Archaic forms of folk decorative arts and crafts. Folk arts and crafts: problems of development in the context of reforming society

Unlike faceless mass-produced products, handmade items are always unique. Masterfully crafted household utensils, clothing, and interior elements are expensive. And if in the old days such things were objects of utilitarian purpose, then in our days they have passed into the category of art. Beautiful thing made a good master, will always be in value.

IN recent years the development of applied art received a new impetus. This trend cannot but rejoice. Beautiful dishes made of wood, metal, glass and clay, lace, textiles, jewelry, embroidery, toys - all this, after several decades of oblivion, has again become relevant, fashionable and in demand.

History of the Moscow Museum of Folk Art

In 1981, the Museum of Decorative, Applied and Folk Art opened in Moscow, on Delegatskaya Street. His collection consisted of unique samples of products self made domestic masters of the past, as well as best works contemporary artists.

In 1999, the next important event occurred - the All-Russian Museum of Decorative, Applied and Folk Art accepted exhibits from the Savva Timofeevich Morozov Museum of Folk Art into its collection. The core of this collection was formed even before the 1917 revolution. The basis for it was the exhibits of the very first Russian ethnographic museum. It was the so-called Handicraft Museum of Decorative and Applied Arts, opened in 1885.

The museum has a specialized library where you can get acquainted with rare books on the theory and history of art.

Museum collection

Traditional types of decorative and applied arts are systematized and divided into departments. Basic thematic areas- these are ceramics and porcelain, glass, jewelry and metal, bone and wood carvings, textiles, lacquer miniatures and fine materials.

The Museum of Decorative and Applied Arts has more than 120 thousand exhibits in its open fund and storage facilities. Russian modernism is represented by the works of Vrubel, Konenkov, Golovin, Andreev and Malyutin. The collection of Soviet propaganda porcelain and textiles from the second quarter of the last century is extensive.

Currently, this museum of folk arts and crafts is considered one of the most significant in the world. The most ancient exhibits of high artistic value date back to the 16th century. The museum's collection has always been actively replenished through gifts from private individuals, as well as through the efforts of senior government officials during the years of Soviet power.

Thus, the unique exhibition of textiles was created largely thanks to the generosity of French citizen P. M. Tolstoy-Miloslavsky, who donated to the museum a large collection of Russian, Eastern and European textiles collected by N. L. Shabelskaya.

Two large collections of porcelain were donated to the museum by outstanding figures of Soviet art - Leonid Osipovich Utesov and their spouses Maria Mironova and Alexander Menaker.

The Moscow Museum of Applied Arts boasts halls dedicated to the life of Russian people in different time periods. Here you can get acquainted with the homes of representatives of all classes. Furniture, dishes, clothes of peasants and city residents, and children's toys were preserved, restored and put on display. Carved decorations of platbands and roof canopies, tiled stoves, chests, which served not only as convenient storage for things, but also as beds, since they were made in appropriate sizes, conjure up pictures of the quiet, measured and well-fed life of the Russian hinterland.

Lacquer miniature

Lacquer miniature as an applied art reached its greatest flourishing in the 18th and 19th centuries. The artistic centers that gave residence to the main directions were cities famous for their icon-painting workshops. These are Palekh, Mstyora, Kholui and Fedoskino. Boxes, brooches, panels, caskets made of papier-mâché were painted with oil paints or tempera and varnished. The drawings were stylized images of animals, plants, characters from fairy tales and epics. Artists, masters of lacquer miniatures, painted icons, made custom portraits, and painted genre scenes. Each locality has developed its own style of painting, but almost all types of applied art in our country are united by such qualities as richness and brightness of colors. Detailed drawings, smooth and rounded lines - this is what distinguishes Russian miniatures. It is interesting that images of the decorative and applied arts of the past also inspire modern artists. Antique drawings are often used to create fabrics for fashion collections.

Artistic painting on wood

Khokhloma, Mezen and Gorodets paintings are recognizable not only in Russia, but also abroad. Furniture, cabinets, boxes, spoons, bowls and other household utensils made of wood, painted in one of these techniques, are considered the personification of Russia. Light wooden utensils painted with black, red and green on a golden background, it looks massive and heavy - this is a characteristic manner of Khokhloma.

Gorodets products are distinguished by a multi-color palette of colors and somewhat less roundness of shapes than Khokhloma products. Genre scenes are used as plots, as well as all kinds of fictional and real representatives of the animal and plant world.

Arts and crafts Arkhangelsk region, in particular Mezen wood painting, are utilitarian objects decorated with special designs. Mezen craftsmen use only two colors for their work - black and red, that is, soot and ocher, fractional schematic drawings of boxes, boxes and chests, friezes in the form of borders from repeating truncated figures of horses and deer. A static, small, frequently repeated pattern evokes sensations of movement. Mezen painting is one of the most ancient. Those drawings that are used contemporary artists, are hieroglyphic inscriptions that were used by Slavic tribes long before the emergence of the Russian state.

Wood craftsmen, before turning any object from a solid block, treat the wood against cracking and drying out, so their products have a very long service life.

Zhostovo trays

Metal trays painted with flowers - the applied art of Zhostovo near Moscow. Once having an exclusively utilitarian purpose, Zhostovo trays have long served as interior decoration. Bright bouquets of large garden and small wildflowers on a black, green, red, blue or silver background are easily recognizable. Typical Zhostovo bouquets are now decorated with metal boxes containing tea, cookies or sweets.

Enamel

Decorative and applied art such as enamel also refers to metal painting. The most famous are the products of Rostov craftsmen. Transparent fireproof paints are applied to a copper, silver or gold plate and then fired in a kiln. Using the hot enamel technique, as enamel is also called, jewelry, dishes, weapon handles and cutlery are made. When exposed to high temperatures, paints change color, so craftsmen must understand the intricacies of handling them. Most often, floral motifs are used as subjects. The most experienced artists make miniatures of portraits of people and landscapes.

Majolica

The Moscow Museum of Applied Arts provides an opportunity to see the works of recognized masters of world painting, executed in a manner that is not entirely typical for them. For example, in one of the halls there is a Vrubel majolica - a fireplace “Mikula Selyaninovich and Volga”.

Majolica is a product made of red clay, painted on raw enamel and fired in a special oven at a very high temperature. In the Yaroslavl region, arts and crafts received widespread and development due to the large number of pure clay deposits. Currently, in Yaroslavl schools, children are taught to work with this plastic material. Children's applied art is a second wind for ancient crafts, a new look at folk traditions. However, this is not only a tribute to national traditions. Working with clay develops fine motor skills, expands the angle of vision, and normalizes the psychosomatic state.

Gzhel

Decorative and applied art, in contrast to fine art, presupposes the utilitarian, economic use of objects created by artists. Porcelain teapots, flower and fruit vases, candlesticks, clocks, cutlery handles, plates and cups are all extremely elegant and decorative. Based on Gzhel souvenirs, prints are made on knitted and textile materials. We are used to thinking that Gzhel is a blue pattern on a white background, but initially Gzhel porcelain was multi-colored.

Embroidery

Fabric embroidery is one of the most ancient types of needlework. Initially, it was intended to decorate the clothes of the nobility, as well as fabrics intended for religious rituals. This folk decorative and applied art came to us from the countries of the East. The robes of rich people were embroidered with colored silk, gold and silver threads, pearls, precious stones and coins. The most valuable is embroidery with small stitches, which gives the feeling of a smooth, as if painted design. In Russia, embroidery quickly came into use. New techniques have appeared. In addition to the traditional satin stitch and cross stitch, they began to embroider with hemstitch stitches, that is, laying openwork paths along the voids formed by pulled out threads.

Dymkovo toys for children

In pre-revolutionary Russia, folk craft centers, in addition to utilitarian items, produced hundreds of thousands of children's toys. These were dolls, animals, dishes and furniture for children's fun, and whistles. Decorative and applied art of this direction is still very popular.

