characterizes the girl as “a complete fool.”

However, further acquaintance shows that Masha has many advantages: she is a welcoming, sincere, sweet, “prudent and sensitive” girl. Her even character and friendliness cannot leave others indifferent.

Finding herself in a critical situation, Masha reveals a new side. She shows incredible resilience and fortitude when she finds herself in the hands of the hated Shvabrin. Neither force nor threats can break a defenseless girl; she is ready to die rather than agree to marry an unloved person. Left without parents and separated from her fiancé, Masha decides to fight for her happiness alone.

Having learned about the arrest of Pyotr Grinev and his accusation of treason and betrayal, she goes to St. Petersburg with the intention of submitting a petition to the empress. Confident of her beloved’s innocence, she so simply and sincerely talks about his relationship with the leader of the rebels, Pugachev, that she wins over Ekaterina P. “By personal order,” Grinev is released from prison, in addition, the empress undertakes to arrange the condition of the orphaned Masha.

I believe that Masha Mironova is one of the best heroines in Russian literature. She harmoniously combines tenderness and willpower, femininity and determination, sensuality and intelligence. Getting to know this girl evokes sincere sympathy and affection. I really want to become like Masha, because I consider her the ideal woman.

In the story “The Captain's Daughter” Pushkin painted vivid images. By describing the actions of the heroes, their attitude towards others, their appearance, conveying thoughts and feelings, the writer creates in us a clear idea of ​​their characters, that is, of their internal qualities.

One of the characters in the work is Masha Mironova, the daughter of the commandant of the Belogorsk fortress. During the first meeting with her, we see an ordinary Russian girl: “chubby, ruddy, with light brown hair, smoothly combed behind the ears.” Timid and sensitive, she was afraid even of a gun shot. In many ways, her timidity and embarrassment were caused by her lifestyle: she lived rather secluded, even lonely.

From the words of Vasilisa Yegorovna, we learn about the unenviable fate of the girl: “The girl is of marriageable age, but what is her dowry? a fine comb, a broom, and an altyn of money... what to go to the bathhouse with. Okay, if you can find it a kind person; otherwise sit in the girls as an eternal bride.” But Masha refuses Shvabrin’s offer to become his wife. Clean, open soul she cannot accept a marriage with an unloved person: “Alexey Ivanovich, of course, is an intelligent man, has a good family name, and has a fortune; but when I think that it will be necessary to kiss him under the aisle in front of everyone... Never! not for any well-being! “A marriage of convenience is unthinkable for her, even if she finds herself in the most difficult situation. Masha sincerely fell in love with Peter Grinev. And she does not hide her feelings, openly giving him an answer to his explanation: “She, without any affectation, admitted to Grinev her heartfelt inclination and said that her parents would be glad of her happiness.” However, she never agrees to get married without the blessing of the groom's parents. It was not easy for Masha to distance herself from Pyotr Andreevich. Her feelings were still as strong, but pride, honor and dignity did not allow her to do otherwise after she learned of his parents’ disagreement with this marriage.

A bitter fate awaits the girl ahead: her parents were executed, and she was hidden in her house by the priest.

Lesson objectives: training in monologue statements; analytical reading of the hero's characteristics.

Equipment: board, portrait of the writer, epigraphs for the lesson, illustrations, task cards, informant cards; Questions about the hero's characteristics are written on the board.

Epigraphs for the lesson:

“He himself is the artist of his life and creates it for himself every hour according to new arbitrariness.”

“You see, the more spirit and inner content we have, the more beautiful our corner and life. Of course, the dissonance is terrible, the disequilibrium that society presents to us is terrible. Outside must be balanced with internal. Otherwise, with the absence of external phenomena, the internal will take over too dangerously.”

F. M. Dostoevsky

Teacher's opening speech

We are meeting with F. M. Dostoevsky for the second time. The first was a meeting with “The Boy at Christ’s Christmas Tree.” Dostoevsky is the author of difficult works to read. In each of his novels we meet children. Dostoevsky wrote with pain in his heart about childhood suffering, about the misfortunes of the poor and humiliated. The author wanted to awaken the conscience of every person so that he would never forget that next to a well-fed, prosperous life there is always another. And in this other life - hunger, suffering, rudeness, dirt, humiliation and insults. His first story was called “Poor People.” It was a complete work in the genre of the novel, which focused on the issue of class inequality, showing truly “pariahs of society” - doomed people, oppressed by the oppression of dependence and humiliation, not complex, full of inner spiritual delicacy, full of self-esteem.

