Great Russian writers and poets: names, portraits, creativity. The most famous Russian writers and their works What Russian classics write about

Modern Russian literature has been developing dynamically since 1991, the year of collapse Soviet Union. Four generations of writers of different genres fill its inner essence, creating the best Russian books.

Russian literature received a new round of development during the years of perestroika. Writers and books that graced that period:

• Lyudmila Ulitskaya “Medea and her children”;
• Tatiana Tolstaya “Circle”;
• Olga Slavnikova “Waltz with a Beast”.

These books highlight social and political issues.

Modern Russian prose of the 21st century also does not stand still. A whole creative galaxy of writers has formed, including such famous names as Daria Dontsova, Boris Akunin, Alexandra Marinina, Sergei Lukyanenko, Tatyana Ustinova, Polina Dashkova, Evgeniy Grishkovets. These authors can be proud of their maximum circulation.

Modern literature is created by writers in various genres. As a rule, these are works within such directions as postmodernism and realism. The most popular genres include dystopia, blogger literature, as well as mass literature (this includes horror, fantasy, drama, action films, and detective stories).

The development of modern Russian literature in the style of postmodernism goes in parallel with the development of society. This style is characterized by the opposition of reality and attitude towards it. Writers finely draw the line between existing reality and in an ironic form they convey their vision of a change in the social system, changes in society and the predominance of disorder over peace and order.

It is difficult to decide which book is a masterpiece, because each of us has our own ideas about the truth. And therefore, thanks to the fruitful creativity of poets, playwrights, science fiction writers, prose writers, and publicists, the great and powerful Russian literature continues to develop and improve. Only time can put the final point in the history of a work, because true and authentic art is not subject to time.

The best Russian detective stories and adventure books

Fascinating and captivating stories in the detective genre require logic and ingenuity from the authors. You need to think through all the subtleties and aspects so that the intrigue keeps readers in suspense until the last page.

Modern Russian prose: the best books for grateful readers

In the top 10 most interesting books Russian prose included the following works.

The current generation now sees everything clearly, marvels at the errors, laughs at the foolishness of its ancestors, it is not in vain that this chronicle is inscribed with heavenly fire, that every letter in it screams, that a piercing finger is directed from everywhere at it, at it, at the current generation; but the current generation laughs and arrogantly, proudly begins a series of new errors, which posterity will also laugh at later. "Dead Souls"

In the hearts of simple people, the feeling of the beauty and grandeur of nature is stronger, a hundred times more vivid, than in us, enthusiastic storytellers in words and on paper."Hero of Our Time"

And everywhere there is sound, and everywhere there is light,
And all the worlds have one beginning,
And there is nothing in nature
Whatever breathes love.

But others are not an example to me,
And my charter is simple and strict.
My verse is a pioneer boy,
Lightly dressed, barefoot.
1926

"At the Bottom"

"Whirlwind Rus'"

Mikhail Andreevich Osorgin (Ilyin) (1878 - 1942)
How strange /.../ There are so many cheerful and cheerful books, so many brilliant and witty philosophical truths - but there is nothing more comforting than Ecclesiastes.

"Poetry of the Word"

Culture

This list contains the names of the greatest writers of all time from different nations, who wrote on different languages. Those who are at least somewhat interested in literature are undoubtedly familiar with them through their wonderful creations.

Today I would like to remember those who remained on the pages of history as outstanding authors of great works that have been in demand for many years, decades, centuries and even millennia.

1) Latin: Publius Virgil Maro

Other great authors who wrote in the same language: Marcus Tullius Cicero, Gaius Julius Caesar, Publius Ovid Naso, Quintus Horace Flaccus

You should know Virgil from his famous epic work "Aeneid", which is dedicated to the fall of Troy. Virgil is probably the most severe perfectionist in the history of literature. He wrote his poem at an amazingly slow speed - only 3 lines a day. He did not want to do it any faster, so as to be sure that it was impossible to write these three lines better.