The symbol of the Vyatka land - the Dymkovo toy - has no analogues in the world. Bright colorful young ladies, gentlemen, peacocks, carousels, goats are immediately recognizable. Not a single toy is repeated. On a snow-white background, patterns in the form of circles, straight and wavy lines are drawn with red, blue, yellow, green, and gold paints. All crafts are very harmonious. They emit such powerful positive energy that anyone who picks up a toy can feel it. Maybe there is no need to place Chinese symbols of prosperity in the corners of the apartment in the form of three-legged toads, plastic red fish or money trees, but it is better to decorate the home with products of Russian craftsmen - Kargopol, Tula or Vyatka clay souvenirs, miniature wooden sculptures of Nizhny Novgorod craftsmen. It is impossible that they will not attract love, prosperity, health and well-being to the family.

Filimonovskaya toy

In children's creativity centers in many regions of our country, children are taught to sculpt from clay and paint crafts in the manner of folk crafts central Russia. The kids really enjoy working with such a convenient and flexible material as clay. They come up with new designs in accordance with ancient traditions. This is how domestic applied art develops and remains in demand not only in tourist centers, but throughout the country.

Mobile exhibitions of Filimonov toys are very popular in France. They travel around the country throughout the year and are accompanied by master classes. Whistle toys are purchased by museums in Japan, Germany and other countries. This craft, which has a permanent residence in the Tula region, is about 1000 years old. Primitively made, but painted with pink and green colors, they look very cheerful. The simplified form is explained by the fact that the toys have cavities inside with holes going out. If you blow into them, alternately covering different holes, you will get a simple melody.

Pavlovo Posad shawls

Cozy, feminine and very bright shawls from Pavlovo Posad weavers became known throughout the world thanks to the amazing collection of fashionable clothes by Russian fashion designer Vyacheslav Zaitsev. He used traditional fabrics and patterns to make women's dresses, men's shirts, other clothing and even shoes. The Pavlovo Posad scarf is an accessory that can be passed down from generation to generation, like jewelry. The durability and wear resistance of scarves is well known. They are made from high quality fine wool. The designs do not fade in the sun, do not fade from washing and do not shrink. The fringe on scarves is made by specially trained craftsmen - all the cells of the openwork mesh are tied in knots at the same distance from each other. The design represents flowers on a red, blue, white, black, green background.

Vologda lace

World-famous Vologda lace is woven using birch or juniper bobbins from cotton or linen threads. In this way, measuring tape, bedspreads, shawls and even dresses are made. Vologda lace is a narrow strip, which is the main line of the pattern. The voids are filled with nets and bugs. The traditional color is white.

Applied art does not stand still. Development and change occur constantly. It must be said that by the beginning of the last century, under the influence of developing industry, industrial manufactories equipped with high-speed electric machines appeared, and the concept of mass production arose. Folk arts and crafts began to decline. Only in the middle of the last century were traditional Russian crafts restored. IN art centers, such as Tula, Vladimir, Gus-Khrustalny, Arkhangelsk, Rostov, Zagorsk, etc., vocational schools were built and opened, qualified teachers were trained and new young masters were trained.

Modern types of needlework and creativity

People travel, get acquainted with the cultures of other peoples, and learn crafts. From time to time new types of decorative and applied arts appear. For our country, scrapbooking, origami, quilling and others have become such new products.

At one time, concrete walls and fences were decorated with a variety of drawings and inscriptions made in a highly artistic manner. Graffiti, or spray art, is a modern interpretation of an ancient look rock art. You can laugh as much as you like at teenage hobbies, which, of course, includes graffiti, but look at photographs on the Internet or walk around your own city, and you will discover truly highly artistic works.

Scrapbooking

The design of notebooks, books and albums that exist in a single copy is called scrapbooking. In general, this activity is not entirely new. Albums designed to preserve the history of a family, city or individual for posterity have been created before. The modern vision of this art is the creation art books with illustrations by the authors, as well as the use of computers with various graphic, music, photo and other editors.

Quilling and origami

Quilling, translated into Russian as “paper rolling,” is used to create panels, to design postcards, photo frames, etc. The technique involves rolling thin strips of paper and gluing them to a base. The smaller the fragment, the more elegant and decorative the craft.

Origami, like quilling, is work with paper. Only origami is work with square sheets of paper from which all sorts of shapes are formed.

As a rule, all crafts related to papermaking have Chinese roots. Asian arts and crafts were originally a pastime for the nobility. The poor did not create beautiful things. Their destiny is agriculture, cattle breeding and all kinds of menial work. Europeans, having adopted the basics of the technique, which historically represented very small and delicate work with rice paper, transferred the art to conditions convenient to them.

Chinese products are distinguished by an abundance of very small details that look monolithic and very elegant. Only very experienced craftsmen can do such work. In addition, thin paper ribbons can be twisted into a tight and even coil only with the help of special tools. European lovers of handicrafts have somewhat modified and simplified the ancient Chinese craft. Paper, curled in spirals of different sizes and densities, has become a popular decoration for cardboard boxes, vases for dried flowers, frames and panels.

Speaking about decorative and applied arts, it would be unfair to ignore such crafts as silk painting, or batik, printing, or embossing, that is, metal painting, carpet weaving, beading, macrame, knitting. Some things become a thing of the past, while others become so fashionable and popular that even industrial enterprises start producing equipment for this type of creativity.

Preserving ancient crafts and displaying the best examples in museums is a good deed that will always serve as a source of inspiration for people of creative professions and will help everyone else to join in the beauty.

Folk arts and crafts are a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. It includes a variety of directions, types, forms. But they are all united by a combination of the practical expediency of the products with the natural beauty of their appearance, coming from the surrounding nature.

IN Ancient Rus' the whole life of people was literally permeated with the desire for beauty and harmony with the natural environment. Home, hearth, furniture, tools, clothing, utensils, toys - everything that the hands of folk craftsmen touched embodied their love for native land and an innate sense of beauty. And then ordinary household objects became works of art. The beauty of their form was complemented by decorative ornaments in the form of ornaments, images of people, animals, birds, and plot scenes.

Since ancient times, folk craftsmen in their creativity used what nature itself gave them - wood, clay, bone, iron, flax, wool. Nature has always served as the main source of inspiration for folk craftsmen. But, embodying images of nature in their works, the masters never copied it literally. Illuminated by folk fantasy, reality sometimes acquired magical, fairy-tale features; in it, reality and fiction seemed inseparable.

It is this originality of folk arts and crafts, its unique expressiveness and proportionality that has inspired and continues to inspire professional artists. However, not all of them manage to fully comprehend and rethink its full depth and spiritual potential.

As the famous researcher of folk art M.A. Nekrasova notes, in modern conditions “the people’s need for folk art, in its authenticity, spirituality. But finding ways to preserve folk art and to its fruitful development is possible only by understanding its essence, creative and spiritual, and its place in modern culture.”

The leading creative idea of traditional folk art, based on the affirmation of the unity of the natural and human world, proven by the experience of many generations, retains all its significance in the art of modern folk arts and crafts.

Let's get acquainted with the most famous of them.

Artistic wood processing

The tree is one of the ancient symbols of Russia. In ancient Slavic mythology, the tree of life symbolized the universe. Since ancient times, shady groves and oak forests, mysterious dark thickets and the light green lace of forest edges have attracted connoisseurs of beauty and awakened the creative energy of our people. It is no coincidence that wood is one of the most favorite natural materials among folk craftsmen.

In different parts of Russia, original types of artistic woodworking have developed.

Wood carving - these are Bogorodsk sculptural and Abramtsevo-Kudrinsk flat-relief carvings in the Moscow region; production of products with triangular grooved carvings in the Kirov, Vologda, Tomsk, Irkutsk, and Arkhangelsk regions; birch bark carving in the Vologda and Kirov regions.

To traditional arts and crafts wood paintings include: Khokhloma, Gorodetsky and Polkhov-Maidansky industries in the Nizhny Novgorod region; Sergiev Posad painting with burning, painting with burning in Kirov, Gorky, Kalinin, Irkutsk and a number of other regions; production of products with free brush painting in the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions.

Each of these crafts has its own history and its own unique characteristics.

