Developing lessons on Dostoevsky, poor people. Lesson on the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Poor People"

Lesson 55 f. M. Dostoevsky: pages of life and creativity. story "White Nights"

Goals: trace life path writer; review novels; exchange impressions about the read story “White Nights”.

Lesson progress

I. Work on the topic of the lesson.

1. Opening remarks teachers.

F. M. Dostoevsky entered the history of Russian and world literature as a writer-philosopher, because at the center of his novels was always philosophical issues. The disclosure of this issue explains the writer’s deep interest in the secrets of inner world of a person, to a psychological analysis of his personality. His heroes are usually focused on resolving some philosophical problem, they are not interested in the everyday side of life. " Russians boys,” as Dostoevsky usually called his favorite heroes, are filled with ideas and passions. The basis of conflicts in his novels is internal struggle in the souls of the heroes and the struggle of these heroes, torn by contradictions, among themselves. The essence of this struggle is the solution to the question of good and evil.

To the modern world, which has trampled on eternal spiritual values ​​and forgotten about moral ideals, Dostoevsky contrasts the ideal of Christ, which he understands as spiritual beauty that will save the world.

Dostoevsky's heroes are tormented by problems that worried the author himself. We should pay special attention to the writer’s social position and the origins of his philosophy. Information about the life of Fyodor Mikhailovich will help to recreate the socio-political picture of life in Russia during the creation of “Crime and Punishment” - one of the most complex novels in world literature.

2.Student's message about the life and work of the writer.

The writer's father, Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky, belonged to noble family Rtishchev. One of his ancestors was given the village of Dostoevo in the Podolsk province, where his surname comes from.

His mother is Maria Feodorovna, nee Nechaeva.

Mikhail Andreevich graduated from the Medical-Surgical Academy, fought against Napoleon in 1812, and after retiring, settled in Moscow, where he was appointed to the position of doctor at the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor. F. M. Dostoevsky was born here on October 30 (November 11), 1821.

In 1838, the young man entered the Main (St. Petersburg) Military Engineering School, which he graduated from in 1843, after which he was enrolled in the St. Petersburg engineering team. In 1837, mother Maria Fedorovna died, and in 1839, father died suddenly from apoplexy. This news shocked the future writer so much that he suffered a nervous attack, which was aggravated by rumors that his father did not die a natural death, but was killed by men. The disease developed into epilepsy, which tormented the writer all his life.

Humiliating poverty, doing something he didn't like - all this prompted Fyodor Mikhailovich to resign in order to devote himself entirely to literary work.

In 1846, Dostoevsky’s first original work, “Poor People,” was published, bringing the author extraordinary success. It delighted Belinsky, as well as the writers who formed the circle of the “natural school.”

The image of St. Petersburg, the image of " little man", the theme of the psychological duality of the human personality, which arose in "Poor People", will continue in the works of the 40s: "The Double" (1846), "White Nights" (1848), "Netochka Nezvanova" (1846– 1849).

So, the year is 1849... “Subject to death by shooting”... For what? Why?

3.Drawing up an outline plan on the life and work of the writer.

1) “Subject to death penalty...”.

2) B House of the Dead. Years of exile abroad and at home.

3) “Anna Grigorievna Snitkina – a turtle dove among the crows.”

4) Great novels of the writer:

– novel-feuilleton “Humiliated and Insulted”;

– confessional novel “Crime and Punishment”;

– a novel about education “Teenager”;

- novel-synthesis “The Brothers Karamazov”.

4. Final word teachers.

The writer's worldview, which is reflected in his works, is quite contradictory. The writer did not share the views of either revolutionary democrats, Westerners, or Slavophiles on the future of Russia. He tried to find his own solution; he was sure that Russia had a special historical mission. Together with his heroes, Dostoevsky intensely searches for the truth; not some higher, philosophical-abstract truth, but a truth gained by a person on the difficult path of personal searches, misconceptions and doubts. This truth, according to the writer, is nearby; it has always been the deep essence of Russia and its people. It is not newly invented teachings and theories that will revive Russia, but a return to the highest spiritual values ​​of goodness, love and mercy, known since biblical times.

5.Exchange of impressions O story "White Nights"(1848).

– Why is this work called a sentimental novel?

– In what setting does the plot of the work unfold?

– What events are depicted on the pages of the story? (A brief retelling.)

– How does the main character of the story feel? Why?

– What feelings did the work evoke in you?

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Lesson Study

On the topic “What, what should we do?”

(based on the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky “Poor People”)

Equipment: portrait of F.M. Dostoevsky, illustrations for the novel, text of the novel.

Objective of the lesson:

Introduction to Dostoevsky's text “Poor People”;

Development of analytical reading skills, expressive reading;

Cultivating a sense of compassion in students humane treatment to others.

Lesson progress

In the last lesson, we got acquainted with the biography and features of the work of the great Russian realist writer F.M. Dostoevsky, who, along with Pushkin, Gogol, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Goncharov and other representatives of critical realism, is gaining worldwide recognition and has a great influence on the development of Russian and European literature.

1. What made him popular?
2. Why did his works excite and continue to excite readers today?

Perhaps a partial answer to the question lies in our familiarity with his novel Poor People.

The topic of our lesson today is “What, what should we do?”

Many people have asked this question literary heroes writer. Fyodor Mikhailovich himself is also looking for an answer to this painful question: “What, what should we do?” so that there is no suffering, pain, cruelty and oppression of the human person in the world. His books cannot be read calmly, without spiritual tension; his cruel realism captures, frightens, amazes...

According to the poet D. Merezhkovsky, “Dostoevsky’s books cannot be read, they must be experienced, suffered in order to understand, and then they are no longer forgotten.” And physicist Albert Einstein claimed that he gives him more than any thinker.

(Words are projected on the slide)

“In today’s world... Dostoevsky’s alarm bell rings incessantly, calling for humanity and humanism,” says the Russian-language writer Ch. Aitmatov.

Gorky stated: “Tolstoy and Dostoevsky are two greatest geniuses; with the power of their talents they shocked the whole world, they drew the amazed attention of all Europe to Russia.”

Write these statements in your notebook.

1. Which of them could we take as an epigraph for the lesson?

We will be able to answer this question a little later.

How did the writer’s contemporaries react to the novel?

1. The novel was an extraordinary success even before its publication.

Such a triumph for a debutant was an extraordinary event in the history of Russian literature.

According to Nekrasov, a new Gogol has appeared in the person of Dostoevsky.

Famous literary critic Belinsky believed that “the novel reveals secrets of life and characters in Rus' that no one had ever dreamed of before.”

1. Addressing Dostoevsky,asked: “Do you yourself understand that you wrote this!... have you yourself comprehended all this terrible truth that you pointed out to us?

This is the artist's service to the truth! The truth was revealed and proclaimed to you as an artist, it was given to you as a gift, so appreciate your gift and remain faithful and you will be a great artist.” These words of the critic turned out to be prophetic.

In a letter to his brother Mikhail, Dostoevsky talks about his success: “... Never, I think, will my glory reach such a climax as it does now. Everywhere the respect is incredible, the curiosity about me is terrible.”

How can one explain such a success of the novel?

(Students' answers follow)

What impression did the novel make on you?

(Students' answers follow)

The subject of the writer’s image becomes a small person, his inner world.

The definition of “little man” is given

Which 19th century writers turned to the theme of the “little man” in their works?

"Station caretaker A, C Pushkin.

"Overcoat" -

Why is the story about a man called “The Overcoat”?

1. A thing has replaced a person

The uniform replaced the personality, the rank replaced the person.

The value of a person is determined by formal characteristics, by external data - clothing, rank, house... But it cannot be otherwise: this is the essence of the state structure.

Thus, Dostoevsky in his novel continues the traditions of Russian literature in the depiction of the “little man”; it is no coincidence that the author himself claims that “we all came out of Gogol’s “The Overcoat.”

One of the reviewers of the novel, Konstantin Aksakov, believed that Dostoevsky’s work was written strongly under the influence of Gogol and, therefore, the author of “Poor People” did not bring anything new to the image of the “little man.”

Do you agree with this opinion?

1. No, since Dostoevsky showed the inner world of the heroes, their emotional experiences, ability to compassion, readiness to help, whereas Gogol N.V. Akaki Akakievich is lonely and very withdrawn.

What new did Dostoevsky bring to the disclosure of this topic?

1. The characters speak about themselves, in letters.

Why did the heroes of the novel need to correspond, because they live in the same yard, they even see each other through the window. Why did you have to write?

1. Dostoevsky is afraid that his meetings with the girl will give rise to gossip and gossip.
2. To show the inner world of the heroes, because the heroes speak about themselves in their letters.
3. Does the “little man” himself confide in us his experiences and thoughts?

These are letters of confession, letters of confession, letters of revelation.

(a slide with the definition of “epistolary form” is displayed)

How are the heroes of Dostoevsky’s novel Varenka Dobroselova and Makar Devushkin presented?

Dramatization

In total, the heroes wrote 55 letters, full of suffering, grief, hopes for the best, “What, what should we do?” so that at least something would change for the better in the lives of the heroes.

What are M. Devushkin’s letters about and how does he appear in these letters?

Their speech characterizes the characters very well.

What can we say about M. Devushkin’s speech?

Why did Dostoevsky not accept Belinsky’s reproaches for his inability to “overcome obstacles from language and form”?

Many accused Dostoevsky of the verbosity of the main character, of tongue-tiedness, to which the author replied ... They have no idea that Devushkin is speaking, not me, and that Devushkin cannot speak otherwise. The novel is found to be drawn out, but there is no superfluous word in it.” The modern linguist Vinogradov noted this manner as the merit of the work: “For the first time in Dostoevsky, a petty official speaks so much and with such tonal vibrations.”

Transition to Varenka Dobroselova

Conclusion. For the first time in Dostoevsky's novel, the life of little people is shown from the inside, revealed so truthfully and in detail. The inner wealth of the “little man”, beauty, and high culture of feelings are convincingly shown. Love for Varenka straightens him, a real revolution takes place in him: “and I found peace of mind and learned that I am no worse than others, that this is the only way I don’t shine with anything. There is no shine, there is no drowning, but still I am a man, that in my heart and thoughts I am a man.”

So Dostoevsky showed us how much beauty, noble and bright lies in the most limited human nature.

Conclusion.

What to do?

For himself, Dostoevsky resolved this question in this way:

I tried to express the mystery of the human soul.

How would you answer this question asked at the beginning of the walk?

Homework.

Prepare messages “Doubles of M. Devushkin”

Traditions and innovation of Dostoevsky in the novel “Poor People”

Lessons 105–106 MEETING WITH F. M. DOSTOEVSKY, THINKER, ARTIST AND MAN (SKETCH OF LIFE AND WORK)

Lessons 105–106
Meeting with F. M. Dostoevsky,
thinker, artist and person
(Essay on life and work)

Goals : deepen students’ understanding of Dostoevsky, a thinker, writer and person; awaken interest in his work; find out what causes the enormous interest in Dostoevsky’s novels in our time.