A student’s message about F. M. Dostoevsky’s story “Poor People.”
By comparing Makar Devushkin with Samson Vyrin from “ Stationmaster”A. S. Pushkin and Akaki Akakievich Bashmachkin from “The Overcoat” by N. V. Gogol.

Abstracts of a student's speech prepared in advance by the teacher
Devushkin recognizes himself in Vyrin; the caretaker’s experiences are close and understandable to him; he even accepts the ending of Pushkin’s story without protesting the injustice of fate.
Vyrin's fate is somewhat repeated in the fates of other characters in the novel: Pokrovsky - father, official Gorshkov, Emelya. All of them, in Devushkin’s eyes, possess one virtue or another, just like Pushkin’s hero.
Bashmachkin evokes a feeling of indignation. In “The Overcoat,” the hero also faces the truth of his life, a truth that he does not want to admit, but which penetrates into his very heart and destroys his idea of ​​himself and his place in life. This state awakens in Devushkin a desire to speak out and sharpens his self-awareness.
Along with traditional ideas about the world and one’s place in it, inherent in both Vyrin and Bashmachkin, Devushkin develops an understanding of life values, awakened primarily by his love for Varenka Dobroselova.

Teacher's word

As you can see, the problem of the relationship between “environment” and “personality” was stated by Dostoevsky already in early works, and in them the theme of love as the highest manifestation of human essence sounded in a new way. Dostoevsky’s expression is known that “beauty will save the world”; he wanted to look into the realm of “premonitions and presentiments” of what does not exist, but what should be reality.
“Why aren’t we all like brothers and brothers?” - such a rhetorical question is asked by the heroine of “White Nights” to her unexpected acquaintance.

Working with the introductory article of the textbook.
Working with illustrations.
Teacher's word

Take a closer look at the illustration by G. Gornetsov “Neva Embankment. Night” we will not analyze it; we will try to get into the mood set by Dostoevsky at the very beginning of the story: “It was a wonderful night, the kind of night that can only happen when we are young, dear reader. The sky was so starry, like a bright sky, that, looking at it, you involuntarily had to ask yourself: can all sorts of angry and capricious people really live under such a sky?”
The portrait of a young man against the background of the city of St. Petersburg, reflected, as in a mirror, in the calm waters of the canal, is called “The Dreamer. F. Dostoevsky. "White Nights". The author of this portrait is Ilya Glazunov.
On the third we see a girl and a young man walking along the deserted streets of the city at night, in whom we undoubtedly recognize the heroes of the story Nastenka and the Dreamer.

Conversation (questions are written on the board in advance)

Try, based on the text of the story, to characterize its main character:

• Who is he?
• What does he do?
• What is his type of activity and attitude towards it?
• Favorite leisure activity?
• What can you say about his hobbies and outlook?
• Can a dreamer be classified as a “little” person?

Group work
Cards - tasks

Result of group work.

Why is the fate of a person with a kind “weak heart” so sad? How do you understand the words selflessness? altruism? (Unselfishness is the absence of desire for personal gain, profit. Altruism is selfless concern for the good of others, the willingness to sacrifice one’s personal interests for others, the opposite of selfishness.)

Homework

Write a short essay: are you interested, to the modern reader, thoughts and feelings of Dostoevsky?

Bibliography

1. Belov S.V. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky: Book. for the teacher. – M.: Education, 1990. – 207 p.
2. In the world of literature. 9th grade: textbook. – a textbook for general education. textbook manager / Author. – composed by A. G. Kutuzov, A. K. Kiselev, E. S. Romanicheva and others; Ed. A. G. Kutuzova. – M.: Bustard, 2002. – 560 p.
3. Zolotareva I.V., Belomestnykh O.B., Korneeva M.S. Lesson developments in literature, grade 9. – M.: “VAKO”, 2002, 400 p.
4. Kuleshov V.I. Life and work of F.M. Dostoevsky: Essay - M.: Det. lit., 1984. – 208 p.
5. Methodological advice for the textbook - workshop for 9th grade. Literature. Russian classics (selected pages) / Under. Ed. G.I. Belenky. – M.: Mnemosyne, 1998. – 192 p.
6. Kutuzov A.G., Kiselev A.K., Romanicheva E.S. How to enter the world of literature. 9th grade: Methodical manual / Ed. A. G. Kutuzova - M.: Bustard, 2001. – 144 p.