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Decorative and applied arts - folk crafts

The art of folk arts and crafts appears before us as a complex phenomenon, rich in decorative possibilities, deep in ideological and figurative content. modern culture. In many regions of our country, traditional folk arts and crafts and crafts, based on manual labor and coming from our grandfathers and great-grandfathers, have been preserved. The origin of folk crafts is different. Some have their origins in peasant household art, associated with subsistence farming and the production of both everyday, everyday, and festive elegant household items for yourself and your family. So, for example, hand-patterned weaving and embroidery, which peasant women had mastered since childhood, making clothes, towels, tabletops, etc., became the basis for many original weaving and embroidery crafts that were subsequently formed. Other crafts originate from village crafts. For example, many types of pottery, carpentry, and printed fabrics have long been the area of activity of local craftsmen. Over time, spreading in individual centers, and often covering entire regions, they turned into crafts.

Some trades were preceded by “svetelki” - work in landowner workshops (for example, the Mstera white surface). Others were born from urban crafts. For example, Kholmogory bone carving or Veliky Ustyug niello silver are associated with the art of urban artisans, with a privileged customer, whose taste influenced the content and purpose of the products. Old Russian icon painting, European easel painting and graphics became the basis of the art of Russian lacquer miniatures. Each creative group was able to create its own artistic system, its own figurative language, its own school of craftsmanship, which acquired the meaning of tradition.

There is quite a lot about Russian folk art, including crafts. extensive literature, dedicated to both general issues and individual specific problems of their development. Works of art from folk arts and crafts are collected by museums.

1.CERAMICS

Pottery has been known in Russia since time immemorial. Clay was a ubiquitous material at hand, the rich plastic and artistic possibilities of which attracted people to it as early as ancient times. Clay is very easy to process: you can sculpt anything from it.

And with the discovery of firing, clay products, primarily pottery and utensils, became the most necessary and most practical in everyday life. ancient man. Archaeologists find countless shards of pottery in ancient Slavic burial mounds. Previously, molded ceramics existed, i.e. clay products sculpted by hand, without any special tools.

Such molded ceramics have been preserved among some peoples to this day. Next to the vessels there were countless stucco figurines of animals, birds and people. They clearly reflected ancient beliefs, superstitions, and signs; Clay figurines were often seen as guardian spirits of man, his home, livestock, and crops. Over the centuries, they turned into molded clay toys, and in this form they exist and continue to be made today. Around the 9th-10th centuries. In Russia, a potter's wheel appeared - a simple machine, or rather a device, initially set in motion by hand, later by foot. The invention of the potter's wheel is the most important stage in the development of production activities, and at the same time the technical and artistic abilities of people. The potter's wheel simplified and accelerated the production of pottery and utensils; at the same time, the work of the master potter did not lose its individuality, and his vessels did not lose their handicraft, since even with the potter's wheel, the main thing was in the hands of the potter, both in his skill and in his imagination. Although clay vessels usually did not have such a specific image as figurines, potters indirectly identified them with living nature and even with humans. This is evidenced by the names of the parts of the ceramic vessel: body, neck, neck, spout, handle.

The simplest ornament on pottery in the form of pits and dents arose in ancient times, perhaps as a technical method of compacting a shard to achieve better firing, even before the advent of special kilns. The ancient developed cultures of the Slavs already had a whole system of images on vessels, the content of which reveals people’s ideas about the world and nature and is associated with the work of the farmer. Wavy lines, for example, are a sign of water, straight lines conventionally represent earth, etc. On ceramics of modern times, along with many later motifs, ancient ones are also preserved, but in a different, strictly decorative meaning.

One of the oldest techniques for decorating dishes is polishing. These are shiny strips, with the help of a smooth stone or bone - a polish - to cover part or the entire surface of a vessel that is not completely dry, not yet fired. At the same time, polishing compacts the surface of the shard, making it less permeable and more durable. There is red-polished and black-polished ceramics. The first is the natural color of red pottery clay.

The second is smoky, burned in a smoky flame without access to oxygen. Such black ceramics are also called stewed or moraine. This ancient type of pottery is widespread in different regions of Russia and has survived to this day. In the XVII-XVIII centuries. Moscow potters masterfully made black dishes - large jugs, flasks, barrels with legs, decorated along with polishing with relief and embossed ornaments.

Their clear shapes and finishing of parts were often imitated by metal ones. Another, simpler method of decoration - scalding - consists of removing the hot pots from the oven and immediately dipping them into a flour mixture. At the same time, the shard becomes denser, stronger, and rounded concentric brown spots and dots appear on the surface, forming a natural ornament. One of the types of refining and decorating clay products is coating and painting with engobe - liquidly diluted clay of a different color than the one from which the item is made.

In the 40s XVIII century They began to produce Russian valuable dishes - with blue and multi-color (yellow-green-brown) painting, which was applied to a raw (before firing) surface covered with white enamel (opaque glaze). It was mastered at the factory of the Moscow merchant Afanasy Grebenshchikov (opened in 1724), whose son Ivan Grebenshchikov not only studied majolica technology, but experimentally managed to approach the discovery of porcelain manufacturing technology.

At the end of the 18th century. In the process of competition, expensive majolica was replaced by semi-faience, which was easier to manufacture: products made of white clay, covered with colorless transparent glaze and decorated, as a rule, with single-color blue underglaze painting. Porcelain with multicolor overglaze painting, discovered in Russia in the 18th century, later received a unique decorative direction from folk ceramics craftsmen. In parallel with porcelain and faience, which are classified as fine ceramics, folk pottery continued to develop.

In the XIX - early XX centuries. It is typical to decorate pottery with colored glazes, scratched, relief patterns using stamps and moldings. Russian ceramic crafts in the 18th-19th centuries. existed in many villages and villages. Each, as a rule, served its own small area, and only a few acquired widespread importance.

In a number of regions of the Yaroslavl, Moscow, and Kaluga provinces, the tradition of making black-polished dishes has been preserved, which was drawn in some places on foot-operated wheels, in others on hand-held pottery wheels, decorated with grooves, and simple engraving directly on the machine using stamps made of wood, clay, and metal. The harmony of proportions, plastic completeness and clarity of the forms of these simple objects are surprising: jugs for butter, milk, pots for kvass, jugs, different sizes pots for porridge, sour cream, hand washes, etc. In other places, they made not stained, but ordinary red, brown or yellowish dishes from local clay, decorated them with horizontal stripes, spots, and here and there twigs applied with white clay. This type of pottery was used in Pskov, Novgorod, Tver and other provinces.

In some areas, a red shard was covered with white engobe, and a simple pattern in the form of spirals, stripes, spots and a layer of colorless transparent glaze was applied to it with colored glaze powder. In the Voronezh province, pottery jugs and bowls were decorated with relief moldings in the form of buttons and covered with colored glaze. The use of three colored fusible glazes brown (manganese), green (copper) and yellow (iron) is typical for pottery in different regions of the second half XIX - early XX centuries The artistic expressiveness of Russian household pottery lies not so much in color or ornament, which, as a rule, are very modest, but in the plastic solution. The application of colored belts, grooves or relief flagella, thickening the edges, emphasizing the low base or ring leg, handles that fit well into the overall silhouette of the thing - all these are parts of one complete architectural and sculptural whole, harmoniously uniting with its related everyday environment.

The main modern crafts of Russian artistic ceramics are Gzhel porcelain in the Moscow region, Skopin majolica in the Ryazan region, Dymkovo toy in Kirov, Filimonovskaya toy in the Tula region, Kargopol toy in the Arkhangelsk region, Abashevo toy in the Penza region.

The most famous large folk art ceramic craft is Gzhel near Moscow. This area of 30 villages and hamlets of the former Bronnitsky and Belgorod districts, 60 km from Moscow (now Ramensky district), has long been famous for its clays and potters.

The center of pottery was the Gzhel volost - the villages of Rechitsy, Gzhel, Zhirovo, Turygino, Bakhteevo and others, where there were many workshops. In works of majolica of the 18th century, semi-faience and porcelain of the 19th century. The art of Russian folk craftsmen is clearly presented.