Visual aids: portrait of a writer, album of F. M. Dostoevsky.

Progress of lessons

Epigraph for lessons:

I will tell you about myself that I am a child of the century, a child of unbelief and doubt. What terrible torment this thirst to believe has cost and still costs.

F. M. Dostoevsky

I. Teacher's opening speech.

Life and work of F. M. Dostoevsky

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (1821–1881)– an outstanding writer-thinker, talented journalist and publicist. The artist K. Trutovsky left us a portrait of Dostoevsky: a high forehead, widely spaced eyes, regularly shaped lips and nose, sparse light-colored hair and a barely noticeable beard. A decisive wave of dark eyebrows - and the expression on his face is sad, disappointed, a little stern and at the same time sympathetic.

E. M. Rumyantseva: “In Dostoevsky, indeed, the most contradictory qualities were combined: gullibility and simplicity - with painful suspiciousness, isolation - with sincerity and frankness, warmth and participation - with aloofness, sometimes mistaken for arrogance, uncontrollable passion - with impenetrability, seriousness with frivolity.”

The life, personality and work of the writer are complex and full of drama.

II. Conversation with students about the life and personality of F. M. Dostoevsky.

Questions.

1. Tell us about the main events and impressions of Dostoevsky’s childhood and youth that influenced the formation of his worldview.

2. What role did acquaintance with V. G. Belinsky play in the writer’s life? What excited the great critic in Dostoevsky’s novel “Poor People”? (Novel "Poor People" (1845) was read by Grigorovich and Nekrasov. “Suddenly there was a call that surprised me extremely, and Grigorovich and Nekrasov rushed to hug me, in complete delight, and both almost cried themselves,” Dostoevsky recalled. Soon the manuscript was read by V. G. Belinsky. “Do you understand that you wrote this!.. The truth has been revealed and proclaimed to you as an artist... Appreciate your gift and remain faithful and you will be a great writer“,” Belinsky repeated to the aspiring writer. The critic found that the novel “as a whole is excellent,” that it contains “terrible simplicity and truth.”

In the novel “Poor People,” Dostoevsky revealed the complex, rich spiritual world a “small” person, humiliated and insulted, crushed by life. “After all, these are people too, your brothers!” The heroes of the novel, Makar Devushkin and Varenka Dobroselova, are people of amazing spiritual purity.)

3. What ideas united people in M. V. Petrashevsky’s circle? Why and how were the Petrashevites punished? (Since 1847, Dostoevsky began to attend the “Fridays” of M. Petrashevsky, a utopian socialist. Petrashevsky dreamed of freedom, of social justice for all people. Dostoevsky spoke out for the immediate abolition of serfdom in Russia.

In April 1849, the writer read at a meeting the forbidden “Letter of Belinsky to Gogol,” filled, as the report of the provocateur Antonelli said, with “impudent freethinking.”

Dostoevsky, along with other Petrashevites, was arrested and sent to the Peter and Paul Fortress. The case of those arrested took eight months to be considered. Everyone was amazed at the cruelty of the sentence: “subject to death by firing squad.” The execution ceremony took place on December 22, 1849 at the Semenovsky parade ground in St. Petersburg. “This moment was terrible,” wrote one of the Petrashevites D. Akhsharumov. But a few minutes later another verdict was read out, according to which “... the Emperor announced the granting of life by the Sovereign and, instead of the death penalty, a special punishment to each according to his guilt.” Dostoevsky was sentenced to 4 years of hard labor in Siberia.

From a letter from F. M. Dostoevsky to his brother Mikhail: “...Brother! I am not sad and have not lost heart... In four years there will be a relief of fate... As I look back at the past and think how much time was wasted, how much of it was lost in delusions, in mistakes, in idleness, in the inability to live... my heart bleeds so much. Life is a gift, life is happiness, every minute could be a century of happiness... Brother! I swear to you that I will not lose hope and will keep my spirit and heart pure. I will be reborn for the better. This is all my hope, all my consolation.")

4. What role did the meeting with the Decembrists play in Dostoevsky’s life? (In Tobolsk, in a transit prison, the writer and his like-minded people lived for 6 days. They were helped by the wives of the Decembrists - Zh. A. Muravyov, P. E. Annenkova and N. D. Fonvizin. They encouraged the exiles, helped with food and clothing, and provided each The Gospel was the only book allowed in the prison. The journey under escort was difficult, F. Dostoevsky recalled: “I was frozen to the core.”)

5. How did Dostoevsky’s views and ideas change after hard labor? (At penal servitude, the writer “recognized” the Russian people. “And in penal servitude among the robbers, I, at the age of four, finally distinguished people. Would you believe it,” Dostoevsky wrote to his brother, “there are deep, strong, beautiful characters... I got along with them and that’s why “I think I know them fairly well... If I didn’t get to know Russia, I got to know the Russian people well, as perhaps not many people know them.”

Dostoevsky saw in hard labor the full extent of the suffering of the common man, his powerless position, his humility. It is possible to revive Russia and save the oppressed people only by returning “to the highest spiritual values ​​of goodness, love and mercy, known since biblical times.” The Christian religion with its ideas of brotherhood and mutual compassion can unite people. “To believe that there is nothing more beautiful, deeper, more sympathetic, more intelligent, more courageous and more perfect than Christ,” said Dostoevsky. Faith in the existence of a moral principle in the midst of general chaos and lawlessness helped the writer endure the torment of hard labor.

The writer had a negative attitude towards the revolutionary movement and did not share the views of the revolutionary democrats on the future of Russia.)

6. Tell us about the journalistic activities of F. Dostoevsky.
(Publishing the magazines “Time”, 1861–1863, “Epoch”, 1864–1865, “Citizen”, 1873)

7. What are the reasons for Dostoevsky’s enormous popularity in our time?

III. A brief retelling of the content of F. M. Dostoevsky’s novels.

1. “Humiliated and Insulted” (1861)

A story about Ivan Petrovich, about how he wrote a story about a poor official. This is Dostoevsky’s personal confession, his memories of the beginning of his creative journey, his unabated pain for a humiliated and abused person.

2. “Notes from the House of the Dead” (1859–1861)

The work was written after hard labor, from where the writer returned reconciled with life. For the first time in literature, Dostoevsky showed the world the life of prisoners. Thieves, rapists, murderers, counterfeiters... “The devil took three bast shoes before he gathered us into one pile,” the convicts said gloomily. But even in hardened criminals, Dostoevsky managed to find something human. According to A.I. Herzen, “Notes...” is a “terrible book.”

3. "Crime and Punishment" (1866)

The hero of the novel is tormented by the sight of crimes committed with impunity before his eyes. Raskolnikov cannot remain passive, indifferent. And then he has an idea, the implementation of which requires breaking the law.

The writer describes the murder scene in great detail and also explores the psychology of the killer.

4. "The Idiot" (1868)

This is a book about a wonderful man, Prince Myshkin, who finds himself in a world where chaos reigns, the cult of money, where people do not know pity and do not understand goodness. The prince is ready to help the suffering. But, unfortunately, he can’t do anything; he is powerless in the face of the surrounding evil.

The novel poses “the question of saving the world through faith, beauty, love, but the answer to it sounds utopian and unconvincing.”

5. "The Brothers Karamazov" (1879–1880)

were conceived as a series of novels, but only the first was written by Dostoevsky. The novel “The Brothers Karamazov” is, according to literary critic S. V. Belov, spiritual biography the writer, his ideological and life path from atheism in Petrashevsky’s circle (Ivan Karamazov) to a believer (Alyosha Karamazov). But creative and life biography Dostoevsky becomes the history of the human personality in general, the universal and all-human destiny.

At the center of the novel is the Karamazov family, in which hatred and enmity reign between Fyodor Karamazov and his sons. Dmitry, Ivan, and Alyosha are all guilty of the murder of the head of the family, although the direct perpetrator is Smerdyakov. Ivan preached atheism; Smerdyakov decided that everything was allowed to him; Dmitry is also to blame; in a fit of hatred towards his father, he was on the verge of a crime. Alyosha knew about the impending crime, but did nothing. The crime of the Karamazov children entails general punishment...

As a result, three brothers “through suffering are reborn to a new life.”

6. Novels by F. M. Dostoevsky “Demons” (1871–1872),
"Teenager" (1875)

Dostoevsky's works are distinguished by their acute topicality; they are filled with pain and compassion for man, for his tormented, crippled fate.

Homework.

1. Reading the novel “Crime and Punishment”, part 1.

2. Answer the questions orally:

1) How do you see the streets of St. Petersburg?

2) Tell us about the people Raskolnikov met.

3) Where do Dostoevsky’s heroes live? (Raskolnikov, Marmeladov.)

4) Read the description of nature. What is the role of landscape?

5) What is the meaning of color in Dostoevsky’s work? (Use quotations when answering.)

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The main character of the novel is Makar Alekseevich Devushkin. He is a titular adviser and works in one of the St. Petersburg departments, doing paper copying there. Recently, 47-year-old Makar Alekseevich changed his apartment and now lives in a shared kitchen in an apartment with a long corridor and a large number of residents. But this does not bother the hero, since the main thing for him is that now he does not have to pay much for the apartment, since a lot of money is spent on renting another apartment - comfortable and good, which he rents for Varvara Alekseevna Dobroselova.

Varenka is a distant relative of Devushkin. And the whole history of their relationship is set out in the novel in the correspondence that they conduct with each other. Varenka’s apartment is located next to the apartment where Makar Alekseevich lives, but they see each other very rarely, since Devushkin is afraid that someone will think bad things about Varenka. In his letters, he talks about how happy he is that he has such a close person like her, describes the apartment in which he lives and his neighbors. He also writes that he “has no style,” which is noticeable both in conversation and in work, and of which he is very ashamed. Varenka, in her letters, asks him not to spend money on her and to come visit more often. In addition, Varenka is worried that her distant relative Anna Fedorovna, with whom she and her mother once lived, will find out her address. Varenka's mother died, and Anna Fedorovna, saying that she could not cover the losses that she suffered because of them, sold Varenka to the rich landowner Bykov, and he dishonored her, after which Varenka ran away from Anna Fedorovna's house, and only Devushkin saved her from real death.

Varenka was born and raised in a village where her father served as a manager for a wealthy landowner. But then he was left without a place, and the whole family moved to St. Petersburg, which Varenka really did not like. Soon their father died, and their house had to be sold to pay off their debts - that’s how Varenka and her mother ended up with Anna Feodorovna. Soon the “virtuous woman” began to reproach Varenka’s mother for not earning enough, although her mother worked very hard. Varenka herself, living with Anna Fedorovna, took lessons from student Pyotr Pokrovsky, who lived in the same house. Due to health reasons, he was unable to study at university and earned his living by giving private lessons. But the friendship of Varenka and Peter was short-lived - the student soon died of consumption. A short time later, Varenka’s mother died, and she was left completely alone.

