Comparative characteristics of Chapaev and Plyushkin. Comparison of Chichikov and Plyushkin essays and term papers

Image of Plyushkin On Plyushkin’s estate, what is most striking is the dilapidation and devastation. According to Gogol's description, Plyushkin's estate takes on an ominous character, and shivers involuntarily run down your spine. When I read chapter 6, I had a feeling that some kind of disaster had happened on Plyushkin’s estate. Gogol emphasizes desolation and the spirit of death, and about Plyushkin’s room: “It was impossible to say that a living creature lived in this room...”. The picture of an “extinct place” is completed by a “giant castle” hanging on the usually “tightly locked” main gate. What can you say about Landowner Plyushkin? To begin with, even Chichikov, who was a good psychologist, could not distinguish the gender of “some figure”, which turned out to be Plyushkin. Plyushkin's story is very sad. “But there was a time when he was a thrifty owner! He was married and a family man,” the author begins Plyushkin’s story with these words. “Everything flowed lively and happened at a measured pace.” But because of the death of the mistress, Plyushkin became stingier and more suspicious. And so, gradually, his relatives and friends left his home for various reasons. “Lonely life has provided satisfying food for stinginess, which, as you know, has a ravenous hunger and the more it devours, the more insatiable it becomes. All Plyushkin's good feelings were replaced by stinginess, devastation and suspicion. Because of his constant petty thefts from his own subjects, almost all the peasants turned away from him. Plyushkin had food supplies for more than 2 times his estate, but he still kept them under lock and key. All these food supplies rotted. Even when Chichikov, in Plyushkin’s opinion, Practical gives him money just like that, and for the big stingy Plyushkin it should be just a furor of happiness, he can’t even be happy. There was no feeling of joy on his face, but just a reflection. This shows us Plyushkin’s “Dead Soul”, because even the language does not dare to call it alive.

Image of Chichikov

Each chapter expands our understanding of Chichikov’s capabilities and leads us to think about his amazing variability: with Manilov he is cloyingly amiable, with Korobochka he is petty, persistent and rude, with Nozdryov he is assertive and cowardly, with Sobakevich he bargains insidiously and relentlessly, Plyushkina conquers with his "magnanimity". In Chichikov’s character there is Manilov’s love for a phrase, for a “noble” gesture, and Korobochka’s petty stinginess, and Nozdryov’s narcissism, and the rude tight-fistedness, the cold cynicism of Sobakevich, and Plyushkin’s hoarding. It is easy for Chichikov to turn out to be a mirror of any of these interlocutors, because he has all the qualities that form the basis of their characters. And this “versatility” of Chichikov, his kinship with the “dead souls of the landowners” allows us to make him the main character of the poem. The characteristics of Chichikov are given by the author in the first chapter. His portrait is given very vaguely: “not handsome, but not bad-looking, neither too fat nor too thin; One cannot say that he is old, but not that he is too young. Gogol pays more attention to his manners: he made an excellent impression on all the guests at the governor’s party, showed himself to be an experienced socialite, maintaining a conversation on a variety of topics, skillfully flattered the governor, the police chief, and officials and formed the most flattering opinion of himself. Gogol himself tells us that he did not take a “virtuous man” as his hero; he immediately stipulates that his hero is a scoundrel. "Dark and humble origins of our hero." The author tells us that his parents were nobles, but whether they were nobles or private - God knows. Chichikov's face did not resemble his parents. As a child, he had neither a friend nor a comrade. His father was ill, and the windows of the small little house did not open in winter or summer. Gogol says about Chichikov: “At the beginning, life looked at him somehow sourly and unpleasantly, through some cloudy, snow-covered window...” “But in life everything changes quickly and vividly...” Father brought Pavel to the city and instructed him to go to classes. Of the money his father gave him, he did not spend a penny, but rather added to it. He learned to speculate from childhood. Having left school, he immediately got down to business and service. Through speculation, he was able to get his boss to give him a promotion. After the arrival of the new boss, Chichikov moved to another city and began serving at customs, which was his dream. “Of the assignments, he received, by the way, one thing: to arrange for the inclusion of several hundred peasants in the guardianship council.” And then the idea came to his mind to carry out one little business, which is discussed in the poem.

In this article we will describe the image of landowners created by Gogol in the poem " Dead Souls"The table we have compiled will help you remember the information. We will sequentially tell you about the five characters presented by the author in this work.