In Latin subordinate clause, dependent or independent, can be written in any order with a few exceptions. Thus, the poet has great freedom to define what his poetry sounds like without changing the meaning in any way. Virgil considered every option at every stage.

Virgil also wrote two more works in Latin - "Bucolics"(38 BC) and "Georgics"(29 BC). "Georgics"- 4 partly didactic poems about agriculture, including various kinds of advice, for example, that you should not plant grapes next to olive trees: olive leaves are very flammable, and at the end of a dry summer they can catch fire, like everything around them, due to a lightning strike.

He also praised Aristaeus, the god of beekeeping, because honey was the only source of sugar for the European world until sugar cane was brought to Europe from the Caribbean. Bees were deified, and Virgil explained how to get a beehive if the farmer does not have one: kill a deer, wild boar or bear, rip open their belly and leave it in the forest, praying to the god Aristaeus. After a week, he will send a beehive to the animal's carcass.

Virgil wrote that he wanted his poem "Aeneid" burned after his death as it remained unfinished. However, the Emperor of Rome Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus refused to do this, thanks to which the poem has survived to this day.

2) Ancient Greek: Homer

Other great authors who wrote in the same language: Plato, Aristotle, Thucydides, Apostle Paul, Euripides, Aristophanes

Homer, perhaps, can be called greatest writer of all times and peoples, but not much is known about him himself. He was probably a blind man who told stories that were recorded 400 years later. Or, in fact, a whole group of writers worked on the poems, who added something about the Trojan War and the Odyssey.

Anyway, "Iliad" And "Odyssey" were written in ancient Greek, a dialect that came to be called Homeric in contrast to the Attic that followed later and which replaced it. "Iliad" describes the last 10 years of the Greeks' struggle with the Trojans outside the walls of Troy. The main character is Achilles. He is furious that King Agamemnon treats him and his spoils as his property. Achilles refused to participate in the war, which had lasted for 10 years and in which the Greeks lost thousands of their soldiers in the fight for Troy.

But after some persuasion, Achilles allowed his friend (and possibly lover) Patroclus, who did not want to wait any longer, to join the war. However, Patroclus was defeated and killed by Hector, the leader of the Trojan army. Achilles rushed into battle and forced the Trojan battalions to flee. Without outside help, he killed many enemies and fought with the river god Scamander. Achilles ultimately kills Hector, and the poem ends with funeral ceremonies.

"Odyssey"- an unsurpassed adventure masterpiece about the 10-year wanderings of Odysseus, who tried to return home after graduation Trojan War together with his people. Details of the fall of Troy are mentioned very briefly. When Odysseus ventures to the Land of the Dead, where he finds Achilles among others.

These are just two of Homer’s works that have survived and come down to us, however, whether there were others is not known for sure. However, these works underlie all European literature. The poems are written in dactylic hexameter. According to Western tradition, many poems were written in memory of Homer.

3) French: Victor Hugo

Other great authors who wrote in the same language: Rene Descartes, Voltaire, Alexandre Dumas, Moliere, Francois Rabelais, Marcel Proust, Charles Baudelaire

The French have always been fans of long novels, the longest of which is the cycle "In Search of Lost Time" Marcel Proust. However, Victor Hugo is perhaps the most famous writer of French prose and one of the greatest poets of the 19th century.

His most famous works are "Cathedral Notre Dame of Paris" (1831) and "Les Miserables"(1862). The first work even formed the basis of a famous cartoon "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" studios Walt Disney Pictures, however, in Hugo’s real novel, everything ended far from being so fabulous.

The hunchback Quasimodo was hopelessly in love with the gypsy Esmeralda, who treated him well. However, Frollo, an evil priest, has his eye on the beauty. Frollo followed her and saw how she almost ended up as the mistress of Captain Phoebus. As revenge, Frollo turned the gypsy over to justice, accusing him of murdering the captain, whom he actually killed himself.