Communication with Varenka helps Devushkin understand how good it is to have a loved one nearby. She opens him to the world of literature - he is shocked after reading “The Station Agent” by Pushkin and “The Overcoat” by Gogol. He feels that his “style” has become much better. They walk together and go to the theater. But Devushkin’s money is running out, and he doesn’t know what to do next. The situation is aggravated by the fact that men who are sent to her by Anna Fedorovna begin to come to Varenka. Varenka urgently needs to change her apartment. Devushkin begins to drink out of despair, Varenka consoles him. What saves the situation is Devushkin’s visit to his boss, who, seeing his beggarly dress, orders him to be given 100 rubles. And Bykov comes to Varenka, who has decided to have legitimate children - he is ready to marry her. If she refuses, then he has another bride in mind. But Varenka agrees, because she feels that no one can return her “honest name” and pull her out of poverty. Makar Alekseevich tries to dissuade her from this step, but he himself helps her get ready. After the wedding, Bykov and Varenka leave for the estate. Varenka writes a farewell letter to Devushkin. In his response letter one can feel his despair and confusion - who needs him now, even with a good “syllable”?

April 8
Makar Devushkin, in his next letter to Varvara Alekseevna Dobroselova, writes: he is happy that she listened to him and in the morning opened the curtain on the window, and it even seemed to him that her “pretty face” flashed outside the window. Now they seem to be talking with the help of this curtain: slightly open - “good morning, Makar Alekseevich”, lowered - “goodbye... time to sleep.” Makar Alekseevich has just settled in a new place, but he feels good, enjoys the sun, the birds, he even dreamed a little, and all his dreams are connected with Varenka, whom he compares to “a bird of heaven, created for the joy of people and for the decoration of nature.” Next, Makar Devushkin describes his new home, which he calls a “slum.” This is a long corridor, completely dark and unclean, on its right side there is a blank wall, and on the left there is “all doors and doors.” Here, “in rooms,” all sorts of people live in twos and threes, “however, it seems, they are good people, all so educated, scientists”: one official, two officers who all play cards, a midshipman, an English teacher . Makar himself is huddled in the kitchen behind a partition. But he allegedly settled here “for convenience... and not for anything else.” Firstly, Varenka’s window is right opposite, and secondly, it’s cheaper here, so now Makar can drink tea with sugar. For Varenka, he bought two pots of balsam and a geranium. And so that Varenka does not doubt anything, Makar repeats that he settled behind the partition only for convenience alone, and he saves and saves money. Along with the letter, Makar sends Varya some sweets.
In a reply letter sent on the same day, Varya reproaches Makar Alekevich for spending money on gifts for her, and immediately admires the geranium he bought. Varya understands that because of her, Makar is deprived of what he needs, because with his salary he could rent better housing. However, Fedora (the owner of the apartment) says that Makar used to live much better. Varya again begs Makar not to spend so much money on her. Varya herself is doing well: Fedora got her a job.
The girl is worried about the future. “...What will be my fate! The hard thing is that; in such uncertainty that I have no future... It’s scary to look back. There is such grief there that the heart is torn in half at the mere memory. I will forever cry over the evil people who destroyed me!” - writes Varya. She invites Makar to visit her and asks him to write more about her life. “Today is melancholy, boring, and sad!”
In his response letter, Makar apologizes for what he wrote in the morning (about his dreams). It seemed to him that Varya misunderstood him. No, he was “animated” only by “fatherly affection”, because he, due to her bitter orphanhood, was Varenka’s father, and nothing more. In addition, he is Varya’s relative, although very distant, and now he is “the closest relative and patron”, because Varya found betrayal and resentment among her close people. Makar tries to convince Varya that she lives well. He remembers with longing the previous apartment where he lived for twenty years, his now deceased owner and her granddaughter Masha. Makar is worried about Varya’s good name - how will he come to her, because they will notice, there will be gossip!
April 9
Varya asks for forgiveness in her letter if she unwittingly offended Makar Alekseevich. She knows how to appreciate everything he did for her, protecting her from evil people, from their persecution and hatred. He is in vain ashamed to come to visit her and Fedora. She can’t write anymore today - she’s terribly unwell.
April 12
Devushkin is very concerned about Varya’s illness and asks her to dress warmly. Next, he describes in more detail how Varya asked for it, his life and what surrounds him. The house in which he lives is dirty and neglected, the rooms are stuffy, the smell is bad, the kitchen is smelly, the laundry is constantly drying, but it’s okay - you’ll live and get used to it.” The owner of the apartment is a “real witch.” One room is occupied by some poor family with three children, meek people. The head of the Gorshkov family, a former official, has been without a job for seven years, is dressed even worse than Makar himself. They owe a debt to the landlady, Gorshkov himself has some kind of trouble - either he is on trial, or under investigation... Makar feels very bad for these people.
April 25
Varya writes to Devushkin that she met her cousin Sasha. She is also in danger of death. Varya herself is interested in her relative Anna Fedorovna, who is going to come to her. In her opinion, Varya is “ashamed and indecent” to live supported by Devushkin, but she, Anna Fedorovna, once sheltered Varya and her mother, spent more than two and a half years on them and then forgave them the debt. It is not Anna Fedorovna’s fault that Varya “she herself could not, and perhaps did not want to, stand up for her honor.” Poor people
page 2
As for Mr. Bykov, then, in her opinion, he is absolutely right - you can’t marry just anyone! Varya is outraged and deeply offended by this falsehood. She thought that Anna Feodorovna, at least, was aware of her guilt towards her... Yesterday Varya went to her mother’s grave and caught a cold.
May 20
Devushkin sends grapes to Varenka along with the letter so that she gets well soon. He asks her not to believe Fedora’s words that he sold his new uniform, and promises to send Varya a book, which everyone around praises. Makar writes that he cannot come to Varya more often. When she was seriously ill, he almost never left her side, and gossip began to spread. So let Varya recover, and they will meet somewhere outside the house.
June 1
Varya sends Makar Alekseevich a notebook in which she began to write down the story of her life “back in a happy time...”.
1
Varya's childhood was very happy, especially when her father worked as the manager of a huge estate. She was ready to live her whole life like this. But the prince died, and his heirs denied the manager the position. Varya was twelve years old when the family moved to St. Petersburg, where her father had some money in circulation with private individuals. My father was in a quarrel with Anna Fedorovna. Soon Varya was sent to a boarding school, where she was very sad, the girls laughed at her and made slander to the governess. But she tried to study in order to please her beloved father. Coming home on Saturdays, Varya noticed that her father was spending his last on her education, that the family was barely getting by. Every day my father became gloomier and angrier, his character completely deteriorated: things were going badly, a lot of debts had accumulated. The mother fell ill with consumption from grief. The father was exhausted by his worries and sorrows; he caught a cold and suddenly died. Creditors immediately appeared, and the mother gave them everything she had. The house was also sold, and the mother and daughter “were left homeless, without shelter, without food.” Varya was then fourteen years old. It was then that Anna Fedorovna appeared, introducing herself as their relative. She assured that she sympathized with their grief, that she wanted to get closer to them, offered to forget old feuds, and ordered a memorial service for Varya’s father. Anna Feodorovna invited them to live with her, and they agreed.
2
Anna Fedorovna lived in her own five-room house on Vasilyevsky Island. Three rooms were occupied by the hostess herself and her pupil, the orphan Sasha, Varya’s cousin. Varya and her mother lived in the fourth room, and another was occupied by a tenant, a poor student named Pokrovsky. Anna Fedorovna lived richly, but nothing was known about her condition or what she did. She had wide acquaintances, many people came to her, “always for some business and for a moment.” At first Anna Feodorovna was affectionate with Varya and her mother, but then, when she saw that they were helpless and had nowhere to go, she showed what she really was like. She told her many visitors that, out of mercy, she sheltered a widow and an orphan, and at the table she watched every piece they took, and if they did not eat, she began to shout that they were disdainful, constantly scolding Varya’s late father. Mother wasted away day by day. They both worked from morning to night, sewing to order, although Anna Fedorovna did not like it, and tried to save money to move somewhere.
Student Pokrovsky taught Sasha French and German languages, history and geography. At Anna Fedorovna’s suggestion, she studied with Pokrovsky for a whole year together with Sasha and Varya.
Pokrovsky was very poor; due to poor health, he could not attend classes constantly, so he was called a student rather out of habit. He was awkward and at first seemed strange to Varya. In addition, he was irritable, constantly angry and shouting at his students. He had many books and read constantly.
Over time, Varya, having gotten to know Pokrovsky better, realized that he was wonderful and kind person. Varya’s mother respected him very much. He
became Varya's friend.
Sometimes a “dirty, poorly dressed... extremely strange” old man would appear in the house. This was the father of student Pokrovsky. Once upon a time he served somewhere and occupied a very insignificant position. After the death of his wife (the mother of student Pokrovsky), he married a second time. The stepmother hated his son. But the landowner Bykov, who knew the official Pokrovsky, placed the boy in some school. Bykov was interested in the boy because he knew his late mother (once upon a time it was Anna Fedorovna who “blessed” her and married her to the official Pokrovsky). After school, young Pokrovsky entered the gymnasium, then the university, but fell ill and could not continue his studies. It was then that Bykov hired him to teach Sasha with Anna Fedorovna. The old man, whom the second wife treated cruelly, beat him, became an alcoholic. The only human feeling that remained in his soul was boundless love for his son. Young Pokrovsky could not stand his father’s visits, his curiosity and empty chatter. The old man still continued to come twice a week.
One day, Varya secretly went into the room of student Pokrovsky and, seeing how many books there were, decided to read everything in order to be worthy of the young man’s friendship. Varya takes some book home, but when she comes home, she discovers that it is in Latin. She immediately goes back to get something else, accidentally knocks down a bookshelf, and Pokrovsky catches her in the act. At first he shouted at her as if she were a mischievous child, but suddenly he noticed that in front of him was not a child at all, but a young girl, and “blushed to the ears.”

Poor people - a novel by F. Dostoevsky.

The main character, Makar Devushkin, is forty-seven years old. He holds the insignificant position of titular councilor and receives a small salary.

His duty is to copy papers. Devushkin has just rented a new apartment, the main charm of which is the low cost of rent.

However, Devushkin chose this apartment to be closer to his distant relative, Varvara Dobroselova, with whom he rents an apartment in the same courtyard.

Varvara Dobroselova is a seventeen-year-old girl who, by the will of fate, remained an orphan. There is no one to help her except Makar Alekseevich. Relatives rarely see each other because they are afraid of gossip.

Both want warmth and empathy for their difficult destinies, so they correspond almost every day. Makar Alekseevich is very kind to Varvara. He saves on almost everything, only to once again please the girl with sweets and flowers, which, on the contrary, extremely upsets her.