The image of landowners in the poem “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol is briefly described in the following table.

Gogol's portrayal of landowners

In the works of Nikolai Vasilyevich, one of the main themes is the landowner class in Russia, as well as the ruling class (nobility), its role in the life of society and its fate.

The main method used by Gogol to portray various characters is satire. The process of gradual degeneration of the landowner class was reflected in the heroes created by his pen. Nikolai Vasilyevich reveals shortcomings and vices. Gogol's satire is colored with irony, which helped this writer speak directly about what was impossible to talk about openly under censorship conditions. At the same time, Nikolai Vasilyevich’s laughter seems good-natured to us, but he does not spare anyone. Each phrase has a subtext, a hidden, deep meaning. Irony is generally a characteristic element of Gogol's satire. It is present not only in the speech of the author himself, but also in the speech of the heroes.

Irony is one of the essential features of Gogol’s poetics; it adds greater realism to the narrative and becomes a means of analyzing the surrounding reality.

Compositional structure of the poem

The images of landowners in the poem, the largest work of this author, are presented in the most multifaceted and complete way. It is constructed as the story of the adventures of the official Chichikov, who buys up “dead souls.” The composition of the poem allowed the author to tell about different villages and the owners living in them. Almost half of the first volume (five out of eleven chapters) is devoted to the characteristics of different types of landowners in Russia. Nikolai Vasilyevich created five portraits, not similar friends on each other, however, in each of them at the same time there are features that are typical of the Russian serf owner. Acquaintance with them begins with Manilov and ends with Plyushkin. This construction is not accidental. There is a logic to this sequence: the process of impoverishment of a person’s personality deepens from one image to another, it unfolds more and more as scary picture collapse of serf society.

Meeting Manilov

Manilov - representing the image of landowners in the poem "Dead Souls". The table only briefly describes it. Let us introduce you closer to this hero. The character of Manilov, which is described in the first chapter, is already manifested in the surname itself. The story about this hero begins with an image of the village of Manilovka, which is capable of “luring” few people with its location. The author describes with irony the master's courtyard, created as an imitation with a pond, bushes and the inscription "Temple of Solitary Reflection." External details help the writer create the image of the landowners in the poem “Dead Souls”.

Manilov: character of the hero

The author, speaking about Manilov, exclaims that only God knows what kind of character this man had. By nature he is kind, courteous, polite, but all this takes on ugly, exaggerated forms in his image. sentimental and beautiful to the point of cloying. The relationships between people seem festive and idyllic to him. Various relationships, in general, are one of the details that create the image of the landowners in the poem “Dead Souls”. Manilov did not know life at all; reality was replaced by empty fantasy. This hero loved to dream and think, sometimes even about things useful to the peasants. However, his ideas were far from the needs of life. He did not know about the real needs of the serfs and never even thought about them. Manilov considers himself a carrier of culture. He was considered the most educated man in the army. Nikolai Vasilyevich speaks ironically about the house of this landowner, in which there was always “something missing,” as well as about his sugary relationship with his wife.

Chichikov's conversation with Manilov about buying dead souls

In an episode of a conversation about buying dead souls, Manilov is compared to an overly smart minister. Gogol's irony here intrudes, as if accidentally, into a forbidden area. Such a comparison means that the minister is not so different from Manilov, and “Manilovism” is a typical phenomenon of the vulgar bureaucratic world.

Box

Let us describe another image of landowners in the poem “Dead Souls”. The table has already briefly introduced you to Korobochka. We learn about her in the third chapter of the poem. Gogol classifies this heroine as one of the small landowners who complain about losses and crop failures and always keep their heads somewhat to one side, while collecting money little by little into bags placed in the chest of drawers. This money is obtained by selling a variety of subsistence products. Korobochka's interests and horizons are completely focused on her estate. Her entire life and economy are patriarchal in nature.

How did Korobochka react to Chichikov’s proposal?

The landowner realized that trade dead souls profitable, and agreed after much persuasion to sell them. The author, describing the image of landowners in the poem “Dead Souls” (Korobochka and other heroes), is ironic. For a long time, the “club-headed” one cannot figure out what exactly is required of her, which infuriates Chichikov. After that, she bargains with him for a long time, afraid of making a mistake.