After being tortured, Esmeralda confessed to having allegedly committed a crime and was supposed to be hanged, but at the last moment she was saved by Quasimodo. Ultimately, Esmeralda was executed anyway, Frollo was thrown from the cathedral, and Quasimodo died of hunger while hugging the corpse of his beloved.

"Les Miserables" also not a particularly cheerful novel, at least one of the main characters - Cosette - survives, despite the fact that she had to suffer almost all her life, like all the heroes of the novel. This classic story fanatical adherence to the law, but practically no one can help those who really need help most.

4) Spanish: Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra

Other great authors who wrote in the same language: Jorge Luis Borges

Cervantes's main work, of course, is the famous novel "The cunning hidalgo Don Quixote of La Mancha". He also wrote collections of short stories, romantic novel "Galatea", novel "Persiles and Sikhismunda" and some other works.

Don Quixote is a rather cheerful character, even today, whose real name is Alonso Quejana. He read so much about warrior knights and their honest ladies that he began to consider himself a knight, traveling through the countryside and getting into all sorts of adventures, causing everyone who met him to remember him for his recklessness. He befriends an ordinary farmer, Sancho Panza, who tries to bring Don Quixote back to reality.

Don Quixote is known to have tried to fight windmills, saved people who didn't usually need his help, and been beaten many times. The second part of the book was published 10 years after the first and is the first work of modern literature. The characters know everything about the story of Don Quixote, which is told in the first part.

Now everyone he meets tries to ridicule him and Panso, testing their faith in the spirit of chivalry. He is eventually brought back to reality when he loses a fight with the Knight of the White Moon, is poisoned home, falls ill and dies, leaving all the money to his niece on the condition that she does not marry a man who reads foolish tales of chivalry.

5) Dutch: Joost van den Vondel

Other great authors who wrote in the same language: Peter Hoft, Jacob Kats

Vondel is the most prominent writer of Holland who lived in the 17th century. He was a poet and playwright and a representative of the "Golden Age" of Dutch literature. His most famous play is "Geysbrecht of Amsterdam", a historical drama that was performed on New Year's Day at the Amsterdam City Theater between 1438 and 1968.

The play is about Geisbrecht IV, who, according to the play, invaded Amsterdam in 1303 to restore the family's honor and regain the titled nobility. He founded something like a baronial title in these parts. Vondel's historical sources were incorrect. In fact, the invasion was carried out by Geisbrecht's son, Jan, who turned out to be a real hero, overthrowing the tyranny that reigned in Amsterdam. Today Geisbrecht is a national hero because of this writer's mistake.

Vondel also wrote another masterpiece, an epic poem called "John the Baptist"(1662) about the life of John. This work is the national epic of the Netherlands. Vondel is also the author of the play "Lucifer"(1654), which explores the soul of a biblical character, as well as his character and motives, to answer the question of why he did what he did. This play inspired the Englishman John Milton to write 13 years later "Paradise Lost".

6) Portuguese: Luis de Camões

Other great authors who wrote in the same language: José Maria Esa de Queiroz, Fernando António Nugueira Pessoa

Camões is considered the greatest poet Portugal. His most famous work is "The Lusiads"(1572). The Lusiads were a people who inhabited the Roman region of Lusitania, where modern Portugal is located. The name comes from the name Luz (Lusus), he was a friend of the god of wine Bacchus, he is considered the progenitor of the Portuguese people. "The Lusiads"- an epic poem consisting of 10 songs.

The poem tells the story of all the famous Portuguese sea voyages to discover, conquer and colonize new countries and cultures. She is somewhat similar to "Odyssey" Homer, Camões praises Homer and Virgil many times. The work begins with a description of the journey of Vasco da Gama.