Varvara believes that this is a waste. Devushkin explains his behavior by purely paternal affection. She convinces Devushkin to come see her more often, and in order to have at least some income, she takes up sewing. Next, Makar Alekseevich gives a detailed description of the place where he lives. He compares the room to Noah's Ark, since the inhabitants are very different.

Varya is seriously alarmed. She was found by another distant relative of hers, Anna Fedorovna, with whom little Varya and her mother once lived. Under the pretext of covering expenses, Anna Fedorovna introduces Varenka Dobroselov to the rich nobleman Bykov, who subsequently dishonored her. It was then that Makar Alekseevich saved Varvara from her final fall.

Very frightened that Bykov might find her, Varya falls ill and does not regain consciousness for almost a month. Makar Alekseevich did not leave the girl, and in order to cure her, he sells his uniform. At the beginning of June, Varvara finally recovered and began to tell Devushkin about her difficult life.

All yours happy childhood Dobroselova spent time in rural nature. Her father was a manager on the estate of some prince. When he lost his job, they had to move to gloomy and gloomy St. Petersburg. Varvara’s father suffered one failure after another, which is why he eventually died. The house had to be auctioned off to pay off debts.

At that time, Varenka was only fourteen years old, and she and her mother had neither a roof over their heads nor money. At this time they began to live with Anna Fedorovna, who constantly reproached Varya’s mother. The latter began to work tirelessly, and finally ruined her already poor health.

The young teacher Pyotr Pokrovsky, with whom Varvara studied for a whole year, also lived in the same house. She believed that he was a very kind and noble person. However, she was surprised by his lack of respect for the old father, who often came to visit his beloved son. Once the old man was a minor official, but now he was a heavy drunkard.

Peter was raised by Bykov, then sent him to university, placing him with Anna Fedorovna, with whom he was closely acquainted. While caring for Varvara's mother, the young people became close. Pokrovsky inspired the girl to read and developed her taste. But a little later Peter fell ill with consumption and died. To pay for the funeral, Anna Feodorovna appropriated all the belongings of the deceased.

The old father tried to keep the books, the hat and a few things for himself. On the day of the funeral it was pouring rain. Pokrovsky's father ran after the cart with the coffin. The books, which had nevertheless been wrested from Anna Fedorovna, disobediently fell out of their pockets straight into the dirt. He picked them up and tried to catch up with the cart again. Varya was crushed by grief. Soon her mother also died.

Devushkin also began to talk about his difficult fate. He has held the position of copyist of papers for thirty years. His quiet and modest nature was the cause of much ridicule. Other employees found fault with everything - his clothes, his figure and his position. The only joy in Devushkin’s life was Varya.

Soon Devushkin and Dobroselova go for a walk to the islands. This unusually cheered Varenka up. Makar praises Ratazyaev’s works, but Varvara notes the bad taste in some of his works. It is difficult for Devushkin to bear all the worries about the material support of Varenka and himself. His clothes are so worn out that even the servants and watchmen do not take him seriously.

Varya is sick again, but wants to help Makar Alekseevich and get a job as a governess. Devushkin does not approve of the idea - he believes that Varina’s “usefulness” lies in supporting Devushkin. Makar Alekseevich is amazed at the similarity of his feelings with the feelings of the main character “ Stationmaster» Pushkin. Makar Alekseevich begs Varenka not to leave him, as happened with Vyrin.

Then, on Varin’s advice, he reads “The Overcoat” by Gogol. The impression from this story was completely different. Devushkin and his ward go to the theater. At the beginning of July, Devushkin is left without money. But this is not the only problem - he and Varenka constantly suffer from the ridicule of the residents. Devushkin can’t stand it anymore and starts drinking; no one could find him for four days. Varya tries to calm Makar Alekseevich down and asks him to still visit her.

The next month, Devushkin unsuccessfully tries to borrow money at interest, which is so necessary for him - Anna Fedorovna sends “seekers” to Varenka, who come with “undue proposals.” Varya urgently needs to leave this apartment. Devushkin again became addicted to alcohol. Varya is even more overcome by illness. Devushkin accidentally makes a gross mistake when copying papers, but instead of swearing, the boss, imbued with regret, gave him a hundred rubles.

Bykov remembered Varenka and offered her his hand and heart. If the girl refuses, he threatens to marry someone else, but she agrees. It is in Bykov that Varya seeks solutions to all problems, but Makar Alekseevich dissuades her from a loveless marriage. At the end of September the wedding took place, and Varvara and Makar Alekseevich parted forever.

Brief retelling

“Poor people” Dostoevsky F.M. (Very briefly)

Makar Alekseevich Devushkin is a titular councilor forty-seven years old, copying papers for a small salary in one of the St. Petersburg departments. He had just moved to a new apartment in a “main” building near Fontanka. Along the long corridor are the doors of rooms for residents; the hero himself huddles behind a partition in the common kitchen. His previous housing was “incomparably better.” However, now the main thing for Devushkin is cheapness, because in the same courtyard he rents a more comfortable and expensive apartment for his distant relative Varvara Alekseevna Dobroselova. A poor official takes under his protection a seventeen-year-old orphan, for whom there is no one but him to intercede. Living nearby, they rarely see each other, since Makar Alekseevich is afraid of gossip. However, both need warmth and sympathy, which they draw from almost daily correspondence with each other. The history of the relationship between Makar and Varenka is revealed in thirty-one - his and twenty-four - her letters, written from April 8 to September 30, 184... Makar’s first letter is permeated with the happiness of finding heartfelt affection: “... it’s spring, and thoughts are still pleasant , sharp, intricate, and tender dreams come..." Denying himself food and clothes, he saves money for flowers and sweets for his "angel."

Varenka is angry with the patron for excessive expenses, and cools his ardor with irony: “...only poems are missing...”

“Fatherly affection animated me, the only pure fatherly affection...” - Makar is embarrassed.

Varya persuades her friend to come to her more often: “Who cares?” She takes home work - sewing.

In subsequent letters, Devushkin describes in detail his home - “Noah’s Ark” due to the abundance of a motley audience - with a “rotten, pungently sweet smell”, in which “the little siskins are dying.” He draws portraits of his neighbors: the card player midshipman, the petty writer Ratazyaev, the poor official without a job, Gorshkov and his family. The hostess is a “real witch.” He is ashamed that he is bad, he writes stupidly - “there is no syllable”: after all, he studied “not even with copper money.”

Varenka shares her anxiety: Anna Fedorovna, a distant relative, is “finding out” about her. Previously, Varya and her mother lived in her house, and then, supposedly to cover their expenses, the “benefactor” offered the girl, who was orphaned by that time, to the rich landowner Bykov, who dishonored her. Only Makar’s help saves the defenseless from final “death.” If only the pimp and Bykov didn’t find out her address! The poor thing falls ill from fear and lies unconscious for almost a month. Makar is nearby all this time. To get his little one back on his feet, he is selling a new uniform. By June, Varenka recovers and sends notes to her caring friend with the story of her life.

Her happy childhood was spent in her family in the lap of rural nature. When my father lost his position as manager of the estate of Prince P-go, they came to St. Petersburg - “rotten,” “angry,” “sad.” Constant failures drove my father to the grave. The house was sold for debts. Fourteen-year-old Varya and her mother were left homeless and homeless. It was then that Anna Fedorovna took them in, and soon began to reproach the widow. She worked beyond her strength, ruining her poor health for the sake of a piece of bread. For a whole year, Varya studied with a former student, Pyotr Pokrovsky, who lived in the same house. She was surprised in “the kindest, most worthy man, the best of all,” by the strange disrespect for the old father, who often visited his adored son. He was a bitter drunkard, once a petty official. Peter's mother, a young beauty, was married to him with a rich dowry by the landowner Bykov. Soon she died. The widower remarried. Peter grew up separately, under the patronage of Bykov, who placed the young man, who left the university for health reasons, “to live” with his “short acquaintance” Anna Fedorovna.

Joint vigils at the bedside of Varya’s sick mother brought the young people closer together. An educated friend taught the girl to read and developed her taste. However, Pokrovsky soon fell ill and died of consumption. The hostess took all the deceased's belongings to pay for the funeral. The old father took as many books from her as he could and stuffed them into her pockets, hat, etc. It started to rain. The old man ran, crying, behind the cart with the coffin, and books fell from his pockets into the mud. He picked them up and ran after them again... Varya, in anguish, returned home to her mother, who was also soon taken away by death...

Devushkin responds with a story about own life. He has been serving for thirty years. “Smirnenky”, “quiet” and “kind”, he became the subject of constant ridicule: “Makar Alekseevich was introduced into the proverb in our entire department”, “...they got to the boots, to the uniform, to the hair, to my figure: everything is not according to them ,-

everything needs to be redone!” The hero is indignant: “Well, what is there [...] that I’m rewriting! What, it’s a sin to rewrite, or what? “The only joy is Varenka: “It’s as if the Lord blessed me with a house and a family!”

On June 10, Devushkin takes his ward for a walk to the islands. She's happy. Naive Makar is delighted with Ratazyaev’s writings. Varenka notes the bad taste and pomposity of “Italian Passions”, “Ermak and Zuleika”, etc.

Realizing that Devushkin’s material worries about himself are too much for him (he was so self-absorbed that he arouses contempt even among the servants and watchmen), the sick Varenka wants to get a job as a governess. Makar is against: its “usefulness” lies in its “beneficial” influence on his life. He stands up for Ratazyaev, but after reading Pushkin’s “Station Warden,” sent by Varya, he is shocked: “I feel the same thing, just like in the book.” Vyrina tries on fate for herself and asks her “native” not to leave, not to “ruin” him. July 6 Varenka sends Gogol’s “The Overcoat” to Makar; that same evening they visit the theater.

If Pushkin’s story elevated Devushkin in his own eyes, then Gogol’s story offended him. Identifying himself with Bashmachkin, he believes that the author spied on all the little details of his life and unceremoniously made it public. The hero’s dignity is hurt: “after this you have to complain...”

By the beginning of July, Makar had spent everything. The only thing worse than lack of money is the ridicule of the tenants at him and Varenka. But the worst thing is that a “seeker” officer, one of her former neighbors, comes to her with an “undignified offer.” In despair, the poor man started drinking and disappeared for four days, missing service. I went to shame the offender, but was thrown down the stairs.

Varya consoles her protector and asks, despite the gossip, to come to her for dinner.