Nozdryov

In the image of Nozdryov in the fifth chapter, Gogol depicts a completely different form of decomposition of the nobility. This hero is a man of what is called a “jack of all trades.” In his very face there was something daring, direct, open. He is also characterized by a “breadth of nature.” According to the ironic remark of Nikolai Vasilyevich, Nozdryov is a “historical man”, since not a single meeting that he managed to attend was never without stories. He loses a lot of money at cards with a light heart, beats a simpleton at a fair and immediately “squanders everything.” This hero is an utter liar and a reckless braggart, a true master of “casting bullets.” He behaves defiantly everywhere, if not aggressively. This character’s speech is replete with swear words, and he has a passion for “spoiling his neighbor.” Gogol created in Russian literature a new socio-psychological type of so-called Nozdrevism. In many ways, the image of landowners in the poem “Dead Souls” is innovative. A brief image of the following heroes is described below.

Sobakevich

The author’s satire in the image of Sobakevich, whom we meet in the fifth chapter, takes on a more accusatory character. This character bears little resemblance to previous landowners. This is a tight-fisted, cunning tradesman, a “kulak landowner.” He is alien to the violent extravagance of Nozdryov, the dreamy complacency of Manilov, as well as Korobochka’s hoarding. Sobakevich has an iron grip, he is taciturn, he is on his own mind. There are few people who could deceive him. Everything about this landowner is strong and durable. In all the everyday objects surrounding him, Gogol finds a reflection of the character traits of this person. Everything surprisingly resembles the hero himself in his house. Each thing, as the author notes, seemed to say that she was “also Sobakevich.”

Nikolai Vasilyevich portrays a figure that amazes with its rudeness. This man seemed to Chichikov to look like a bear. Sobakevich is a cynic who is not ashamed of moral ugliness in others or in himself. He is far from enlightened. This is a die-hard serf owner who only cares about his own peasants. It is interesting that, apart from this hero, no one understood the true essence of the “scoundrel” Chichikov, but Sobakevich perfectly understood the essence of the proposal, reflecting the spirit of the times: everything can be sold and bought, the maximum benefit should be obtained. This is the generalized image of the landowners in the poem of the work, however, it is not limited to the depiction of only these characters. We present to you the next landowner.

Plyushkin

The sixth chapter is dedicated to Plyushkin. On it, the characteristics of the landowners in the poem “Dead Souls” are completed. The name of this hero has become a household word, denoting moral degradation and stinginess. This image is the last degree of degeneration of the landowner class. Gogol begins his acquaintance with the character, as usual, with a description of the estate and village of the landowner. At the same time, a “particular disrepair” was noticeable on all the buildings. Nikolai Vasilyevich describes a picture of the ruin of a once rich serf owner. Its cause is not idleness and extravagance, but the painful stinginess of the owner. Gogol calls this landowner “a hole in humanity.” Its very appearance is characteristic - it is a sexless creature resembling a housekeeper. This character no longer causes laughter, only bitter disappointment.

Conclusion

The image of landowners in the poem “Dead Souls” (the table is presented above) is revealed by the author in many ways. The five characters that Gogol created in the work depict the diverse state of this class. Plyushkin, Sobakevich, Nozdrev, Korobochka, Manilov are different forms of one phenomenon - spiritual, social and economic decline. The characteristics of landowners in Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" prove this.

Characteristics of Chichikov are the topic of this article. What can we say about this hero from the work “Dead Souls”? Belinsky, a famous Russian critic, remarked in 1846 that, as an acquirer, Chichikov was no less, and perhaps more than Pechorin, a hero of our time. He can buy “dead souls”, collect donations for various charitable institutions, and acquire railway shares. It doesn’t matter what kind of activity someone like him does. Their essence remains unchanged.

Author's description of Chichikov at the beginning of the work

It is indisputable that Chichikov is an immortal type. You can meet people like him everywhere. This hero belongs to all times and all countries, he only accepts various shapes, depending on time and place. In the poem "Dead Souls" the action begins with the reader becoming acquainted with the main character. What is the characteristic of Chichikov? This is the “golden mean”, neither this nor that. The author, describing him, notes that he is not a handsome man, but also not a “bad-looking” person, not very thin, but not too fat, not old, but not young either. Chichikov Pavel Ivanovich is a venerable collegiate adviser. This is Chichikov’s characterization at the beginning of the work.