Having extensive experience in pottery, distinguished by a lively, sharp mind, Gzhel craftsmen quickly mastered the production of majolica at the Grebenshchikov factory, and then left the owner and began making similar products in their workshops. They created elegant dishes: kvasniks - decorative jugs with a ring-shaped body, a high domed lid, a long curved spout, a sculpted handle, often on four massive rounded legs; kumgans, similar vessels, but without a through hole in the body; jugs, wash basins, joker mugs, “get drunk - don’t get drunk,” dishes, plates, etc., decorated with ornamental and subject paintings made of green, yellow, blue and violet-brown paints on a white background. Usually, in the center of a majolica dish or on the front plane of the ring-shaped body of the kvassnik, a proudly protruding bird such as a crane or heron was depicted - with a thin black outline with a slight tint; this main image is complemented and accompanied by light conventional trees, bushes, sometimes extremely generalized, schematized images of people, for example ladies in crinolines, and sometimes architectural structures. The virtuosity of the stroke, the freedom of arrangement and balance of all images, their fit into a circle, the grace and subtlety of coloring - all this indicates the extremely high qualifications and artistic talent of the master painters.

But sculptors are not far behind them. The hangers, lids, handles of jugs and kumgans are complemented by small genre sculptures of people and funny images of animals. Small decorative sculptures were also performed outside of the utensils. The masters again depicted with humor what they saw in life: a woman carrying a child on a sled, a military man in a cocked hat, a wife pulling a boot off her husband’s foot, an old man fighting with his old woman, a guide boy leading a beggar, etc.

Gzhel majolica combines the plastic achievements of folk pottery and reflects the features of Baroque and Classicism. In the art of folk ceramics, Gzhel semi-faience is one of the most striking phenomena. At first, semi-faience dishes were similar in shape to majolica, but with a simpler blue color painting. Then the forms became simpler; mainly made jugs, washstands, inkwells, salt shakers, etc. The system of plastic form and decorative painting created by the folk craftsmen of Gzhel has the significance of a whole art school Russian folk ceramics.

Semi-faience production existed in Gzhel throughout the 19th century. along with the fine earthenware and porcelain that appeared after it. Utensil shapes and printed designs were transferred from one factory to another. At the small Gzhel porcelain factories, with all their desire to imitate expensive products, their original art of Russian porcelain lubok was born with its rough floweriness, folk interpretation of sculptural images, which the masters created in their own way, starting from the images of expensive porcelain. When created by Gzhel masters, porcelain figurines acquired features common to a simple clay toy.

Gzhel products were distributed not only throughout Russia, they were exported to Central Asia and the countries of the Middle East. Taking into account local tastes, Gzhel craftsmen created a stable assortment of so-called “Asian” porcelain: teapots, bowls of different sizes and specific shapes, with characteristic floral painting in medallions, on a colored background. This dishware was also widely used in Russian taverns. With the development in the second half of the 19th century. capitalist industry, the separation of large factories, the Gzhel region with its small peasant workshops lost its importance, and many former workshop owners and members of their families joined the ranks of hired workers.

Working in large factories and factories, they contributed to the preservation of folk tradition in painting cheap porcelain and played an important role in the further formation of Russian porcelain. High-speed free brush painting with floral motifs in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. received the name "agashka". The art of Gzhel craft itself had fallen into complete decline by this time and was consigned to oblivion. Only in the 40s-50s, thanks to the research of art critic A.B. Saltykov and the works of Moscow artist N.I. Bessarabova, the art of Gzhel began to be revived.

The basis for this revival was the legacy of Gzhel majolica from the 18th century. And semi-faience from the 19th century. The painting adopted was a single-color blue underglaze (cobalt) similar to traditional semi-faience. Gzhel dishes with cobalt blue painting on a white background have gained great popularity.

Among the centers of folk artistic pottery, the craft of decorative ceramics, located in the city of Skopin, Ryazan region, is unique. Ryazan land, rich in traditions different types folk art, became the birthplace of the production of pottery and molded clay whistles. There was a whole “pottery end” in the city, and the city residents were called “Skopinsky whistlers.” Until the middle of the 19th century. glaze was not used here, but ordinary black (“blue”) and scalded pots were made.

With the development of glazing, Skopino products became much more colorful and decorative. Common household utensils made by Skopino potters in the 19th and early 20th centuries. made of light clay, has soft outlines, the edges often end with scalloped “frills”. Hand washers, jugs, deep bowls, mugs, bread bins, etc. were molded on low hand-held pottery wheels and decorated with scratching, stamps, moldings and flowing colored glazes.

Often brown and green or green and yellow glazes were picturesquely combined on one object. The dried products were coated with tar, sprinkled with unevenly ground powder of colored glazes and fired in a pit furnace. From about the middle of the 19th century. Decorative sculptural ceramics began to be made in the industry. There is information that at first the craftsmen made single figured objects; lion, bird, ball, samovar, etc. and they placed such a thing on a pole at the gate of their house as a decoration and as a sign that an extraordinary master lived here. At the same time, they competed in the complexity and fantasticness of the works. Then they began to display such outlandish figures and sculptural jugs at the fair in front of their regular goods to attract the attention of buyers to it. The demand for decorative items encouraged craftsmen to make them specifically for sale.

Figurative vessels were taken to holiday markets in Moscow and Ryazan. Interesting are the jugs with a high neck, a body in the shape of a bear or an osprey bird of prey, and a handle and spout in the shape of a snake. The lid was often completed with a figurine of a bird, hare or dog. Sometimes the vessel had a ring-shaped body, and inside it was a figure of a bear cub or a dragon. Sometimes they made a bottle in the shape of a male figure with a stick in his hand.

Candlesticks in the form of a double-headed eagle, an osprey bird, a man in a sheepskin coat, etc. have been preserved. Among the images of Skopino ceramics is Polkan the hero with a club in his hand, clearly coming from popular prints. Ornament, color, and complex silhouette combine the utensil parts of the products with the sculptural parts, forming integral decorative objects. In addition to decorative sculptural vessels, they also made simple sculptures: dragons, lions.

They say that one of the old masters who worked at the end of the 19th century, Zhelobov, even made portrait images of acquaintances, drawing them, as usual, on a potter’s wheel, from memory, and finishing the details by hand. During the First World War, the Skopino fishery gradually fell into decline. Its revival dates back to the 40-50s. At this time, the old masters of the Skopino craft continued to work, who well remembered all the main features and techniques of making Skopino ceramics.

Their experience and knowledge are gradually adopted and mastered by younger masters who have entered the industry. In the 60-70s. Attempts are being made to create a special type of souvenir Skopino ceramics. These are small figures of lions, birds, circus scenes, etc.

Along with this, craftsmen also create traditional kvass pots with birds, candlesticks, and fruit vases. Fantastic figured Skopino vessels, covered with brown or green glaze, occupy an increasingly significant place at exhibitions of decorative and applied arts. Interest in them from connoisseurs, collectors and simply the mass consumer does not wane. The art of Skopino potters brings its own bright touch to the overall picture of the modern development of Russian folk decorative ceramics.

Dymkovo toy.

Among modern Russian clay toys, the most famous and popular is the Dymkovo (formerly Vyatka) toy. This is a generalized, decorative clay sculpture, close to the folk primitive: figures with an average height of 15-25 cm, decorated on a white background with a multi-colored geometric pattern of circles, polka dots, stripes, checks, wavy lines, bright colors, often with the addition of gold. Traditional and constantly recurring in Dymkovo toys are riders, roosters, female figures in bell-shaped skirts flaring downwards and high headdresses - kokoshniks, called nannies, nurses, ladies, water-carriers. Dymkovo turkeys and horses are real and fantastic at the same time. A turkey with a lush fan-shaped tail, a horse with bright blue apple-circles, a goat with red and gold horns.

In all these naive and colorful images one can see the innocence, daring, optimism, and penchant for a fairy-tale, song interpretation of reality inherent in the Russian people. In female figures, expressive details are of great importance: elegant hairstyles, headdresses, frills on sleeves, aprons, capes, muffs, umbrellas, handbags, etc. The molded toys are dried at room temperature from two to three days to two weeks (depending on size). Then they are fired.

Previously, firing was carried out directly in a Russian oven. Now - in electric muffle furnaces. The toys, burned to a red-hot state and cooled in the oven, are covered with a dazzling white layer of chalk diluted with skim milk. Bright multi-color painting is done on this whitewash. 6-8 colors are used on one figure.

Currently, gouache paints diluted in eggs are used. Traditional preparation consisted of rubbing dry aniline dyes on an egg diluted with vinegar or peroxided kvass. In the past, the tassel was homemade from a threaded piece of canvas wound around a stick. The stains were applied with the end of an evenly cut twig. Nowadays they use kolinsky or ferret brushes.