Since the beginning of August, Devushkin has been trying in vain to borrow money at interest, especially necessary in view of a new misfortune: the other day another “seeker” came to Varenka, directed by Anna Fedorovna, who herself will soon visit the girl. We need to move urgently. Out of helplessness, Makar starts drinking again. “For my sake, my darling, don’t ruin yourself and don’t ruin me,” the unfortunate woman begs him, sending her last “thirty kopecks in silver.” The encouraged poor man explains his “fall”: “how he lost respect for himself, how he indulged in denying his good qualities and his dignity, so here you are all lost!” Varya gives Makar self-respect: people “disgusted” him, “and I began to disdain myself., and […] you […] illuminated my whole dark life, […] and I […] learned that […] no worse than others ; that only […] I don’t shine with anything, there’s no gloss, I’m drowning, but still I’m a man, that in my heart and thoughts I’m a man.”

Varenka’s health is deteriorating, she is no longer able to sew. Anxious, Makar goes out on a September evening to the Fontanka embankment. Dirt, disorder, drunks - “boring”! And on neighboring Gorokhovaya there are rich shops, luxurious carriages, elegant ladies. The walker falls into “freethinking”: if work is the basis of human dignity, then why are so many idle people well-fed? Happiness is not given by merit - therefore the rich should not be deaf to the complaints of the poor. Makar is a little proud of his reasoning and notes that “his syllable has been forming recently.” On September 9, luck smiled on Devushkin: summoned for a “scolding” to the general for a mistake in a paper, the humble and pitiful official received the sympathy of “His Excellency” and received one hundred rubles from him personally. This is a real salvation: we paid for the apartment, the table, the clothes. Devushkin is depressed by his boss’s generosity and reproaches himself for his recent “liberal” thoughts. Reading "Northern Bee". Full of hope for the future.

Meanwhile, Bykov finds out about Varenka and on September 20 comes to woo her. His goal is to have legitimate children in order to disinherit his “worthless nephew.” If Varya is against it, he will marry a Moscow merchant's wife. Despite the unceremoniousness and rudeness of the offer, the girl agrees: “If anyone can […] restore my good name, turn poverty away from me […] it’s only him.” Makar dissuades: “Your heart will be cold!” Having fallen ill from grief, he still shares her efforts of getting ready for the trip until the last day.

September 30 - wedding. On the same day, on the eve of leaving for Bykov’s estate, Varenka writes a farewell letter to an old friend: “Who will you stay with here, kind, priceless, the only one!”

The answer is full of despair: “I worked, and wrote papers, and walked, and walked, […] all because you […] here, on the contrary, lived nearby.” Who now needs his formed “syllable”, his letters, himself? “By what right” do they destroy “human life”?

The novel “Poor People” by Dostoevsky was written in 1845 and became the first serious success of the aspiring writer. Subsequently, Fyodor Mikhailovich, listening to the criticism of the first edition, three times finalized his story about the relationship between Varenka and Makar Devushkin.

To better prepare for a literature lesson, we recommend reading online summary"Poor people" by chapter. Also, a summary of the novel will be useful for a reader's diary.

Main characters

Makar Alekseevich Devushkin- a poor official, a lonely middle-aged man.

Varenka Dobroselova- a poor but educated girl, an orphan.

Other characters

Peter Pokrovsky- student, Varenka’s first love.

Anna Fedorovna- a distant relative of Varenka, an evil woman.

Mr. Bykov- a vile and calculating master.

Gorshkov- Makar’s poor neighbor, a former official.

Ratazyaev- a mediocre writer, Makar's neighbor.

Fedora- an elderly kind woman who sheltered Varenka.

April 8/Makar – Varenka

Makar Alekseevich Devushkin shares his impressions of the new apartment with Varenka, with whom he is in love. Now they live in different houses, but their windows are located opposite each other.

April 8/ Varenka – Makar

Varenka thanks Makar for all the gifts, and at the same time asks not to waste any more money on trifles, since his salary is already too modest. She laments that she has no “future,” and her heart “breaks in half at the mere memory” of some grief that happened to her in the past.

April 8/ Makar – Varenka

Makar tells Varya that he holds the position of a minor official, and in his service he works with documents and papers. However, he does not complain about fate and is quite happy with what he has.

April 9/ Varenka – Makar

Varenka calls Makar Alekseevich her friend and benefactor, who at one time saved her “from evil people, from their persecution and hatred.” She reports that she feels unwell and has "alternate fevers and chills."

April 12/ Makar – Varenka

Makar Alekseevich asks Varenka to take care of herself. He says that he is forced to rent a room in an incredibly dirty house, inhabited by the poorest people who have sunk to the bottom. Devushkin talks about his neighbor Gorshkov, who “is afraid of everyone, walks away.” He has a wife and three children, all living in extreme poverty.

April 25/ Varenka – Makar

Varenka says that for 2.5 years she and her mother lived with a distant relative, Anna Fedorovna. This woman haunts Varenka and constantly reminds her how much she owes her. Anna Fedorovna also invariably reminds her of the shame and that “she couldn’t hold on to her happiness” when a certain Mr. Bykov refused to marry her.

May 20/ Makar – Varenka

Makar takes care of the well-being of Varenka, who has been unconscious for a long time. He admits that he constantly visited her and now cannot come to her, because “there is already some kind of gossip.”

June 1/Varenka – Makaru

Varya sends her friend a small notebook - a diary that she kept during the “happy time of her life.” From Varenka’s diary it becomes known that she spent her childhood in the provinces, and at the age of 12 she moved to St. Petersburg with her parents. Two years later, the father died, and creditors took everything they could from the family. Varenka and her sick mother were sheltered by a distant relative, Anna Fedorovna. To earn a living, they started sewing.

Anna Fedorovna had a lodger - a poor student Pyotr Pokrovsky. He was “the kindest, most worthy person, the best” of everyone Varenka met, and she soon fell in love with him. However, the student did not seem to notice the girl and “still considered her a child.” For Petya's birthday, Varenka gave him the collected works of Pushkin. Two months later, the student fell ill with consumption and died.

At this point Varenka’s diary is interrupted.

June 11/ Varenka – Makar

Varenka thanks Makar for the wonderful walk to the island. She reports that she got her feet wet and became ill again. Her owner, Fedora, is also sick.

June 12/ Makar – Varenka

Makar says that he entered the service at the age of 17, and now it is 30 years since his “service career”. He occupies a small, modest position, for which he is called a rat in the department, but after all, “this rat is needed, but the rat is useful.”

June 20/ Varenka – Makar

Varenka asks Makar to buy a “uniform uniform, completely new,” since his dress is completely worn out.

The girl refuses to send a continuation of her diary, because she “gets scared from these memories.” She also reports that Anna Fedorovna “undertakes to settle the whole matter with Mr. Bykov,” who wants to leave Varenka a dowry.

June 21/ Makar – Varenka

Makar thanks God for meeting Varenka. He feels like he has a family and a home.

Devushkin reports that he has been invited to dinner with Ratazyaev, “who has writing evenings.”

June 22/ Makar – Varenka

Makar says that “a pitiful incident happened” in their house - the Gorshkovs’ nine-year-old son died.

June 25/ Varenka – Makar

Varenka writes that the book sent by Makar is “a worthless little book,” and she returns it.

June 26/ Makar – Varenka

Makar apologizes for the book and promises to bring “something real literary.” He says that he periodically goes to evenings with Ratazyaev, a writer and composer whose talent he sincerely admires.

June 27/ Varenka – Makar

Varenka writes that Fedora advises going “to one house, to a governess.” The girl admits that she has a “bad cough” and feels imminently weak. She has no doubt that she will die soon.

Varenka reports that she sold the carpet she embroidered. With the money raised, she plans to sew a warmer dress for herself, and a vest for Makar Alekseevich. She also gives him Pushkin’s book “Belkin’s Tales” and asks him not to send him any more trivial works by Ratazyaev.

June 28/ Makar – Varenka

Makar asks Varenka not to exaggerate her illness, and insists that she should not even think about “going public.” He is ready to sell his old tailcoat, as long as the girl does not need anything.

July 1/ Varenka – Makar

Varenka admits that her health is deteriorating, and she cannot work as before, “and work doesn’t always happen.” It is painful for her to accept help from Makar Alekseevich and Fedora, and she insists on working as a governess, thanks to which she will have a “sure piece of bread.”

July 1/ Makar – Varenka

Makar admits that he won’t be able to live without Varenka if she decides to move in with strangers. He would rather commit suicide than drag out a miserable existence without his “little angel.”

July 6/ Varenka – Makar

Having received the money for the carpet, Varenka begins to sew a vest for Makar. She is worried about rumors that Makar Alekseevich was arguing with “the landlady for not paying her money.” The girl accepts the invitation to go to the theater, but worries that Makar Alekseevich lives completely beyond his means.

July 7/ Makar – Varenka

Makar tells how at one time he fell head over heels in love with one “actress”. He walked under her windows for a month and a half, but soon “stopped loving her: he got bored.”

July 8/ Makar – Varenka

Makar returns Gogol’s story “The Overcoat” to Varenka and speaks extremely unflatteringly about it, calling it “a malicious book.”

July 27/ Varenka – Makar

Varenka condemns Makar for the fact that for her sake he took his salary in advance and sold his dress, and did not use, as he said earlier, the money that “was in the pawnshop just in case.” Varya is ashamed that he became the cause of her friend’s “unhappy situation.”

July 28/ Makar – Varenka

Makar writes that the most important thing for him is his “ambition” and respect from his superiors. He thanks Varenka for the 10 rubles, with which he partially paid for the room.

July 28/ Makar – Varenka

Makar admits that it was “not at all unreasonable” for him to fall in love. He writes that from Fedora he learned about the arrival of a certain unworthy gentleman who insulted Varenka with an “undignified proposal.”

July 29/ Varenka – Makar

Varya is worried that Makar Alekseevich’s last letters “resound with some kind of disorder.” To clear things up, she invites him to dinner.

August 1/ Makar – Varenka

Makar tells how hard it is for him to endure poverty and the gossip that the landlady and Ratazyaev spread about him and Varenka.

August 2/Varenka – Makaru

Varenka reports that Fedora managed to get “a bunch of work”, thanks to which the girl plans to improve her plight. She asks Makar not to borrow money from anyone, not to pay attention to idle gossip and to come to them for dinner more often.

August 3/ Makar – Varenka

Makar explains that “it’s absolutely necessary to borrow” in order to have free funds in case of Varenka’s illness. Next, he shares his unsuccessful attempts to borrow money in the service, and his extremely difficult situation.

August 4/ Varenka – Makaru

Varenka asks Makar to borrow her “some money” in order to quickly move out of the apartment in which she can no longer stay. She tells how “a stranger, elderly, almost an old man” came to her and introduced himself as the uncle of a young man who had insulted her at one time. The old man apologized for his nephew's behavior and offered Varenka financial support in exchange for her favor towards him.

August 4/ Makar – Varenka

Makar promises to take on extra work, to do anything, but to get Varenka some money. He admits that at the moment he has no cash and is in "extreme distress."

August 5/ Varenka – Makaru

Varya sends her friend “thirty silver kopecks” to live on and asks him not to despair. She admits that there is no point in changing her apartment, since they will find her everywhere if needed.