Visits made by Chichikov in the city

Where does he begin his stay in the city? From numerous visits: to the prosecutor, vice-governor, governor, tax farmer, police chief, head of local state-owned factories, etc. Chichikov, behaving like a well-intentioned person, knew how to very skillfully flatter everyone in conversations with these rulers. So, for example, he praised the governor for the “velvet roads” in the province under his control, and the police chief Chichikov said something flattering about the city guards. He mistakenly called the Chairman of the House and the Vice-Governor “Your Excellency” twice. Chichikov paid a compliment to the governor's wife, decent for a middle-aged man who has not too little, but not too much rank. Quote characteristic Chichikova will complement the image created by the author. Pavel Ivanovich called himself nothing more than an “insignificant worm,” complaining that he had to experience a lot in his lifetime, endure a lot in his service for the truth, and make many enemies who even attempted on his life.

Ability to carry on a conversation

The characterization of Chichikov (“Dead Souls”) can be complemented by his masterful ability to maintain a conversation. Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol writes that if it was a question of a horse farm, he talked about it, but he could also make sensible comments about good dogs. Moreover, Chichikov did this with “some kind of sedateness,” he spoke neither quietly nor loudly, but exactly as he should, he knew how to behave well. As we see, he learned to wear the mask of imaginary decency and vulgarity masterfully. Under this guise of a completely decent, decent gentleman, the true characteristics of Chichikov (“Dead Souls”), the content of his actions and thoughts, were hidden.

The author's attitude towards Chichikov in the first chapter

The author in the first chapter only allegorically, indirectly expresses his attitude towards Chichikov and his actions. And this hero himself, talking about the world of thick and thin, hints at his true vision of the world around him. He says that the fat ones manage their affairs better than the “thin” ones, who mostly serve on special assignments and “wander here and there.” The quotation description of Chichikov helps to better understand this image. The main character is attributed by Gogol to the world of fat people who sit firmly and securely in their places. By confirming the appearance of who Chichikov seems to be, the author is thus preparing to expose him, to reveal the truth about him.

First successful transactions

The deal with Manilov is the first success. She strengthens Pavel Ivanovich’s confidence in the safety and ease of the scam he has planned. The hero, inspired by his first success, is in a hurry to make new deals. Chichikov meets Korobochka on the way to Sobakevich, who showed him that the enterprise he conceived requires caution and subtlety, and not just persistence. This lesson, however, did not benefit Chichikov. He hurries to Sobakevich, but unexpectedly meets Nozdryov and decides to go to him.

Chichikov at Nozdryov's

Among Nozdryov’s main qualities, almost the main one was the passion to “spoil one’s neighbor,” sometimes without any reason. And Pavel Ivanovich unwittingly falls for this bait. Nozdryov ultimately reveals the true purpose of Chichikov’s acquisition of “dead souls.” This episode reveals the frivolity and weakness of the hero. Subsequently, of course, Chichikov scolded himself for acting carelessly in talking about such a delicate matter with Nozdryov. As we see, determination and perseverance, when taken too far, turn into a disadvantage.

Purchasing “dead souls” from Sobakevich

Chichikov finally arrives at Sobakevich. The characterization of Chichikov by other characters is interesting. They all have different personalities, and they all relate to the main character in their own way. Sobakevich is a persistent and resourceful person when it comes to his benefits. He guesses, most likely, why Chichikov needs “dead souls”. Sobakevich bargains godlessly, and also praises his dead peasants. He says that Eremey Sorokoplekhin, who traded in Moscow, brought in 500 rubles per quitrent. This is not like the peasants of some Plyushkin.

Comparative characteristics of Chichikov and Plyushkin

Let's compare these two characters. Comparative characteristics Chichikova and Plyushkina are very curious. After all, Pavel Ivanovich was a serving nobleman, and Plyushkin was a landowner. These are the two classes on which tsarist Russia at that time rested. Meanwhile, the lack of understanding of the need for daily work, the inability to do any useful work, brings these heroes together and leads them to disastrous results. The characterization of Chichikov and Plyushkin is very unattractive. And this is the support of the state, the “tables of society”! Chichikov’s comparative characterization helps to discover interesting connections in the work...