This is a historical poem that recreates many battles, the Revolution of 1383-85, the discovery of da Gama, trade with the city of Calcutta, India. The Louisiades were always watched by the Greek gods, although da Gama, being a Catholic, prayed to his own God. At the end, the poem mentions Magellan and speaks of the glorious future of Portuguese navigation.

7) German: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Other great authors who wrote in the same language: Friedrich von Schiller, Arthur Schopenhauer, Heinrich Heine, Franz Kafka

Speaking about German music, one cannot fail to mention Bach, in the same way German literature would not be so complete without Goethe. Many great writers wrote about him or used his ideas in shaping their style. Goethe wrote four novels, a great many poems and documentaries, and scientific essays.

Undoubtedly, his most famous work is the book "The Sorrows of Young Werther"(1774). Goethe founded the German Romanticism movement. Beethoven's 5th Symphony is completely identical in mood to Goethe's "Werther".

Novel "The Sorrows of Young Werther" tells about the unsatisfied romanticism of the main character, which leads to his suicide. The story is told in the form of letters and made the epistolary novel popular for at least the next century and a half.

However, Goethe's masterpiece is still the poem "Faust", which consists of 2 parts. The first part was published in 1808, the second in 1832, the year of the writer’s death. The legend of Faust existed long before Goethe, but Goethe's dramatic story remained the most famous story about this hero.

Faustus is a scientist whose incredible knowledge and wisdom pleased God. God sends Mephistopheles or the Devil to test Faust. The story of the deal with the devil has often been raised in literature, but the most famous is perhaps the story of Goethe's Faust. Faust signs an agreement with the Devil, promising his soul in exchange for the Devil to do whatever Faust wishes on Earth.

He becomes young again and falls in love with the girl Gretchen. Gretchen takes a potion from Faust that is supposed to help her mother with insomnia, but the potion poisons her. This drives Gretchen crazy and she drowns her newborn baby, signing her death warrant. Faust and Mephistopheles break into the prison to rescue her, but Gretchen refuses to go with them. Faust and Mephistopheles go into hiding, and God grants Gretchen forgiveness while she awaits execution.

The second part is incredibly difficult to read, as the reader needs to have a good understanding of Greek mythology. This is a kind of continuation of the story that began in the first part. Faust, with the help of Mephistopheles, becomes incredibly powerful and corrupted until the very end of the story. He remembers the pleasure of being a good person and then dies. Mephistopheles comes for his soul, but the angels take it for themselves, they stand up for the soul of Faust, who is reborn and ascends to Heaven.

8) Russian: Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

Other great authors who wrote in the same language: Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov, Fyodor Dostoevsky

Today, Pushkin is remembered as the father of native Russian literature, in contrast to that Russian literature that had a clear tinge of Western influence. First of all, Pushkin was a poet, but he wrote in all genres. Drama is considered his masterpiece "Boris Godunov"(1831) and poem "Eugene Onegin"(1825-32).

The first work is a play, the second is a novel in poetic form. "Onegin" written exclusively in sonnets, and Pushkin invented new uniform sonnet, which distinguishes his work from the sonnets of Petrarch, Shakespeare and Edmund Spenser.

The main character of the poem is Eugene Onegin - the model on which all Russians are based literary heroes. Onegin is treated as a person who does not meet any standards accepted in society. He wanders and plays gambling, fights duels, he is called a sociopath, although he is not cruel or evil. This person, rather, does not care about the values ​​and rules that are accepted in society.

Many of Pushkin's poems formed the basis for ballets and operas. They are very difficult to translate into any other language, mostly because poetry simply cannot sound the same in another language. This is what distinguishes poetry from prose. Languages ​​often do not match the possibilities of words. It is known that in the Inuit language of the Eskimos there are 45 different words for snow.

Nevertheless, "Onegina" translated into many languages. Vladimir Nabokov translated the poem into English, but instead of one volume, he ended up with 4 volumes. Nabokov retained all the definitions and descriptive details, but completely ignored the music of poetry.