The painting is, as a rule, a large geometric pattern, combined with smoothly painted parts. The skirts are especially varied and elegantly decorated. The ornament often covers animal figures, replacing images of fur or plumage. The colors of the painting are local, combined according to the principle of contrast and complementarity. The multicolor is emphasized by the presence of white and black colors and complemented by shiny squares of gold leaf (now copper potash) glued to the hats and collars of ladies, epaulettes and cockades of the military, fluffy tails of turkeys, etc. Over time, the variety of colors and brightness of the paintings increased. Preserved from the 19th - early 20th centuries. Dymkovo toys are not so intensely colored. Later, with the development of the craft, many fabulous, historical and everyday multi-figure compositions appeared, including architecture (houses, carousels), landscape elements (trees symbolizing the forest, beds with cabbage forks depicted in the scene “Harvesting Cabbage”), etc. At the same time, the traditional range of themes has not been lost; it helps preserve the specific, unique appearance of toys and, within its limits, gives wide scope to the creative imagination of the authors. The meaning of the Dymkovo toy has long ceased to be playful. This is a folk decorative sculpture.

Russian national culture is closely connected with wood. Entire cities, fortresses, temples, and dwellings were built from it, river and sea vessels were built, dishes and household items were carved. At the same time, Russian craftsmen paid great attention to artistic carved decoration. It was based on a geometric and floral ornament, which served not only the purposes of decoration, but also had a magical and ritual character. The functions of the amulet are performed by images and symbols included in the artistic series, such as the Tree of Life, solar signs, bird, horse, lion, mythological creatures - Bereginya, Sirin, Alkonost.

The Nizhny Novgorod Volga region has developed its own special style of carving, which has absorbed the most ancient traditions of Russian folk art. Woodcarvers of the Nizhny Novgorod region were known far beyond its borders. Currently, these glorious traditions are continued by modern folk craftsmen, who are masters of artistic wood carving and are among the best in Russia. The system of artistic crafts in the Nizhny Novgorod region includes two enterprises in Gorodets and Semenov, where they are engaged in wood carving. At the Gorodets Painting factory in Gorodets there is an experimental group of carvers, including wonderful craftsmen Mikhail Loginov and Andrey Kolov. The range of manufactured products is varied: decorative wall panels and plates, souvenir spice boxes with carved figures of people and animals, toys, gingerbread boards - carved stamps for applying a pattern to gingerbread dough. Gorodets sculpture of small forms with scenes from urban and rural life, made with great humor and imagination, is interesting. Products are carved from local wood species - oak, linden, aspen, birch, by hand, using tools - cutters, knives, chisels. A variety of carving techniques are used - triangular-notched, contour, bracket and others.

The works of Gorodets masters are characterized by a combination of carvings and stained oak inlay. We carry out orders for monumental works to decorate the interiors and exteriors of public and private buildings. The second direction of artistic wood carving is being developed at the Semenovskaya Painting factory in Semenov. The ancient craft of carving wooden utensils and household items has been revived here.

Semenovsky carved ladles and spoons, turned barrels, bowls and vases and supplies - cylindrical vessels with a lid, as well as boxes and decorative panels are decorated with flat-relief carvings of a geometric and floral nature. The Semyonov carved patterns are based on the traditions of technical objects and the ornamental structure of ancient Nizhny Novgorod carvings. Carving enriches the shape of the object, bringing out the beautiful texture and natural color of the wood. Famous masters Georgy Matveev, Leonid Levin, Dormidont Mazin, Alexander Shvetsov and others made a great contribution to the development of Semenovsk wood carving. In addition to factories, many folk craftsmen - carvers - work in the Nizhny Novgorod region, creating their works both in folk traditions and in a free modern style.

Khokhloma painting.

Khokhloma wood painting is one of the oldest types of Russian folk art. Its homeland is the forest region of the Nizhny Novgorod region northeast of the Volga River. The origin of the name is connected with the trading village of Khokhloma, where craftsmen from 50 neighboring villages brought painted wooden dishes for sale, and from there they were sent to different parts of Russia and beyond its borders - to the countries of Asia and Europe. Since ancient times, skilled craftsmen who lived here have been making beautiful wooden utensils, and since the 17th century, this artistic craft has developed in its modern meaning.

Khokhloma painting has gained worldwide fame thanks to its original technology and the traditional nature of ancient Russian patterns. Products made from linden wood turned on a lathe or cut with special cutters are primed with clay, rubbed with boiled linseed oil - “linseed oil” and metal powder. After this, Khokhloma products are painted oil paints, apply several layers of special varnish and harden them in an oven. When exposed to temperatures above 100°, the silver surface acquires a golden color. This technology allows you to use dishes at home.

The main colors of Khokhloma painting are black, red, gold. This classic combination is complemented by the introduction of brown, green, orange, and yellow. Painting is done by hand, with a free brush, without the use of stencils. The entire variety of Khokhloma painting can be divided into two types: the “mountain” letter, in which the colorful ornament is located on a golden background, and the “background” letter, where the pattern is golden and the background is black or red. The favorite ornaments of Khokhloma masters are: “grass” - a stylized image of grass; "Kudrina" - a fabulous golden flower with curls; “under the leaf” - a pattern of leaves and berries of strawberries, currants, rowan, gooseberries.

The range of products includes: individual bowls, vases, “supplies” - cylindrical vessels with a lid, barrels, spoons, as well as furniture, sets of tableware and teaware, sets for wine, ice cream, honey, fish. Currently, the traditions of crafts in the Nizhny Novgorod region are successfully developing at two large art factories: “Khokhloma Artist”, located in the village of Semino and “Khokhloma Painting” in the city of Semenov, as well as a number of small enterprises. Famous old hereditary masters of Khokhloma are the Krasilnikov brothers, the Podogovs, Fyodor Bedin, Arkhip Serov, Stepan Veselov. These craft traditions are continued by artists Olga Lushina, Olga Veselova, Alexandra Karpova, Ekaterina Dospalova, Nina Salnikova and many others. Khokhloma products decorate the life of Russian people.

They are exported to many countries around the world and worthily represent Russian folk art at international exhibitions and fairs.

Gorodets painting.

In the villages located around Gorodets, the oldest city in the Nizhny Novgorod region, in the middle of the 19th century, an original type of painting on household objects became known as an artistic craft. These were baskets and boxes for yarn made from linden bark, children's chairs and gurneys, and arches for horse harnesses. Gorodets painted spinning wheels were especially famous. The spinning wheel, as a device for spinning thread, has been known throughout the world, including in Rus', since ancient times.

The Gorodets spinning wheel consists of a wide “bottom” - a board on which the spinning woman sat, and a wooden comb inserted into the bottom - a stand, with flax or wool fixed on it. On Gorodets painted spinning wheels early period we see elements of ancient symbolism: the Tree of Life, birds, horsemen, and from the end of the 19th century, Gorodets artists began to paint genre scenes from Russian provincial life: tea drinking, carriage rides, feasts, military battles. The spinning wheel was primed and painted with glue and vegetable paints homemade. The main colors of Gorodets painting were yellow, black, green, red, and blue. The painting was done in two stages: applying bright spots of paint on a uniform, most often yellow, background; development of the drawing with strokes of black and white paint, which added volume and accentuated the details.

After painting, the spinning wheels were coated with boiled linseed oil and dried. The origins of Gorodets painting go back to ancient Russian icon painting. There were several stages in the development of this fishery. The 1930s are characterized by a transition to oil paints and a new range of products: furniture, screens, decorative panels, turning products. At this time, such famous masters as Ignatiy Lebedev, Fyodor Krasnoyarov, Ignatius Mazin, Pavel Kolesov and others worked.

The stage of the 1950s is associated with a new rise and revival of this artistic craft, thanks to the organizational and creative activities of the hereditary master Aristarkh Konovalov. Currently, the traditions of this artistic craft are continued by the masters of the Gorodets Painting factory. Among them we can note Alexandra Sokolova, Lydia Kubatkina, Liliya Bespalova, Faina Kasatova. The factory's modern assortment is varied: decorative panels, caskets, chests, caskets, bread bins, children's and adult furniture, turning utensils, toys. The works of Gorodets masters attract with their multicolored colors, the optimism of the artist’s view, and the festive nature of the pictures of Russian fairy tales and folk life.