Lesson 56 the theme of human loneliness STRANGE world white nights. PETERSBURG by Dostoevsky

Goals: teach analytical reading; identify the features of the landscape in the works of Dostoevsky.

Progress of lessons

I. Verification homework(analytical reading).

Conversation.

– How does the hero feel in St. Petersburg?

– What kind of environment surrounds him?

– Under what circumstances did his meeting with Nastenka take place? (Look at the illustration by the artist M. Dobuzhinsky “White Nights”, p. 383.)

– How did the hero behave? Why?

– How does his dialogue with Nastenka characterize the hero?

Teacher. The idea of ​​a person’s loneliness, his restlessness cannot leave the reader indifferent: “I became afraid to be alone... I wandered around the city in deep melancholy,” “It seemed that all of Petersburg was threatening to turn into a desert...” “Scary, empty, lonely... And suddenly...” “Was it really a sin to feel... brotherly compassion?..” (p. 322, textbook). Compassion, the giving of one's self for the benefit of another through love. The desire for this ideal is a moral law, the failure of which causes a person to suffer. The hero thinks about brotherly participation, he himself willingly comes to the aid of the unfortunate girl out of a feeling of “brotherly compassion”; his soul is open to sublime noble aspirations. The writer sympathizes with his hero, but shows his complete helplessness in the face of the prose of life, vulgar reality. Fate gave the dreamer “a whole minute of bliss” - this is how he evaluates his feelings for Nastenka and his short meetings with her. But this minute turned out to be not enough “for the rest of a human life.”

“White Nights” is a work covered in poetry, telling about noble dreamers, which is emphasized by the subtitle: “A sentimental novel. From the memories of a dreamer,” and the epigraph – a line from I. Turgenev’s poem “Flower”:

...Or was he created for this purpose?

To be for a moment

In the neighborhood of your heart?..

The story is structured in the form of memories of the hero, whose speech is romantically stylized and full of literary reminiscences. The boundless sadness of a lonely dreamer, remembering 15 years later the happiest moment of his life, already foreshadows the bitter disappointment of the heroes of the 60s.

II. Work on the topic of the lesson.

1. Statement of the range of issues under consideration.

– What role did the image of the city play in understanding the heroes of White Nights? What is it like, Dostoevsky's Petersburg?

– In the works of which writers was the image of St. Petersburg created? How is Dostoevsky’s narrative different?

In order to identify the features of Dostoevsky’s landscape, let’s carefully read the first paragraph of “The First Night” again.

2.Expressive reading of text(pages 380–381 of the textbook).

3.Group work(with elements of linguistic analysis).

1st group. Write down words and phrases that characterize state of mind hero. What does first-person narration give to a text?

2nd group. Analyze the construction of sentences. Who is the narrator talking to? What does the author achieve in this way?

3rd group. What details help you understand the life of the city? Try to “decipher” the symbol – the color yellow.

4th group. This part of the text is the hero’s monologue. Appreciate the richness of his speech. How does this monologue characterize him?

5th group. Prove that Dostoevsky contrasts the life of nature with the life of the city. What is the main contrast of St. Petersburg life depicted in the story? Why is the hero of the story “White Nights” endlessly lonely?

Conclusion . The tradition of depicting St. Petersburg comes from Pushkin (“The Bronze Horseman”). But unlike Pushkin, Dostoevsky gravitates towards the essayistic and everyday life side of the image of St. Petersburg (details, topographical accuracy). In addition, Dostoevsky is not only a writer of everyday life, he also depicts some spiritual and mystical essence of St. Petersburg, where a person is lonely and unhappy. At the same time, it is emphasized that St. Petersburg is a symbol of Russia, that in this city all Russian inconsistencies are presented in a concentrated form.

III. Summary of lessons.

Homework:

1) home essay“How interesting are Dostoevsky’s thoughts and feelings to the modern reader”;

2) article about L.N. Tolstoy (pp. 3–6, Part II of the textbook);

4) individual assignments (see next lesson).

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