Deal with Plyushkin

The enterprise conceived by Chichikov ends with a deal with Plyushkin. This landowner even loses his money. He put them in one of the boxes, where they were probably destined to remain until his death. Chichikov is now at his best. All the papers are signed, and he turns into a “millionaire” in the eyes of ordinary people. This is a magic word that opens all roads and affects both scoundrels and good people.

The real biography of Chichikov

Soon, however, Chichikov's triumph ends with the exposure of Nozdryov, who informed the authorities that he was selling dead souls. Confusion and commotion begin in the city, as well as in the reader’s mind. The author saved the true biography of his hero for the finale of the work, in which he finally gives a complete and true description of Chichikov in the poem “Dead Souls”. Throughout it, Pavel Ivanovich seemed virtuous and decent, but under this guise, as it turned out, a completely different essence was hidden. The characterization of Chichikov in the poem “Dead Souls”, given by the author in the finale, is as follows.

It turned out that this was the son of a semi-impoverished nobleman, whose face did not even resemble either his mother or his father. As a child, he had no friends or comrades. And then one fine day the father decided to send his child to the city school. There were no tears during parting with him, but Chichikov was given one smart and important instruction: to study, not to make a fool, not to hang around, to please bosses and teachers, to save a penny above all else, since this thing is the most reliable thing in the world.

The unsociable and lonely Pavlusha accepted this instruction with all his heart and was guided by it all his life. He quickly grasped the spirit of leadership in the school classes and understood what “correct” behavior should be. Chichikov sat quietly in class and as a result, not having any special talents or abilities, received a certificate upon graduation, as well as a special book for trustworthy behavior and exemplary diligence. After graduating from college, Pavlusha plunged into reality: his father died, leaving him as an inheritance only 4 sweatshirts, irretrievably worn out, 2 old frock coats and a small amount of money.

At the same time, remarkably, another event occurs that reveals the true qualities of Chichikov, the future swindler. The teacher, who loved the meek student so much, was fired from the school. He disappeared into a forgotten kennel without a piece of bread. Former arrogant and rebellious students collected money for him, and only Pavel Ivanovich limited himself to a nickel, citing his extreme need.

The means by which Chichikov advanced in his career

Chichikov, it should be noted, was not stingy. However, he imagined a future life with prosperity and all the amenities: a well-appointed house, carriages, delicious dinners and expensive entertainment. For this reason, Pavel Ivanovich agreed to go hungry and selflessly engage in service. He soon realized that honest work would not bring him what he wanted. And Chichikov begins, looking for new opportunities to improve his position, to care for the daughter of his boss. When he finally gets a promotion, he completely forgets about this family. Scams, bribes - this is the path Pavlusha took. He gradually achieves some visible well-being. But in the place of his former boss they appoint a military man, a strict man, in whom Chichikov could not gain the trust. And he is forced to look for other ways to arrange his well-being.

How Pavel Ivanovich “suffered in service”

The main character of the poem goes to another city. Here, by a lucky chance, he becomes a customs official and begins to conduct “commercial” relations with smugglers. This criminal conspiracy was discovered after some time, and all those responsible, including Chichikov, were brought to justice. This is how Pavel Ivanovich actually “suffered in his service.” Chichikov, taking care of his offspring, decides to commit another scam, which Gogol describes in detail in the poem “Dead Souls.”

Chichikov - a hero of our time

So, Chichikov, who was brought face to face with the usual, traditional order of things, contributes through his actions to the destruction of the existing order. He lays the foundation for something new. Therefore, we can say in this sense that Chichikov is rightfully the hero of our time.

The characteristics of the hero of the work “Dead Souls” (Chichikov) were presented in this article. Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol wrote the poem that interests us in 1842. In it, he was able to talentedly and eloquently portray the destructiveness of the serfdom that existed at that time, and its terrifying consequences for the entire Russian society. It is not just individual people who are degenerating - the people and the entire state are being destroyed along with them. We can say with confidence that the anti-serfdom works of Nikolai Vasilyevich played a certain role in the approach of abolition in our country

The creation of the poem was prepared by the entire previous work of the writer. A whole kaleidoscope of faces passes before us, landowners, city officials, we we see through their eyes Chichikova and communicate with them through Chichikova . From the very first pages of the work we feel the intensity of the plot, since we cannot imagine that after the meeting Chichikova with Manilov there will be meetings with Sobakevich, Nozdrev. All the characters replace each other, and the plot is built on the principle of gradation - each subsequent hero is worse, more terrible and...