This is all due to the fact that Pushkin had an incredibly unique writing style that allowed him to touch on all aspects of the Russian language, even inventing new syntactic and grammatical forms and words, establishing many rules that are used by almost all Russian writers even today.

9) Italian: Dante Alighieri

Other great authors who wrote in the same language: none

Name Durante in Latin means "hardy" or "eternal". It was Dante who helped organize the various Italian dialects of his time into the modern Italian language. The dialect of the region of Tuscany, where Dante was born in Florence, is the standard for all Italians thanks to "Divine Comedy"(1321), a masterpiece by Dante Alighieri and one of greatest works world literature of all times.

At the time this work was written, the Italian regions each had their own dialect, which were quite different from each other. Today, when you want to learn Italian as a foreign language, you will almost always start with the Florentine version of Tuscany because of its significance in literature.

Dante travels to Hell and Purgatory to learn about the punishments that sinners serve. There are different punishments for different crimes. Those who are accused of lust are always driven by the wind, despite their fatigue, because during their lifetime the wind of voluptuousness drove them.

Those whom Dante considers heretics are responsible for splitting the church into several branches, including the prophet Muhammad. They are sentenced to be split from neck to groin, and the punishment is carried out by a devil with a sword. In this ripped up state they walk in circles.

IN "Comedy" there are also descriptions of Paradise, which are also unforgettable. Dante uses Ptolemy's concept of heaven, that Heaven consists of 9 concentric spheres, each of which brings the author and Beatrice, his lover and guide, closer to God at the very top.

After meeting various famous figures from the Bible, Dante finds himself face to face with the Lord God, depicted as three beautiful circles of light merging into one, from which emerges Jesus, the incarnation of God on Earth.

Dante is also the author of other smaller poems and essays. One of the works - "On Popular Eloquence" talks about the importance of Italian as a spoken language. He also wrote a poem "New life" with passages in prose in which noble love is defended. No other writer spoke the language as flawlessly as Dante spoke Italian.

10) English: William Shakespeare

Other great authors who wrote in the same language: John Milton, Samuel Beckett, Geoffrey Chaucer, Virginia Woolf, Charles Dickens

Voltaire called Shakespeare "that drunken fool", and his works "this huge pile of dung". Nevertheless, Shakespeare's influence on literature is undeniable, not only in English, but also in the literature of most other languages ​​of the world. Today Shakespeare is one of the most translated writers, his full meeting works have been translated into 70 languages, and various plays and poems into more than 200.

About 60 percent of all catchphrases, quotes and idioms of the English language come from King James Bible (English translation Bible), 30 percent from Shakespeare.

According to the rules of Shakespeare's time, tragedies at the end required the death of at least one main character, but in an ideal tragedy everyone dies: "Hamlet" (1599-1602), "King Lear" (1660), "Othello" (1603), "Romeo and Juliet" (1597).

In contrast to tragedy, there is a comedy in which someone is sure to get married at the end, and in an ideal comedy all the characters get married: "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1596), "Much ado about nothing" (1599), "Twelfth Night" (1601), "The Merry Wives of Windsor" (1602).

Shakespeare was a master at heightening the tension between characters in perfect harmony with the plot. He knew how, like no one else, to organically describe human nature. Shakespeare's real genius is the skepticism that permeates all of his works, sonnets, plays and poems. He, as expected, praises the highest moral principles humanity, however, these principles are always expressed in an ideal world.

The list is not yet complete, since it only included questions from tickets for a general education school or a basic level (and, accordingly, did not include in-depth study or a specialized level and a national school).

"The Life of Boris and Gleb" end XI - beginning. XII century

"The Tale of Igor's Host" late 12th century.