Polkhov-Maidan painting.

Polkhov-Maidan painting is one of the youngest artistic crafts in Russia. It got its name from the large village of Polkhovsky Maidan in the south of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Almost every family here makes and sells wooden painted toys. The Polkhov-Maidan toy, or as the masters themselves call it “tararushka,” appeared in the late 1920s.

Since the 1960s, residents of the village of Krutets, located near the village of Polkhovsky Maidan, began to make a similar toy. Toys are turned on lathes from linden or aspen. They are then coated with liquid potato starch. Next, using a metallic pen and ink, the outline of the future pattern is drawn (“drawn”) on a dry surface and painted with aniline paints: pink, red, green, yellow, blue. Free brush painting is also used.

After this, the toys are coated with colorless varnish. Using the “glazing” technique - applying pure paints in layers one on top of another, and using combinations of contrasting colors (red - green, yellow - blue, etc.) artists achieve a special brightness of the painting. The main motifs of the patterns of this painting are flowers: rose, poppy, chamomile, tulip, rosehip.

There is also a plot painting. Most often this is a rural landscape with a river, houses, a church and a mill on the bank, as well as the obligatory red dawn in the sky. The range of ramming toys is varied. One group - children's toys: nesting dolls, bird whistles, horses, toy dishes, piggy bank mushrooms, balalaikas, apple boxes. Another group of products is traditional Russian tableware: salt shakers, bowls, sugar bowls, “supplies” - cylindrical vessels for storing bulk products, samovars, boxes.

Easter eggs are made and painted in large quantities. A special feature of the craft is the harmonious juxtaposition of handicraft toy production with factory production. The artisans work as a family. Men, in workshops located next to the house, turn out products, women paint them. Children also take part in the work to the extent possible; they learn from their parents the basics of turning and painting.

Among them, the Sentyuraev, Rozhkov, and Buzdenkov families stand out for their skill. In the village of Voznesenskoye there is an art factory called “Polkhovsko-Maidan Painting”. Her products are primarily of a souvenir nature. Among the souvenir toys, a large place is occupied by the Polkhov-Maidan matryoshka doll and decorative turning sculpture on Russian themes. folk tales and rural life. Artists Elena Tankova, Elena Goryunova, Antonina Babina made a great contribution to the development of this craft.

The bright originality of this folk toys, the festively upbeat color and naive spontaneity of painting make it very popular both in Russia and abroad.

Kazakovskaya filigree.

Filigree or filigree is one of the oldest types of artistic metal processing in Russia. The name "filigree" comes from the Latin words filum - thread and granum - grain; "skan" - from the Old Slavic - to twist, twist.

The names indicate a feature of the technology - twisted wires and “grains” were used to make filigree products, i.e. small balls. The filigree technique is as follows: a pattern of thin copper wire is applied to paper, gluing along the drawn contour, sprinkled with silver solder and then the pattern elements are connected by soldering. Three-dimensional forms are made in the same way, but paper with a drawn pattern is glued onto an iron blank.

In the electroplating workshop, products are coated with silver. The production of filigree products in the village of Kazachkovo, Vachsky district, Nizhny Novgorod region, began in the Metalist artel from the late 1930s. The organizer of the production was a graduate of the Krasnoselsky School of Artistic Metalworking O. I. Tarakanova.

Currently, jewelry is made at the Kazakovsky artistic metalworks enterprise. In the mid-1950s there were characteristic features, characteristic only of Cossack filigree. A feature of Cossack products is the independent significance of filigree; it is not used as part of the decoration of a metal object, as an overlay on metal. These products are entirely openwork. According to their purpose, the works of the Cossack masters are household items.

These are candy bowls, glass holders, vases, and boxes. At the same time, in lately Jewelry work is carried out on orders from the Orthodox Church - icon frames, censers, caskets for holy relics.

Cossack products are characterized mainly by the “white” color of silver-plated copper wire. The openwork works of folk artists are covered as if with frost; they fascinate with the silvery-white color of the Russian winter, giving things the sonority of snow-covered fields, the solemnity and purity of a frosty forest. Filigree patterns can be geometric - zigzags, waves, circles, semicircles and more complex figures, but the predominant one is floral. The main motifs are a flower with elongated petals and long leaves with veins of curls. The main element from which the pattern is created is the “curl” - an oval coil of wire that combines openwork and a dense, opaque coil.

The large shapes that form the basis of the pattern stand out against the background of small curls made of thinner wire. Kazakov's products are distinguished by the purity of the work's finishing and the subtlety of filigree handwork. Filigree is successfully combined with other materials - enamel, wood, bone, carved stone. The Kazakov enterprise employs excellent masters of filigree art. L. artists did a lot to develop this artistic craft.

A. Zhestkova, spouses Blotsky, R.V. Balashova, V.I. Tupichkin and others. Filigree products are exhibited at national and international exhibitions, received many awards, and are known in many countries around the world.

Weaving.

Since ancient times, weaving has been the original occupation of the female population. Every peasant family had a weaving mill on which women produced homespun cloth. Clothes, sheets, towels, tablecloths and other household items were made from it. In addition to smooth canvas, village craftswomen also made fabrics with patterns.

The weaving technique became more complicated. The material for weaving was yarn, which was obtained from flax and hemp, as well as from sheep and goat wool. The yarn was often dyed at home in different colors and then the patterned fabrics turned out to be especially elegant. A major center of hand weaving in the Nizhny Novgorod region was the city of Shakhunya and surrounding villages. craft folk ceramics carving painting

Currently, the traditions of folk weaving are actively developing at the Shakhun Art Factory. Since the early 1970s, it has been producing a wide range of products from wool, linen and cotton - rugs, bedspreads, chair covers, towels, tablecloths, tablecloths and napkins with bright decorative patterns of smooth and ornamental stripes or checks. Big role in modern development craft belongs to the artist, art critic Larisa Kozhevnikova. Modern craftswomen have mastered complex hand weaving techniques - multi-shaft, openwork, casting, braided weaving. On the weavers' works, especially on holiday towels and decorative napkins, woven geometric patterns are combined with embroidery, which gives these products a unique identity.

Embroidery, which is one of the oldest types of folk art, has been known in Rus' since the 10th-13th centuries. It was used to decorate both everyday and festive clothing - shirts, aprons, hats, as well as household items and things related to the decorative decoration of the home - towels, tabletops, valances, pillowcases. Almost every Russian family, both in the village and in the city, knew how to embroider. Gradually, embroidery from a home occupation, when products were made for one’s own needs, becomes a craft - custom-made, and then a trade - production for sale. Local traditions and their deep knowledge by embroiderers formed the basis of the art of embroidery.

The Nizhny Novgorod province has always been distinguished by a wide variety of folk embroidery, but the most favorite types were such as vestibule, stitching and satin stitch. Embroidery continues to develop in the Nizhny Novgorod region and currently at stitching factories. They are located in traditional centers of folk art - Gorodets, Arzamas, Chkalovsk, Katunki, Nizhny Novgorod, Lyskov, Shakhunye, Prevomaisk and Bor. These enterprises produce a wide range of products decorated with embroidery, both clothing and household items. Currently, the Nizhny Novgorod region occupies one of the first places in Russia in terms of the development of the stitching industry and the diversity of embroidery.

The “Nizhny Novgorod guipure” embroidery is very famous in our country and abroad. This end-to-end embroidery is performed on a mesh with mesh sizes up to 1 cm, obtained on the fabric by pulling out a certain number of threads. This embroidery is not found in other regions of Russia. It developed on turn of XIX-XX centuries, its ancestors are considered to be the Katun embroiderers. The pattern in guipure develops like a mosaic as a result in different ways application of threads.

In guipure, two patterns were developed - geometric and floral. More than 30 types of flowers can be made by craftswomen, while preserving the features of the Nizhny Novgorod ornamental style. Traditional gold embroidery is developing successfully in the Nizhny Novgorod region. It is made with specially made gold-plated threads. This embroidery is used to decorate festive clothes, scarves and shawls, as well as items intended for interior decoration - decorative pillows, wall panels.