August 5/ Makar – Varenka

Makar admits that in his service he no longer enjoyed the respect of his colleagues because of his poverty. He is killed by “all these whispers, smiles, jokes” that are said behind his back.

August 11/ Makar – Varenka

Makar complains that his "reputation, ambition - everything is lost." Ratazyaev, who found a draft letter to Varya, read it to all the neighbors, and now Makar is called nothing less than Lovelace. Even the servant refuses to carry out his instructions and is insolent in response. Devushkin has no doubt - he is “irretrievably lost.”

August 13/ Varenka – Makaru

Varenka is “annoyed to tears” - she was seriously bruised and burned “with an iron” left hand", and now cannot work. The girl sends Makar the last thirty kopecks.

August 14/ Varenka – Makaru

Varenka is indignant when she learns about Makar’s drunkenness. She is unbearably ashamed that people began to gossip about her and say that she got involved with a drunkard. Varya asks Makar to come to his senses and remember “that poverty is not a vice.”

August 19/ Makar – Varenka

Makar writes that he is ashamed, but immediately admits that he sees nothing wrong with drinking, which helps him forget all his problems, at least for a while.

August 21/ Makar – Varenka

Makar admits that he “lost respect for himself,” and that’s why he started drinking. His life was lonely and empty before Varenka appeared. But he is haunted by the thought that he cannot help his “mother” in any way.

September 3/ Varenka – Makaru

Varya sadly remembers autumn in the village that she loved so much as a child. The girl is sure that she will die this fall, since her health is deteriorating every day. She admits that she sold her dresses and hat, and all that was left of the proceeds was “only a silver ruble.”

September 5/ Makar – Varenka

Makar Alekseevich tells how he walked along the Fontanka in the evening, indulging in sad thoughts about his own life. He returned home “in a sad mood” and gave his last twenty kopecks to the beggar Gorshkov, who begged him for help.

September 9/ Makar – Varenka

Makar is extremely “excited by the terrible incident.” Due to a mistake he made at work, he was summoned to the authorities. The general noticed the pitiful appearance of his subordinate and gave him 100 rubles, after which he shook his hand. Makar, shocked to the core by this event, sends Varenka 45 rubles.

September 10/ Varenka – Makar

Varenka is sincerely happy for Makar, and leaves herself only “twenty rubles for emergency needs.” She feels "terribly tired" and asks her friend to visit her.

September 11/ Makar – Varenka

Makar happily reports that the attitude of those around him has changed dramatically for the better.

September 15/ Varenka – Makar

Varya has a presentiment of “something fatal.” In her absence, Mr. Bykov, “the cause of all misfortunes” for Varenka, visited the apartment and asked in detail about her life. He wanted to give her 25 rubles through Fedora, but the woman refused.

September 18/ Makar – Varenka

Makar shares the news: during a lengthy judicial investigation, poor Gorshkov was completely acquitted. But, ironically, it was on this day that the man died.

September 19/ Makar – Varenka

Makar shares the good news - with the help of Ratazyaev, he found “a job with one writer.”

September 23/ Varenka – Makar

Varya informs Makar about Bykov’s visit, which at one time became the reason for the girl’s shame. He apologized and asked for her hand in marriage. According to his confession, he is tired of St. Petersburg, and he wants to return “after the wedding to his steppe village.” However, " main reason his matchmaking is different - Bykov wants to disinherit his nephew by giving birth to legal heirs.

Noticing the poverty in which Varenka lives, Bykov forcibly leaves her 500 rubles, and promises that she will “roll like cheese in butter” with him. Varya admits that she is ready to marry Bykov.

September 23/ Makar – Varenka

Makar is completely confused by this news. He asks Varenka not to marry Bykov, a complete stranger to her.

September 27/ Varenka – Makar

Varya reports that the wedding will take place in five days, and she has absolutely no time to prepare everything properly. She asks Makar to help her with a dressmaker and the necessary purchases.

September 27/ Makar – Varenka

Makar tells Varya that he fulfilled all her instructions, for which he even missed service.

September 28/ Varenka – Makar

Varya asks to urgently cancel the order from the jeweler for earrings with emeralds and pearls - Mr. Bykov believes that “it’s too rich, that it bites.” Varenka is afraid to contradict the groom, who is extremely irritated by the large expenses for the wedding.

September 28/ Makar – Varenka

Makar gives Varya a report regarding her instructions. He also admits that he has problems at work, and, as luck would have it, he became very ill.

September 29/ Makar – Varenka

From Fedora, Makar learns about Varenka’s wedding tomorrow and her subsequent departure to the province. He cannot come to church because of a bad lower back. Makar Alekseevich also reports that he will rent Fedora’s room.

September 30/ Varenka – Makaru

Varenka "in last time"says goodbye to his faithful friend, and leaves in memory of himself "a book, an embroidery hoop, a letter he has begun." She asks him to never forget her.

September 30/ Makar – Varenka

Makar is in despair. He understands that in a foreign land Varenka “will be sad, sick and cold,” and marriage with Bykov will destroy her. At this point the correspondence ends.

Conclusion

At the center of the work is the theme of the little man, so beloved by Dostoevsky. He describes the fates of kind, sympathetic, merciful people, crushed by terrible poverty.

After familiarizing yourself with a brief retelling“Poor People” we recommend reading the novel in its entirety.

Literature lesson in 10th grade.

“Our sick conscience” (F.M. Dostoevsky)

The purpose of the series of lessons on the creativity of F.M. Dostoevsky:

- get acquainted with the biography and work of F.M. Dostoevsky, show the relevance of the topics raised by Dostoevsky.

Lesson objectives:

educational

Introduce the biography of F.M. Dostoevsky, trace the connection of the biography with the evolution of the writer’s worldview

developing

Develop logical thinking, ability to generalize and draw conclusions

educational

Form moral guidelines for students

Lesson type : lesson-explanation of new material

Lesson form : lesson-research

Lesson progress:

“Man is a mystery. It needs to be solved, and if you spend your whole life solving it, don’t say you wasted your time; “I am engaged in this secret, because I want to be a man,” seventeen-year-old Fyodor Dostoevsky wrote to his brother Mikhail.

Today we will begin to get acquainted with an amazing writer and his work. The topic of our lesson is “ Art world F. M. Dostoevsky." I want to say right away that it will be very difficult for many to read Dostoevsky’s books. You are still very young, and the questions that Dostoevsky poses will arise before you for the first time.

For Dostoevsky, man is complex, inexhaustible, unexpected, “deep as the sea.” The human soul is not a sum of psychologies that can, in principle, be calculated. This is something more complex, not yet accessible to knowledge. Dostoevsky wrote: “The laws of the human spirit are still so unknown, so unknown to science, so uncertain and so mysterious that there are not and cannot yet be either doctors or even final judges.”

Finding answers to the questions: Why us? Where are we going? Who are we? - lead us to Dostoevsky.

Dostoevsky belongs to those writers whose biography is closely connected with creativity, to those writers who were able to reveal themselves in their works of art. That is why he was able to penetrate so deeply into the mystery of man. By unraveling it, Dostoevsky unravels the mystery of his own personality, and, conversely, he projects his fate onto the fate of his heroes.

Today we will talk about how F.M. Dostoevsky came to Russian literature. How was the life of a writer? How did it develop creative destiny? What influenced the formation of the writer’s worldview?

So, Dostoevsky went to hard labor as a revolutionary and an atheist, and returned as a monarchist and a believer. “If it suddenly turns out that the existence of Christ is outside the Truth, I would prefer to stay with Christ than with the Truth,” wrote Dostoevsky.

Try to formulate the main problem of our lesson today.

How did life events influence the formation of the writer’s new worldview? How has the writer’s personality changed in connection with the formation of a new worldview?

The guys who received individual assignments will help me. As the conversation progresses, we will create a supporting framework chronological table, which will help us trace the evolution of his worldview.

So, we all come from childhood. What was F.M.’s childhood like? Dostoevsky?

DOSTOEVSKY'S CHILDHOOD. YEARS OF STUDY.

The writer's father, Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky, came from an old Lithuanian family, but he himself was the son of a priest, that is, a commoner. While still a young man, Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky broke up with his family and came to Moscow, entered the Medical-Surgical Academy and graduated from it. He took part in Patriotic War 1812, then retired and became a doctor at the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor.

Here, on November 11, 1821, the second son of the Dostoevskys, Fyodor, was born. A year later, the family moved to the wing of the hospital, where the future writer spent his childhood and adolescence.

Mikhail Andreevich was an unsociable, irritable and hot-tempered person. He kept his family strictly and meticulously monitored the behavior of each family member.

The writer's mother came from a merchant family. Unlike her husband, she had a cheerful character and was well educated: she loved poetry, played the guitar beautifully, and sang. Fyodor Mikhailovich treated his mother with extraordinary tenderness. The Dostoevsky family led a secluded life. Fyodor early began to peer at the people around him, to think about their destinies and relationships. He could often be seen among the sick walking in the garden. He was drawn to these pale, sad, sickly people. Sometimes he entered into conversation with them, although his parents forbade him to do so. He wanted to understand them, to find out how they live. The boy saw many other sad pictures. The people living around were mostly poor, destitute, always preoccupied with the search for their daily bread. Children's observations and impressions did not pass without a trace. A sense of justice and irreconcilability towards evil awakened in the boy early.

The writer's childhood was brightened by his friendship with his older brother Mikhail. They were united by common interests; they both loved to read and often shared their impressions of what they read with each other. Most of all, the brothers loved Pushkin, most of whose works they knew by heart. Dostoevsky carried his love for Pushkin throughout his life. He perceived Pushkin's death as the greatest grief.

Beginning in 1831, the Dostoevsky family spent the summer months in the village of Darovoye, Tula province, which was acquired by their father. Here Fyodor first saw how serfs lived. In 1833, he and his brother Mikhail were sent to half-board by the Frenchman Suchard, where special attention was paid to the study of literature.

After the death of thirty-seven-year-old Maria Feodorovna Dostoevskaya from consumption, her husband was left with seven children. The loss of his wife shocked and broke Mikhail Andreevich. He was forced to resign. In the spring of 1837, the father took his two eldest sons, Mikhail and Fedor, to St. Petersburg to prepare for admission to the Main Engineering School. The brothers did not experience any attraction to military service, but such was the will of their father. Mikhail was recognized as not entirely healthy, and he went to study at Revel.

And Fyodor Dostoevsky was enrolled in the school on January 16, 1838 and moved to the Engineering Castle, where it was located.

What character traits did Dostoevsky develop in childhood?

(An inquisitive mind, observant, there was no internal harmony, vulnerable, impressionable, early began to think about the foundations of life itself and not only his own, but also the lives of those around him)

ENGINEERING SCHOOL.