W. Shakespeare – (1564 – 1616)

"Romeo and Juliet" 1592

J-B. Moliere – (1622 – 1673)

"The tradesman among the nobility" 1670

M.V. Lomonosov – (1711 – 1765)

DI. Fonvizin - (1745 – 1792)

"Undergrowth" 1782

A.N. Radishchev – (1749 – 1802)

G.R. Derzhavin – (1743 – 1816)

N.M. Karamzin – (1766 – 1826)

"Poor Liza" 1792

J. G. Byron – (1788 – 1824)

I.A. Krylov – (1769 – 1844)

"Wolf in the kennel" 1812

V.A. Zhukovsky – (1783 – 1852)

"Svetlana" 1812

A.S. Griboedov – (1795 – 1829)

"Woe from Wit" 1824

A.S. Pushkin – (1799 – 1837)

"Belkin's Tales" 1829-1830

"Shot" 1829

"Stationmaster" 1829

"Dubrovsky" 1833

"The Bronze Horseman" 1833

"Eugene Onegin" 1823-1838

"The Captain's Daughter" 1836

A.V. Koltsov – (1808 – 1842)

M.Yu. Lermontov – (1814 – 1841)

"A song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov." 1837

"Borodino" 1837

"Mtsyri" 1839

"Hero of Our Time" 1840

"Farewell, unwashed Russia" 1841

"Motherland" 1841

N.V. Gogol – (1809 – 1852)

"Evenings on a farm near Dikanka" 1829-1832

"The Inspector General" 1836

"Overcoat" 1839

"Taras Bulba" 1833-1842

"Dead Souls" 1842

I.S. Nikitin – (1824 – 1861)

F.I. Tyutchev – (1803 – 1873)

"There is in the primordial autumn..." 1857

I.A. Goncharov – (1812 – 1891)

"Oblomov" 1859

I.S. Turgenev – (1818 – 1883)

"Bezhin Meadow" 1851

"Asya" 1857

"Fathers and Sons" 1862

"Shchi" 1878

N.A. Nekrasov – (1821 – 1878)

"Railroad" 1864

"Who Lives Well in Rus'" 1873-76

F.M. Dostoevsky – (1821 – 1881)

"Crime and Punishment" 1866

"The Boy at Christ's Christmas Tree" 1876

A.N. Ostrovsky – (1823 – 1886)

"Our people - we'll be numbered!" 1849

"Thunderstorm" 1860

A.A. Fet – (1820 – 1892)

M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin – (1826-1889)

"Wild Landowner" 1869

"The story of how one man fed two generals" 1869

"The Wise Minnow" 1883

"Bear in the Voivodeship" 1884

N.S. Leskov – (1831 – 1895)

"Lefty" 1881

L.N. Tolstoy – (1828 – 1910)

"War and Peace" 1867-1869

"After the Ball" 1903

A.P. Chekhov – (1860 – 1904)

"Death of an Official" 1883

"Ionych" 1898

"The Cherry Orchard" 1903

M. Gorky – (1868 – 1936)

"Makar Chudra" 1892

"Chelkash" 1894

"Old Woman Izergil" 1895

"At the Bottom" 1902

A.A. Blok – (1880 – 1921)

"Poems about a beautiful lady" 1904

"Russia" 1908

cycle "Motherland" 1907-1916

"Twelve" 1918

S.A. Yesenin – (1895 – 1925)

“I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry...” 1921

V.V. Mayakovsky (1893 – 1930)

"Good Treatment for Horses" 1918

A.S. Green – (1880 – 1932)

A.I. Kuprin – (1870 – 1938)

I.A. Bunin – (1879 – 1953)

O.E. Mandelstam – (1891 – 1938)

M.A. Bulgakov – (1891 – 1940)

"White Guard" 1922-1924

"Heart of a Dog" 1925

"The Master and Margarita" 1928-1940

M.I. Tsvetaeva – (1892 – 1941)

A.P. Platonov – (1899 – 1951)

B.L. Pasternak – (1890-1960)

"Doctor Zhivago" 1955

A.A. Akhmatova – (1889 – 1966)