Women's blouses, suits and dresses made from natural cotton and silk fabrics are embroidered with elegant light patterns using white and colored satin stitch techniques. In satin stitch, each shape of the ornament is filled with stitches tightly adjacent to each other. This embroidery is also used to decorate tablecloths, towels, napkins, etc. The tambour embroidery pattern is distinguished by its light graphic nature. A tambour is a chain of small loops of threads that forms a relief line of a pattern on the fabric.

The products of stitching factories are distinguished by a combination of modern fashion and decorative finishing in the traditions of Nizhny Novgorod folk embroidery. Peculiar ones are always recognizable plant patterns, images of solar horses, birds of happiness, which among folk craftswomen were varied in form and deep in their symbolic significance.

Lace making

In the Nizhny Novgorod region, bobbin lace making was widely developed. Balakhna was one of the most famous lace-making centers in Russia. In the 19th century, half of the entire female population of Balakhn, as well as residents of neighboring villages, were engaged in lace weaving.

Lace is woven according to a “split” - a pattern that is applied to the paper, first with lines, and then with dots into which pins are stuck. The splinter is fixed on a pillow - a roller filled with hay or sawdust. Lace is woven using bobbins - wooden sticks on which threads are wound. The lace was woven from thin cotton and silk threads in golden, white and black colors. When weaving, from 15 to 200 pairs of bobbins were used.

Balakhna craftswomen wove scarves, kerchiefs, head tattoos, belts, braids of handkerchiefs, ends of towels, collars, dresses and coats. Floral motifs were typical for these products, but there were also geometric ones in the form of rhombuses, circles, and chains. A special type of lace was developed - the “robes manner”, the originality of which lay in the light tulle background on which bouquets of flowers were located.

The art of lace making is not forgotten today. In the 1970s, a lace-making center was opened in Balakhna, where the oldest craftswoman Varvara Bykova passed on the secrets of lace art to young artists. Currently, lace making training for children and adults is carried out in folk art centers in the Nizhny Novgorod region.

Bornukovsky carved stone.

Artistic stone processing - oldest species folk art. The widespread and easy availability of such a material as stone, its natural decorative effect, variety of colors and patterns, have long attracted folk craftsmen to it. In the Nizhny Novgorod region, artistic stone carving is carried out at the Bornukovskaya Cave factory in the village of Bornukovo, located on the Pyana River. The high right bank of this river consists of shell rock and alabaster stone. At a shallow depth there is a layer of ornamental colored stone.

Flooding in the spring, the river eroded the bank and over time a huge cave formed here. In the 1920s, a small artel for the extraction and processing of alabaster was organized in the village of Bornukovo. At the same time as alabaster, ornamental colored stone was also broken out. Therefore, in 1930, it was decided to open a stone-cutting workshop at the artel. Ural craftsmen - experienced stone cutters - were invited here to organize the work.

The main range of artistic products was formed with the participation of the Ural artist Pavel Leontyevich Shalnov. These were writing instruments and ashtrays, decorated with images of mainly exotic animals: lions, leopards, tigers, panthers, elephants. At the same time, the first sculptural images appeared Soviet people: Red Army soldier, paratrooper, miner, blast furnace operator. In 1937, the artistic products of Bornukovsky masters were awarded at the Paris Exhibition. Currently, the factory has developed more than 70 types of highly artistic products.

These are household items: nightlights, ashtrays, cups, trays; decorative items: screens, small animal sculptures, as well as various souvenirs. Animalistic sculpture is becoming traditional in Bornukovo and occupies a leading place in the assortment. Bornuko craftsmen produce products from soft stones - selenite, calcite, gypsum stone - anhydrite. The local ornamental stone is rich in color; it can be blue, reddish, brown, green, pink. The properties of this highly decorative soft stone determined the stylistic features of both artistic stone carving and the craft in general.

In the sculptures of folk artists one can see the generality of forms, characteristic features of silhouettes, soft articulations of parts, and the artist’s ability to accurately convey the habits and characters of various animals. A special place in Bornukovo sculpture is occupied by the Russian bear, on the image of which the stone carver Pavel Kuryshev worked fruitfully. The work of another master, Peter Minaev, is dominated by dynamic images of a galloping horse. Sublime romanticism and emotional elation are the distinctive features of the Bornuk stone-cutting craft at the present stage.

LITERATURE

Kaplan N.I., Mitlyanskaya T.B. Folk arts and crafts: Textbook. Benefit. - M.: Higher. School, 1980. - 176 pp., ill.

Moran A. History of decorative and applied art. - M.: Art, 1982. - 577 p., ill.

Popova O.S., Kaplan N.I. Russian artistic crafts. - M.: Knowledge, 1984. - 144 p.

Utkin P.I., Koroleva N.S. Folk arts and crafts. - M.: Higher. School, 1992. - 159 p.

Andreeva O., Bezhina I. Chest of drawers for admiring // Folk art. - 2000. - No. 2. - P.46-47.

Khokhlova E. Skopino pottery // folk art. - 1997. - No. 6. - P.38-40.

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History of the Moscow Museum of Folk Art

In 1981, the Museum of Decorative, Applied and Folk Art opened in Moscow, on Delegatskaya Street. His collection consists of unique examples of handicrafts by Russian masters of the past, as well as the best works of contemporary artists.

The museum has a specialized library where you can get acquainted with rare books on the theory and history of art.

Museum collection

Traditional types of decorative and applied arts are systematized and divided into departments. The main thematic areas are ceramics and porcelain, glass, jewelry and metal, bone and wood carvings, textiles, lacquer miniatures and fine materials.

Currently, this museum of folk arts and crafts is considered one of the most significant in the world. The oldest exhibits of high artistic value date back to the 16th century. The museum's collection has always been actively replenished through gifts from private individuals, as well as through the efforts of senior government officials during the years of Soviet power.

Two large collections of porcelain were donated to the museum by outstanding figures of Soviet art - Leonid Osipovich Utesov and their spouses Maria Mironova and Alexander Menaker.

Lacquer miniature

Artistic painting on wood

Khokhloma, Mezen and Gorodets paintings are recognizable not only in Russia, but also abroad. Furniture, cabinets, boxes, spoons, bowls and other household utensils made of wood, painted in one of these techniques, are considered the personification of Russia. Light wooden dishes, painted with black, red and green paints on a gold background, look massive and heavy - this is a characteristic manner of Khokhloma.

The decorative and applied arts of the Arkhangelsk region, in particular Mezen wood painting, are utilitarian objects decorated with special designs. Mezen craftsmen use only two colors for their work - black and red, that is, soot and ocher, fractional schematic drawings of boxes, boxes and chests, friezes in the form of borders from repeating truncated figures of horses and deer. A static, small, frequently repeated pattern evokes sensations of movement. Mezen painting is one of the most ancient. Those drawings that are used by modern artists are hieroglyphic inscriptions that were used by Slavic tribes long before the emergence of the Russian state.

Wood craftsmen, before turning any object from a solid block, treat the wood against cracking and drying out, so their products have a very long service life.

Zhostovo trays

Enamel

Majolica

Majolica is a product made of red clay, painted on raw enamel and fired in a special oven at a very high temperature. In the Yaroslavl region, arts and crafts have become widespread and developed due to the large number of deposits of pure clay. Currently, in Yaroslavl schools, children are taught to work with this plastic material. Children's applied art is a second wind for ancient crafts, a new look at folk traditions. However, this is not only a tribute to national traditions. Working with clay develops fine motor skills, expands the angle of vision, and normalizes the psychosomatic state.

Gzhel

Embroidery

Fabric embroidery is one of the most ancient types of needlework. Initially, it was intended to decorate the clothes of the nobility, as well as fabrics intended for religious rituals. This folk decorative and applied art came to us from the countries of the East. The clothes of rich people were embroidered with colored silk, gold and silver threads, pearls, precious stones and coins. The most valuable is embroidery with small stitches, which gives the feeling of a smooth, as if painted design. In Russia, embroidery quickly came into use. New techniques have appeared. In addition to the traditional satin stitch and cross stitch, they began to embroider with hemstitch stitches, that is, laying openwork paths along the voids formed by pulled out threads.