Mikhailovsky, or Engineering, Castle, even before moving into it, disturbed Fyodor’s imagination with the beauty of its architecture and its romantic history. Even in this, the best of military schools, an oppressive atmosphere reigned and cruel morals. The authorities strictly punished the slightest omission. For an unbuttoned collar or button, they were put in a punishment cell, stood at the door on watch with a satchel on their back and a heavy gun in their hand, and the gun was not allowed to be lowered to the floor. The life of a newbie was no better than hard labor. Fyodor received the nickname “grouse” (the military contemptuously called civilians “grouse”) and had to endure all kinds of bullying invented by those who had studied for several years. It was considered very witty to pour water into a newbie’s bed, pour cold water down his collar, splash ink on the paper and force the “grouse” to lick it off. While preparing lessons, as soon as the officer on duty left, they set up a table and forced the newcomers to crawl under it on all fours. On the other side of the table he was greeted with twisted ropes and whipped anywhere. If the “grouse” cries or decides to fight back, he will be so decorated that the only way is to the infirmary. And there he is obliged to remain silent and explain his injury by the fact that he tripped, crashed, or fell down the stairs. Otherwise it won't be good. “I can’t say anything good about my comrades,” Fyodor wrote to his father. The authorities were well aware of everything that was happening, but turned a blind eye to it, believing that since it was the way it was, it was not for us to change. The violent antics of the students and the cruelty of the reprisals against them were equally disgusting. Fyodor was painfully sensitive to any humiliation of human dignity and therefore shunned both his comrades and his superiors. His stay at the school was not easy for him; he did not want to obey or command. But the years spent at the Engineering School were a time of intense internal work. Dostoevsky conscientiously studied the special subjects provided for by the program, but with great enthusiasm he studied history, literature and architecture. Dostoevsky's reading range is unusually wide. During these years he discovered Gogol. It was to Gogol that Dostoevsky owed the keen attention with which he began to peer into the life around him and see the tragedy of everyday life.

Young Dostoevsky was deeply shocked by the news of his father's death. The circumstances of his death remain unclear. However, according to rumors, he was killed by his own peasants. Fyodor Mikhailovich was also convinced of this. It was then that he suffered the first attack of a serious illness - epilepsy, from which he suffered until the end of his days.

In 1843, Dostoevsky graduated from college and was enlisted in the Engineering Department, but a year later he retired and became a professional writer. “Don’t worry about my life,” he writes to his brother. “I’ll find a piece of bread soon. I'll work like hell. Now I'm free." His first literary experience was a translation of Balzac's novel Eugénie Grande, published in 1844. Working on it was a breakthrough for Dostoevsky. After the novel was published, he felt that he was ready for independent creativity.

I would like to ask you a question: “How did staying at the school influence the formation of the writer’s personality and inner world?”

(It only strengthened the internal disharmony; firstly, I got there without any desire or inclination, secondly, his ideas about the unfair way of life and the complexity of human relationships only intensified, the idea that there are victims and there are tormentors became stronger

THE BEGINNING OF LITERARY ACTIVITY.

Living in St. Petersburg, Dostoevsky carefully peered into the reality around him. Much seemed scary and incomprehensible to him. More and more often, Dostoevsky thought about the fate of poor and disadvantaged people, and he had a passionate desire to talk about their lives. For almost a year, Dostoevsky worked on a novel he called Poor People. On the advice of his friend, he introduced Nekrasov and then Belinsky to his work. Belinsky read the novel and invited the young writer to his place. As Dostoevsky later recalled, from the first minutes Belinsky spoke fieryly, with burning eyes: “But do you understand that you wrote this!” Many years later, the writer recalled that this was the most delightful moment of his life. The novel Poor People was published in the Petersburg Collection. Its appearance made the name of Dostoevsky widely known among the reading public. who saw in the young writer a continuer of Gogol’s traditions.

At the center of the novel Poor People is the story of the pure and sublime love of the official Makar Devushkin and the poor girl Varenka Dobroselova. This is a novel in letters. Devushkin loves Varenka touchingly and tenderly, although he understands that he, old man, not at all a match for a young girl, feels that she is smarter and more educated than him. Dostoevsky is interested not only in the “poverty” of a poor person, but also in the consciousness distorted under the influence of poverty. Dostoevsky analyzes poverty as a special state of mind person. Physical suffering is nothing compared to the mental suffering that poverty condemns. Poverty means defenselessness, intimidation, humiliation, it deprives a person of dignity, the poor man becomes isolated in his shame, hardens his heart. The novel gives piercing details of a person’s humiliation, for example, in Devushkin’s story that he wanted to clean himself a little from the street dirt in the department hallway, but the watchman said that he would ruin the government brush. “This is how they are now,” writes Makar to Varenka, “so that among these gentlemen I am almost worse than a rag on which they wipe their feet. You can wipe your feet on a rag, but here the brush can be ruined by touching a person.” But even in this little man a consciousness of his human worth arose; for the first time, someone needed him. Love for Varenka straightens him, a real revolution takes place in him, he writes to Varenka: “And I found peace of mind and learned that I am no worse than others, that only this way, I don’t shine with anything, there’s no gloss, I’m drowning, but still I a man, that in heart and thoughts I am a man.” But Devushkin’s indignation at social injustice gives way to humility and recognition of the inviolability of the existing order. He is able to sympathize and help others, but cannot actively defend his rights.

The novel “Poor People” opened a whole series of works by Dostoevsky dedicated to the life of various strata of the population of St. Petersburg.

Young Dostoevsky is concerned with the problem of the consciousness of a poor person. As in “Poor People” and “The Double”, and in the following early works- “Mr. Prokharchin”, “Weak Heart”, “Sliders” - he continues to explore the dangers that threaten the “weak heart”, looks closely at a person, unravels him.

Dostoevsky's own biography helped him find a new artistic theme - daydreaming. Dissatisfaction with reality brings young Dostoevsky and his dreamer hero.

In 1847, a series of feuilletons was published under the general title “Petersburg Chronicle”, where Dostoevsky tries to explain the appearance of dreamers in life. He believes that daydreaming arises from dissatisfaction with the surrounding reality.

Not feeling enough strength to fight, they go into the fictional world of fantasies and dreams. Dostoevsky most fully reflected the image of the dreamer in one of his most poetic novels, “White Nights” (1848).

for today's lesson and write down your impressions about the work and the author in free form. But first let's listen final scene novel.

Scene from White Nights

Dreamer.

My nights ended in the morning. It wasn't a good day. It was raining and knocking sadly on my windows; it was dark in the room, cloudy outside. My head ached and felt dizzy; a fever crept through my limbs.

The postman brought a letter to you, father, by city mail,” Matryona said above me.

Letter! from whom?” I shouted, jumping up from my chair.

I broke the seal. It's from her!

Oh, if only he were you! - flew through my head. I remembered your words, Nastenka.

I re-read this letter for a long time: tears left my eyes.

Finally it fell out of my hands and I covered my face. But so that I remember my offense, Nastenka! So that I would cast a dark cloud over your clear, serene happiness, so that I, with a bitter reproach, would bring melancholy to my heart, sting it with secret remorse and make it beat sadly in a moment of bliss,

Oh, never, never! May your sky be clear, may your sweet smile be bright and serene, may you be blessed for the moment of bliss and happiness that you gave to another, lonely, grateful heart!

My God! A whole minute of bliss! Is this not enough for even a human life?...

Nastenka.

Oh, forgive me, forgive me! On my knees I beg you to forgive me! I deceived both you and myself. It was a dream, a ghost... I languished for you today; sorry, forgive me!

Do not blame me, because I have not changed in anything before you; I said that I would love you, and now I love you, more than I love you. Oh God! If only I could love you both at once! Oh, if only you were he!

God knows what I would do for you now! I know it's hard and sad for you. I insulted you, but you know, if you love, how long will you remember the insult. And you love me!

Thank you Yes! thank you for this love! Because it was imprinted in my memory like a sweet dream that you remember for a long time after waking up; because I will forever remember that moment when you so brotherly opened your heart to me and so generously accepted my murdered gift as a gift, in order to protect it, cherish it, heal it... If you forgive me, then the memory of you will be exalted in me forever , a grateful feeling for you that will never be erased from my soul...

We will meet, you will come to us, you will not leave us, you will forever be my friend, my brother... And when you see me, you will give me your hand... right?

Do you still love me?

Oh love me don't leave me cause I love you so much

at this moment.

I'm marrying him next week. He came back in love, he never forgot about me... You won’t be angry because I wrote about him. But I want to come to you with him; you will love him, won't you?...

Forgive me, remember and love your Nastenka.

Excerpts from students' work.

1. The story made a huge impression on me. I didn't know that loneliness could be so immense, boundless, piercing and painful. I just never thought about it. And it doesn’t matter at all what reasons led to this, but going into dreams is not a solution - it’s a dead end. And the hero himself understands this when he says that his soul wants and asks for something else.

It was just physically difficult to read the lines where the hero tells Nastenka that he is forced to celebrate the anniversary of his feelings, the anniversary of what was so sweet before, which in fact never happened - because this anniversary is still celebrated according to the same ethereal dreams .

The hero realizes that years will pass, and shaking old age will come with a stick, and behind it melancholy and despondency, and he will have to remain alone, completely alone, there will not even be anything to regret, because everything that he lost was all nothing, stupid, just a dream.

For some reason it seems that the author experienced such loneliness or thought a lot about it. When I read, it seemed that I also felt something similar, although, of course, I could not convey my feelings. It was difficult for me to understand why the hero, realizing the severity of his situation, his doom, did not try to hold Nastenka, because she felt his originality, ability to feel subtly, nobility. Why didn't he fight for his happiness?

At first it was difficult to read, emotionally difficult, as if someone in front of you was turning your soul inside out, and so much suffering had accumulated in your soul. But I wanted to know how the Dreamer got to this life and whether he could change his fate.

It was difficult for me to understand the author’s attitude towards the Dreamer and his reluctance to fight for Nastenka’s love. On the one hand, this inertia, avoidance real life are subject to the author's condemnation, and on the other hand, the Dreamer cannot but be sympathetic to the author, because he is a poet at heart and even poetizes his own loneliness and because the world of his dreams and dreams is pure and bright. He dreams not of wealth, not of power, but of love, understanding, beauty, of everything that he is deprived of in real life.

In my opinion, this novel is not about love, but about the fact that going into the world of dreams absorbs a person so much that even such a strong feeling as love cannot revive him, cannot force him to fight for himself, for his beloved. When I read, I thought that the world of my own dreams and dreams is always more beautiful than reality, everything there is according to your laws, there you are the creator of your own destiny, and no external circumstances can interfere, there is no injustice, humiliation, poverty, or insults. Plunging into this world, it is very difficult to return back to cruel reality; Dostoevsky’s hero could not escape from his own dream world, even realizing the danger lurking in it.

“A whole minute of bliss! But isn’t this enough for at least a human life!” says the hero, left alone again. I don’t know, but it seems to me that it’s not enough, a person must be able to fight for his happiness, overcome difficulties and live in a real, not a fictional world, which is like a mirage in the desert.