"Requiem" 1935-40

K.G. Paustovsky – (1892 – 1968)

"Telegram" 1946

M.A. Sholokhov – (1905 – 1984)

"Quiet Don" 1927-28

"Virgin Soil Upturned" t1-1932, t2-1959)

"The Fate of Man" 1956

A.T. Tvardovsky – (1910 – 1971)

"Vasily Terkin" 1941-1945

V.M. Shukshin – (1929 – 1974)

V.P. Astafiev – (1924 – 2001)

A.I. Solzhenitsyn – (born 1918)

"Matrenin's Dvor" 1961

V.G. Rasputin – (born 1937)

The idea of ​​protecting the Russian land in works of oral folk art (fairy tales, epics, songs).

The work of one of the poets of the Silver Age.

Originality art world one of the poets of the Silver Age (using the example of 2-3 poems of the examinee’s choice).

The Great Patriotic War in Russian prose. (Using the example of one work.)

The feat of man in war. (Based on one of the works about the Great Patriotic War.)

Great Theme Patriotic War in the prose of the twentieth century. (Using the example of one work.)

Military theme in modern literature. (Using the example of one or two works.)

Your favorite poet in Russian literature of the 20th century. Reading his poem by heart.

Russian poets of the 20th century about the spiritual beauty of man. Reading one poem by heart.

Features of the work of one of the modern Russian poets of the second half of the twentieth century. (at the choice of the examinee).

Your favorite poems modern poets. Reading one poem by heart.

Your favorite poet. Reading one of the poems by heart.

The theme of love in modern poetry. Reading one poem by heart.

Man and nature in Russian prose of the 20th century. (Using the example of one work.)

Man and nature in modern literature. (Using the example of one or two works.)

Man and nature in Russian poetry of the 20th century. Reading one poem by heart.

Your favorite literary character.

Review of a book by a modern writer: impressions and evaluation.

One of the works of modern literature: impressions and assessment.

A book by a contemporary writer that you have read. Your impressions and assessment.

Your contemporary in modern literature. (For one or more works.)

Your favorite work of modern literature.

Moral issues of modern Russian prose (using the example of a work of the examinee’s choice).

Main themes and ideas of modern journalism. (Using the example of one or two works.)

Heroes and problems of one of the works of modern Russian drama of the second half of the twentieth century. (at the choice of the examinee).

On December 10, 1933, King Gustav V of Sweden presented Nobel Prize in the field of literature to the writer Ivan Bunin, who became the first Russian writer to receive this high award. In total, the prize, established by the inventor of dynamite Alfred Bernhard Nobel in 1833, was received by 21 people from Russia and the USSR, five of them in the field of literature. True, historically it turned out that for Russian poets and writers the Nobel Prize was fraught with big problems.

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin distributed the Nobel Prize to friends

It is known that Nobel laureates have the right to decide for themselves how to spend the money they receive. Some people invest in the development of science, some in charity, some in their own business. Bunin, a creative person and devoid of “practical ingenuity,” disposed of his bonus, which amounted to 170,331 crowns, completely irrationally. Poet and literary critic Zinaida Shakhovskaya recalled: “ Returning to France, Ivan Alekseevich... in addition to money, began to organize feasts, distribute “benefits” to emigrants, and donate funds to support various societies. Finally, on the advice of well-wishers, he invested the remaining amount in some “win-win business” and was left with nothing».

Ivan Bunin is the first emigrant writer to be published in Russia. True, the first publications of his stories appeared in the 1950s, after the writer’s death. Some of his works, stories and poems, were published in his homeland only in the 1990s.