Dymkovo toys for children

Filimonovskaya toy

In children's art centers in many regions of our country, children are taught to sculpt from clay and paint crafts in the manner of folk crafts of central Russia. The kids really enjoy working with such a convenient and flexible material as clay. They come up with new designs in accordance with ancient traditions. This is how domestic applied art develops and remains in demand not only in tourist centers, but throughout the country.

Pavlovo Posad shawls

Vologda lace

Applied art does not stand still. Development and change occur constantly. It must be said that by the beginning of the last century, under the influence of developing industry, industrial manufactories equipped with high-speed electric machines appeared, and the concept of mass production arose. Folk arts and crafts began to decline. Only in the middle of the last century were traditional Russian crafts restored. In art centers such as Tula, Vladimir, Gus-Khrustalny, Arkhangelsk, Rostov, Zagorsk, etc., vocational schools were built and opened, qualified teachers were trained, and new young masters were trained.

Modern types of needlework and creativity

At one time, concrete walls and fences were decorated with a variety of drawings and inscriptions made in a highly artistic manner. Graffiti, or spray art, is a modern interpretation of an ancient form of rock painting. You can laugh as much as you like at teenage hobbies, which, of course, includes graffiti, but look at photographs on the Internet or walk around your own city, and you will discover truly highly artistic works.

Scrapbooking

The design of notebooks, books and albums that exist in a single copy is called scrapbooking. In general, this activity is not entirely new. Albums designed to preserve the history of a family, city or individual for posterity have been created before. The modern vision of this art is the creation of art books with illustrations by the authors, as well as the use of computers with various graphic, music, photo and other editors.

Quilling and origami

Origami, like quilling, is work with paper. Only origami is work with square sheets of paper from which all sorts of shapes are formed.

DECORATIVE AND APPLIED ARTS

Arts and crafts- a type of creative activity to create household items intended to satisfy the utilitarian and artistic and aesthetic needs of people.

Decorative and applied arts include products made from a variety of materials and using various technologies. The material for a DPI item can be metal, wood, clay, stone, bone. Very diverse technical and artistic techniques manufacturing of products: carving, embroidery, painting, embossing, etc. Main characteristic feature the subject of DPI is decorativeness, which consists in imagery and the desire to decorate, make better, more beautiful.

Decorative and applied arts have national character. Since it comes from the customs, habits, beliefs of a certain ethnic group, it is close to their way of life.

Folk decorative and applied art is one of the time-tested forms of expressing a person’s aesthetic perception of the world.

An important component of decorative and applied arts are folk arts and crafts - a form of organizing artistic work based on collective creativity, developing local cultural traditions and focused on the sale of craft products.

The key creative idea of traditional crafts is the affirmation of the unity of the natural and human world.

The main folk crafts of Russia are:

Wood carving - Bogorodskaya, Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya; (illustrations 2-8)

Wood painting - Khokhloma, Gorodetskaya, Polkhov-Maidanskaya, Mezenskaya,

Decoration of birch bark products - stamping on birch bark, painting;

Artistic stone processing - hard and soft stone processing,

Bone carving - Kholmogorskaya, Tobolskaya. Khotkovskaya,

Miniature painting on papier-mâché - Fedoskino miniature, Palekh miniature, Mstera miniature, Kholuy miniature,

Artistic metal processing - Veliky Ustyug niello silver, Rostov enamel (enamel painting on metal), Zhostovo metal painting,

Folk ceramics - Gzhel ceramics, Skopin ceramics, Dymkovo toy, Kargopol toy,

Lace making - Vologda lace, Mikhailovskoe lace,

Fabric painting - Pavlovsk scarves and shawls,

Embroidery - Vladimir, Colored weave, Gold embroidery.

In Russia there are more than 80 types of folk applied art, revived and traditionally based. These are: artistic embroidery, Russian artistic varnishes, ceramics, artistic painting on fabric, clay, wood, etc. Today in Russia there are 12 educational institutions, which prepare students in the most complex traditional areas of folk applied culture, these include: Semenovskaya School, Ural School of Arts, Lomonosov school bone carving, Torzhok school of gold embroidery, Mstera art and industrial school, etc.

Decorative and applied arts. Folk art.

1. Since ancient times, it has been common for man to strive for beauty in

the objective (material) world around him. For this purpose, embroidered patterns were applied to simple fabrics, and ceramics were decorated with ornaments. Metal products were cast in shaped forms, covered with chasing and notching. The pattern and decoration seemed to be “attached” to the object, and it became more beautiful, richer, more elegant. It retained its utilitarian (practical) basis, its usefulness, but now one could simply admire it, show it off as a landmark. And such an object was valued not only for the fact that it was simply useful, but also for its design, for the skill of decoration, the nobility of the material and subtlety. Later, in the 19th century, this area of artistic development of the object world was defined as “applied art.”

Applied arts serves practical purposes and at the same time

decorates our life, creates a certain emotional mood.

Decorative arts. Became widespread during the era

slavery. This is the desire of people to decorate themselves with necklaces, bracelets,

rings, pendants, earrings, etc. Later, items appeared

clothing decorations, and then home decorations, such as carpets, on

which were no longer sitting or reclining, but were hung on the wall for beauty, or floor vases - also not for flowers and not for water or wine, but for

decoration of the front halls. Here beauty came first. Their

The only “benefit” was that they were beautiful. This is art in the 18th -19th centuries.

called decorative(from the French word “decor” - “decoration”). Products

decorative arts exist only to decorate a room,

clothes or person. If design items are produced in millions

circulation, applied art - in the thousands, then decorative products -

tens, or even units. In them the artist shows, first of all, his

individual taste. The most important thing in works of decorative

art - general artistic expression, the beauty of the thing as a whole. Applied and decorative arts demonstrate the taste and imagination of the artist; they reflect the material and spiritual interests of people, and national traits.

Applied and decorative arts in many cases complement each other

friend. In this case they talk about decorative and applied arts.

Decorative art is one of the types of plastic arts.

Decorative art is a work that, along with architecture

artistically shapes the material environment surrounding a person and

brings into it an aesthetic, ideological and figurative beginning.

Species decorative arts : arts and crafts,

design, theatrical and decorative, monumental and decorative,

design.

Folk art.

Behind these words stands a large and important phenomenon: folk poetry and

theater, music and dance, architecture and fine arts. Folk art is the foundation on which the edifice of world artistic culture has grown.

Distinctive features of folk art:

1. Folk art works are different beauty and benefit.

2. Technical skills and found images are transferred from

generation to generation. Because of this, consolidated for centuries

tradition selects only the best creative achievements.

3. Collectiveness of creativity . Everything in the work is dictated

centuries-old tradition: choice of material and methods of its processing,

the nature and content of decorative decoration.

The amazing cheerfulness of folk art - from consciousness

own strength, because behind every thing is the talent, work and unanimity of many people, ideally an entire people. Beauty also comes from this source. And of course from native nature, from whom the master learns.

Folk art can be a source of ideas and inspiration

professional artists.

3. Ornament

Great importance in folk art is given to ornament, which

decorates an object or is its structural element.

Ornament (from the Latin “ornamentum” - “decoration”) - pattern,

built on rhythmic alternation and combination of geometric or

visual elements. The main purpose of the ornament is to decorate

surface of an object, emphasizing its shape.

Types of ornament: geometric, natural, animalistic.

Works of decorative and applied art reveal

material and spiritual interests of people, national traits.

Archaic forms of folk decorative arts and crafts. Folk arts and crafts: problems of development in the context of reforming society

History of the Moscow Museum of Folk Art

Museum collection

Lacquer miniature

Artistic painting on wood

Zhostovo trays

Enamel

Majolica

Gzhel

Embroidery

Dymkovo toys for children

Filimonovskaya toy

Pavlovo Posad shawls

Vologda lace

Modern types of needlework and creativity

Scrapbooking

Quilling and origami

Artistic wood processing

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Similar documents

History of the Moscow Museum of Folk Art

Museum collection

Lacquer miniature

Artistic painting on wood

Zhostovo trays

Enamel

Majolica

Gzhel

Embroidery

Dymkovo toys for children

Filimonovskaya toy

Pavlovo Posad shawls

Vologda lace

Modern types of needlework and creativity

Scrapbooking

Quilling and origami