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“A strange dream... As if in the kingdom of shadows, above the entrance to which an unquenchable lamp with the inscription “Dead Souls” flickers, the joker Satan opened the doors.” This is how the poem “The Adventures of Chichikov” by M. A. Bulgakov begins, written in the years of his literary youth.

But it was not the joker Satan who opened the door to the “kingdom of shadows,” but N.V. Gogol, challenging literary critics, calling his work “Dead Souls”.

“Dead Souls,” wrote A.I. Herzen, “this title carries something terrifying.”

But only

is it horror? There is also mystery here, which is present in the image of the main character of Chichikov’s poem.

And if we open the door to the “kingdom of shadows, above the entrance to which an unquenchable lamp with the inscription “Dead Souls” flickers, he will be the first to meet us. Collegiate adviser Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov, a landowner who came to the City of NN “for his own needs.” We know what these needs are, but for now...

Chichikov is a living hero; he makes some plans, weaves intrigues, conceives moral crimes. At first glance, there is nothing inexplicable in his appearance: “Not handsome, but not bad-looking, not too fat, not too thin; I can’t say that I’m old, but I’m not so young either.”

But his character needs interpretation. He knows how to guess people and adapt to them. He is like a mirror in which those who communicate with him are reflected. This is because in Chichikov’s very character there is Manilov’s love for phrases, Korobochka’s pettiness, Nozdryov’s pride, Sobakevich’s cold cynicism, and Plyushkin’s greed. But still Chichikov is different from them.

What is Chichikov's secret? Maybe Chichikov is a magnificent actor who gives performances to each landowner for his own purpose? No, perhaps. After all, he couldn’t play the role of “dear Nozdryov.” Perhaps Chichikov is a far-sighted psychologist, capable of seeing all the subtleties and curves of the human soul, but then he would not have awakened Korobochka’s stingy suspicion, would not have been deceived in Nozdryov, would not have provoked the jealousy of the provincial ladies... And Pavel Ivanovich’s speech over the list of peasants he bought?! How well he guesses fate, talks about hard life, admires the courage of Stepan Probka, who died, “falling while working from a church dome or cross,” Uncle Mikhei, who replaced Stepan in this dangerous matter, Chichikov reflects on many of Plyushkin’s peasants.

Where do these features come from: mystery, inexplicability, mystery? Where are their origins? Let's remember Chichikov's childhood. Boredom, loneliness, monotonous work and the main instruction of the father: “You will do everything and you will lose everything in the world with a penny.” Pavlusha remembered his father’s teachings for a long time: the methods of pleasing teachers and bosses, friendship with rich students and the desire to “take care and save a penny” were embedded in the boy’s soul as early as early childhood. Molchalin, the hero of A. S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit,” received a similar kind of education, about which he, in a fit of frankness, told Lisa: “My father bequeathed to me ... to please all people without exception: the owner, where I will live, the boss, with whom I will serve as a footman, a janitor to avoid evil, and a janitor’s dog so that it is affectionate.”

Fulfilling his father's will, Chichikov grew up and became a typical sycophant and pleaser. Chichikov's sycophancy, having become one of his most characteristic features, was aimed at acquiring wealth. It arose under the influence of his father’s advice: “Take care and save a penny: this thing is more reliable than anything in the world.” The obstacles that the hero of the poem has to overcome on the path to wealth are numerous and seemingly difficult to overcome. But Chichikov inventively and persistently moves towards his “ideal”. Even falling from the already achieved “peak” did not force him to give up or give up. Yes, this person is vital for Russia.

Chichikov is mysterious not only for readers, but also for the heroes of the poem themselves. And they were unable to solve it. Is he the kind of person who needs to be detained and seized as ill-intentioned, or is he himself free to seize and detain? The assumption that Pavel Ivanovich was a counterfeiter and robber was discussed and discarded due to his “well-intentioned” appearance. And the version that P.I. Chichikov was “an official sent from the office of the Governor General of the secret investigation” completely collapsed. There was even an opinion put forward that Chichikov was “Napoleon in disguise.” And no one even thought that Chichikov was just an entrepreneur, new person who saves a pretty penny for a rainy day.

“A strange dream... As if in the kingdom of shadows, above the entrance to which an unquenchable lamp with the inscription “Dead Souls” flickers, the joker Satan opened the doors.” Maybe we should come in?..

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