Dear God, why are you
Gave us passions, thoughts and worries,
Do I thirst for business, fame and pleasure?
Joyful are cripples, idiots,
The leper is the most joyful of all.
(I. Bunin. September, 1917)

Boris Pasternak refused the Nobel Prize

The writing community in the poet’s homeland took this news extremely negatively and on October 27, Pasternak was unanimously expelled from the Union of Writers of the USSR, at the same time filing a petition to deprive Pasternak of Soviet citizenship. In the USSR, Pasternak's receipt of the prize was associated only with his novel Doctor Zhivago. The literary newspaper wrote: “Pasternak received “thirty pieces of silver,” for which the Nobel Prize was used. He was awarded for agreeing to play the role of bait on the rusty hook of anti-Soviet propaganda... An inglorious end awaits the resurrected Judas, Doctor Zhivago, and his author, whose lot will be popular contempt.”.

The mass campaign launched against Pasternak forced him to refuse the Nobel Prize. The poet sent a telegram to the Swedish Academy in which he wrote: “ Due to the importance that the award given to me has received in the society to which I belong, I must refuse it. Please don't take my voluntary refusal as an insult.».

It is worth noting that in the USSR until 1989, even in school curriculum There were no references to Pasternak’s work in the literature. He was the first to decide to introduce the Soviet people en masse to creative Pasternak director Eldar Ryazanov. In his comedy “The Irony of Fate, or Enjoy Your Bath!” (1976) he included the poem “There will be no one in the house”, transforming it into an urban romance, which was performed by the bard Sergei Nikitin. Ryazanov later included in his film “ Office romance"An excerpt from another poem by Pasternak - “Loving others is a heavy cross..." (1931). True, it sounded in a farcical context. But it is worth noting that at that time the very mention of Pasternak’s poems was a very bold step.

It's easy to wake up and see clearly,
Shake out the verbal trash from the heart
And live without getting clogged in the future,
All this is not a big trick.
(B. Pasternak, 1931)

Mikhail Sholokhov, receiving the Nobel Prize, did not bow to the monarch

Award presenter Soviet writer Gustavus Adolf VI called him "one of the most distinguished writers of our time." Sholokhov did not bow to the king, as prescribed by the rules of etiquette. Some sources claim that he did this intentionally with the words: “We Cossacks do not bow to anyone. In front of the people, please, but I won’t do it in front of the king...”

Alexander Solzhenitsyn was deprived of Soviet citizenship because of the Nobel Prize

On October 8, 1970, “for the moral strength drawn from the tradition of great Russian literature,” Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize. This became the reason for persecution of Solzhenitsyn in the USSR. In 1971, all the writer’s manuscripts were confiscated, and in the next 2 years, all his publications were destroyed. In 1974, a Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was issued, which deprived Alexander Solzhenitsyn of Soviet citizenship and deported him from the USSR for systematically committing actions incompatible with belonging to USSR citizenship and causing damage to the USSR.

The writer’s citizenship was returned only in 1990, and in 1994 he and his family returned to Russia and actively became involved in public life.

Nobel Prize winner Joseph Brodsky was convicted of parasitism in Russia

In 1972, Brodsky turned to Secretary General Brezhnev with a request to work in his homeland as a translator, but his request remained unanswered, and he was forced to emigrate. Brodsky first lives in Vienna, London, and then moves to the United States, where he becomes a professor at New York, Michigan and other universities in the country.

On December 10, 1987, Joseph Brosky was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature “for his comprehensive creativity, imbued with clarity of thought and passion of poetry.” It is worth saying that Brodsky, after Vladimir Nabokov, is the second Russian writer who writes in English as in native language.

The sea was not visible. In the whitish darkness,
swaddled on all sides, absurd
it was thought that the ship was heading towards land -
if it was a ship at all,
and not a clot of fog, as if poured
who whitened it in milk?
(B. Brodsky, 1972)

Interesting fact
For the Nobel Prize in different times nominated, but never received it, such famous personalities like Mahatma Gandhi, Winston Churchill, Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Franklin Roosevelt, Nicholas Roerich and Leo Tolstoy.

Literature lovers will definitely be interested in this book, which is written with disappearing ink.