I feel very sorry for the hero; his inability to live in reality is both his fault and his misfortune. I think that Dostoevsky also sympathizes with the hero, because for all the seductiveness of the hero’s fictional world, his feelings in reality are very tragic.

The dreamer was defeated in his first encounter with real life. He found himself defeated even in a small battle for a tiny bit of happiness.

You correctly felt that the author’s attitude towards the hero is ambivalent and complex. On the one hand, Dostoevsky argues that ghostly life is a sin, since it leads away from real reality, and on the other hand, he emphasizes the creative value of this sincere and pure life, its influence on the artist’s inspiration

This inspiration of the artist is bought at a high price, separation from reality, spiritual loneliness. A dreamer floats freely in a fantasy world and does not know how to walk on earth. In a letter to his brother, Dostoevsky precisely formulates the dreamer’s “idea”: “The external must be balanced with the internal. Otherwise, with the absence of external phenomena, the internal will take over too dangerously.”

While creating White Nights, Dostoevsky was captivated by Belinsky’s ideas. But very soon the paths of the critic and the writer diverged. Belinsky believed that literature should become a weapon in the fight against the autocratic system, while Dostoevsky already then had a different understanding of the tasks facing literature. In his opinion, it must penetrate the recesses of human consciousness, comprehend the complexity and variability of the character of a person living in a world full of contradictions, and understand what prevents him from gaining his own dignity.

Personality traits?

At the beginning of 1847, Dostoevsky finally parted ways with Belinsky and his circle, but, of course, did not abandon ideas related to changing the existing world order.

REVOLUTIONARY CIRCLE.ARREST.KATORGA.

In March 1846, Dostoevsky met a former employee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Butashevich-Petrashevsky, and starting in the spring of 1847, he became a regular visitor to his “Fridays.” Later, recalling this time, Dostoevsky said: “An idea appeared in front of which health and self-care turned out to be trifles.” The idea was to save Russia, to save humanity.

At the meetings that took place in Petrashevsky’s apartment, political, philosophical and socio-economic issues were discussed, and they argued about the teachings of utopian socialists. Petrashevites nominated broad program democratic reforms in Russia, including the abolition of serfdom, reform of the court and press. At meetings with Petrashevsky, Dostoevsky read Pushkin’s freedom-loving poems and took an active part in discussing issues of transformation in Russia. He was a supporter of the immediate abolition of serfdom, criticized the policies of Nicholas 1, and advocated the liberation of Russian literature from censorship.

Fyodor Mikhailovich is full of creative ideas. The first part of the novel “Netochka Nezvanova” was published in the January book of “Notes of the Fatherland” for 1849, and the second part was published in the February book. Favorite topic of the latter summer theme dreams sounded differently here. The heroine, growing up, overcomes her daydreaming, strengthens her soul, becomes strong, she is full of desires to act, to change her life. But he was not destined to finish the novel.

On the night of April 22-23, 1849, on the personal order of Nicholas 1, Dostoevsky and other Petrashevsky members were arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. The writer spent almost nine months

in the damp casemate of the Alekseevsky ravelin. During the investigation, Dostoevsky behaved with dignity, he denied all the charges brought against him, and generally refused to talk about his comrades, but the investigative commission recognized Dostoevsky as one of the most important criminals. The military court found Dostoevsky guilty and, together with twenty other Petrashevsky members, sentenced him to death. On December 22, 1849, on the Semyonovsky parade ground in St. Petersburg, a ritual of preparation for the death penalty was performed over the Petrashevites.

They were young, educated, talented. Only one of them responded to the offer to confess before death, but everyone kissed the cross presented by the priest. The suicide bombers standing on the platform revered Christ as a fighter for equality and brotherhood of people. Fyodor Dostoevsky was among those who refused confession.

The condemned were put on white robes and shrouds. The first three were tied to posts and caps were thrown over their heads so that their faces were covered. Dostoevsky had to go in third place. There were five minutes left before death. At that moment, he asked his friend Nikolai Speshnev: “Will we be there with Christ?” “We will be a handful of dust,” Speshnev answered him. Suddenly there was a drum roll. They sounded the all clear. The guns were raised with their barrels up. Those tied were untied from the post. They read out the brought paper stating that the sovereign gives life to those sentenced and replaces the death penalty with punishment in accordance with the offense.

Please tell me why it was natural for Dostoevsky to join the Petrashevsky society?

(Dostoevsky was young, energetic, passionately wanted to change the world; naturally, he wanted to move from words and dreams to a great deed.)

Dostoevsky was sentenced to four years of labor in the fortress, and then had to be demoted to the rank and file

Now they told me, dear brother, that we should go on a hike today or tomorrow. I asked to see you, But they told me it was impossible; I can only write you this letter. Brother! I was not sad or discouraged. Life is life everywhere, life is in ourselves, and not in the external. There will be people next to me, and to be a person between people and to remain so forever, in any misfortunes, not to become discouraged and not to fall - that’s what life is, that’s its task. I realized this.

I haven't lost hope! Goodbye brother! Don't worry about me.

The writer served his punishment in the Omsk convict prison, and then in the Simbirsk linear battalion number 7, stationed in Semipalatinsk. At hard labor, Dostoevsky came into close contact with the people. He was amazed when he saw with what hatred the inhabitants of the prison treated the nobles, including those convicted of political crimes. The idea of ​​tragic separation from the people becomes one of the aspects of his spiritual drama. The result of the reflections was the conclusion that the progressive intelligentsia should abandon the political struggle, opposing it with the moral and ethical path of human re-education.

Finding himself in the gloomy walls of the Omsk prison, Dostoevsky was most burdened by the fact that he could not write. One day, the prison doctor Troitsky, who had great sympathy for Dostoevsky, handed him several sheets of paper and a pencil. They became the basis of the famous “Siberian Notebook”, where Dostoevsky recorded his observations on the life of hard labor. Almost half of all entries were later included in Notes from the House of the Dead.

Four years later, Dostoevsky arrived in Semipalatinsk for military service. After the return of his noble rights and permission to publish, Dostoevsky began to seriously consider the plan of his return to literature. He is tormented by the abundance of material accumulated over recent years. But he can’t decide where to start. There were many ideas: journalistic articles, stories and novels. “Siberian” stories were created by Dostoevsky after almost ten years of forced silence. In Semipalatinsk, Dostoevsky wrote the stories “Uncle’s Dream”, “The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants”.

At the beginning of 1857, a very important event for him occurred in Dostoevsky’s life: he married the widow of a retired official, Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva. In May 1859, Dostoevsky received news that he was leaving the service due to illness, and in early June he left Siberia forever. The writer finally returns to St. Petersburg.

Dostoevsky devoted thirty-one years, right up to his death, to refuting Speshnev’s ridicule. For four years in hard labor, Dostoevsky read one book, the Gospel, which Fonvizin’s wife gave him on the way to Omsk. This book radically changed the writer's worldview.

MAGAZINE "TIME"

In December 1859, exactly ten years later, Dostoevsky returned to the city with which he had two of the most important events in his life: “the most delightful minute” when he became a writer and Belinsky blessed him into literature, and the minute of his death - the scaffold . But after everything that had happened, it was inevitable that new life. Your thoughts on the issues public life and literature, the writer outlined it on the pages of the magazine “Time,” which was published by his brother Mikhail. But the ideological leader and actual editor of the publication was Fyodor Mikhailovich. The ideological platform of “Time” was the theory of “soilism” developed by Dostoevsky.

The writer believed that Russia should develop along a special, unique historical path that would help it avoid revolutionary conflicts.

The idea runs through the entire novel that in a world dominated by the power of money, cruelty and oppression, the only protection for the “humiliated and insulted” from all life’s hardships is brotherly help to each other, love and compassion.

Dostoevsky switches social issues into the area of ​​moral relations.

Simultaneously with the novel “Humiliated and Insulted,” Dostoevsky published the famous “Notes from the House of the Dead,” one of his most outstanding works, which reflected the writer’s impressions of terrible years spent in the Omsk convict prison,

The book was written on behalf of convict Alexander Petrovich Goryanchikov, convicted of murdering his wife. But very soon the reader learns that the narrator was sent to hard labor not for a criminal crime, but for a political crime. From the first pages of Notes from the House of the Dead, the author immerses us in the atmosphere of prison life.

The writer draws a whole gallery of the inhabitants of hard labor. Among them there were many robbers and murderers, but the bulk of the convicts were people convicted for trying to protest against violence and tyranny, to speak out in defense of desecrated human dignity. Dostoevsky could rightfully say that in penal servitude he met not the worst, but the best representatives of the people.

“Notes from the House of the Dead” is a work in which Dostoevsky poses and tries to solve many problems. The writer is trying to understand the reasons that push people to crime, he is concerned about the unjustified cruelty of the punishments to which criminals are subjected, he wants to understand the psychology of the executioner and his victim, but in every criminal, no matter how low he fell, Dostoevsky tried to see, or, in the words of himself Fyodor Mikhailovich, “to dig up a person,” to reveal in him what is valuable that has been preserved in him, despite the terrifying circumstances that surround him.

In “A Writer’s Diary for 1876,” Dostoevsky wrote: “Judge the Russian people not by the abominations that they so often do, but by those great and holy things for which even in their very abomination they constantly sigh. But not all of the people are scoundrels; there are saints, and what kind of saints too: they themselves shine and illuminate the path for all of us! Judge our people not by what they are, but by what they would like to be.”

The book about the “House of the Dead” was enthusiastically received by readers and critics.” “My “House of the Dead,” wrote Dostoevsky, “literally made a splash, and I renewed my reputation with it.”

SUMMARY BY THE TEACHER

How did the personal characteristics of F.M. change under the influence of a new understanding of life, a new worldview? Dostoevsky?

(Leniency, tolerance, compassion, mercy).

We have come to a very important stage in Dostoevsky’s life, work on one of his most complex and most perfect novels, Crime and Punishment. This topic requires a separate discussion. We will talk about working on a novel in the next lesson. In the meantime, let's summarize our conversation today.

Youthful intransigence, categoricalness, rebellion, the desire to change the world at any cost remained in the past by the time of returning to St. Petersburg, a different understanding of life came, “man” is the main secret. The understanding has come that it is not external circumstances that need to be changed, but the consciousness of the person himself.

Dostoevsky understands that aggressiveness and hatred are destructive; only love, mercy, and compassion are creative. You can help a person not by changing the world around him, but by changing him himself, his attitude towards the world, towards himself, towards those who are close to him, or, to put it in the words of Dostoevsky himself, “unearth” the person in him.

Dostoevsky learned to believe in people. And I would like to end the lesson with the words of the English poet Auden: “It is impossible to build a human society on everything that Dostoevsky talked about. But a society that forgets what he talked about is not worthy to be called human.”